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Zhou X, He K, Zhao J, Wei G, You Q, Du H, Gu W, Niu H, Jin Q, Wang J, Tang F. Use of Transcriptome Sequencing to Analyze the Effects of Different Doses of an Astragalus-Rhubarb-Saffron Mixture in Mice with Diabetic Kidney Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:1795-1808. [PMID: 38655491 PMCID: PMC11036333 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s449792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the therapeutic effect and underlying mechanism of a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) mixture consisting of Astragalus, rhubarb, and saffron in a mouse model of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Methods Forty-eight db/db mice received no TCM (DKD model), low-dose TCM, medium-dose TCM, or high-dose TCM, and an additional 12 db/m mice received no TCM (normal control). Intragastric TCM or saline (controls) was administered daily for 24 weeks. Blood glucose, body weight, serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood lipids, and urinary microalbumin were measured every four weeks, and the urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) was calculated. After 24 weeks, kidney tissues were collected for transcriptome sequencing, and the main functions of these genes were determined via functional enrichment analysis. Results Compared with the DKD model group, the medium-dose and high-dose TCM groups had significantly decreased levels of SCr, BUN, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and UAER (all p<0.05). We identified 42 genes that potentially functioned in this therapeutic response, and the greatest effect on gene expression was in the high-dose TCM group. We also performed functional enrichment analysis to explore the potential mechanisms of action of these different genes. Conclusion A high-dose of the Astragalus-rhubarb-saffron TCM provided the best prevention of DKD. Analysis of the kidney transcriptome suggested that this TCM mixture may prevent DKD by altering immune responses and oxygen delivery by hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Zhou
- The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaiying He
- The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Wei
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qicai You
- The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxuan Du
- The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjiao Gu
- The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyu Niu
- The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Tumor, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoying Jin
- The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianqin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Futian Tang
- The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
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Mao X, Xu DQ, Yue SJ, Fu RJ, Zhang S, Tang YP. Potential Medicinal Value of Rhein for Diabetic Kidney Disease. Chin J Integr Med 2023; 29:951-960. [PMID: 36607584 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the primary cause of mortality among diabetic patients. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, it has become a major concern around the world. The therapeutic effect of clinical use of drugs is far from expected, and therapy choices to slow the progression of DKD remain restricted. Therefore, research on new drugs and treatments for DKD has been a hot topic in the medical field. It has been found that rhein has the potential to target the pathogenesis of DKD and has a wide range of pharmacological effects on DKD, such as anti-nephritis, decreasing blood glucose, controlling blood lipids and renal protection. In recent years, the medical value of rhein in the treatment of diabetes, DKD and renal disease has gradually attracted worldwide attention, especially its potential in the treatment of DKD. Currently, DKD can only be treated with medications from a single symptom and are accompanied by adverse effects, while rhein improves DKD with a multi-pathway and multi-target approach. Therefore, this paper reviews the therapeutic effects of rhein on DKD, and proposes solutions to the limitations of rhein itself, in order to provide valuable references for the clinical application of rhein in DKD and the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Mao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Ding-Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Shi-Jun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Rui-Jia Fu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China.
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Yan J, Li X, Liu N, He JC, Zhong Y. Relationship between Macrophages and Tissue Microenvironments in Diabetic Kidneys. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1889. [PMID: 37509528 PMCID: PMC10377233 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. Increasing evidence has suggested that inflammation is a key microenvironment involved in the development and progression of DN. Studies have confirmed that macrophage accumulation is closely related to the progression to human DN. Macrophage phenotype is highly regulated by the surrounding microenvironment in the diabetic kidneys. M1 and M2 macrophages represent distinct and sometimes coexisting functional phenotypes of the same population, with their roles implicated in pathological changes, such as in inflammation and fibrosis associated with the stage of DN. Recent findings from single-cell RNA sequencing of macrophages in DN further confirmed the heterogeneity and plasticity of the macrophages. In addition, intrinsic renal cells interact with macrophages directly or through changes in the tissue microenvironment. Macrophage depletion, modification of its polarization, and autophagy could be potential new therapies for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yan
- Division of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xueling Li
- Division of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ni Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - John Cijiang He
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yifei Zhong
- Division of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
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Han Z, Liu Q, Li H, Zhang M, You L, Lin Y, Wang K, Gou Q, Wang Z, Zhou S, Cai Y, Yuan L, Chen H. The role of monocytes in thrombotic diseases: a review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1113827. [PMID: 37332592 PMCID: PMC10272466 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1113827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the number one killer threatening people's life and health, among which cardiovascular thrombotic events are the most common. As the cause of particularly serious cardiovascular events, thrombosis can trigger fatal crises such as acute coronary syndrome (myocardial infarction and unstable angina), cerebral infarction and so on. Circulating monocytes are an important part of innate immunity. Their main physiological functions are phagocytosis, removal of injured and senescent cells and their debris, and development into macrophages and dendritic cells. At the same time, they also participate in the pathophysiological processes of pro-coagulation and anticoagulation. According to recent studies, monocytes have been found to play a significant role in thrombosis and thrombotic diseases of the immune system. In this manuscript, we review the relationship between monocyte subsets and cardiovascular thrombotic events and analyze the role of monocytes in arterial thrombosis and their involvement in intravenous thrombolysis. Finally, we summarize the mechanism and therapeutic regimen of monocyte and thrombosis in hypertension, antiphospholipid syndrome, atherosclerosis, rheumatic heart disease, lower extremity deep venous thrombosis, and diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Han
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongpeng Li
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiqi Zhang
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Luling You
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumeng Lin
- Eye School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Eye School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiaoyin Gou
- Eye School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhanzhan Wang
- Lianyungang Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shuwei Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - YiJin Cai
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Yuan
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- Science and Education Department, Chengdu Xinhua Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Wang AJ, Wang A, Hascall V. Heparin binding proteins on monocyte cell surfaces regulates pre-inflammatory responses in diabetes. JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 4:16-23. [PMID: 38618493 PMCID: PMC11013956 DOI: 10.46439/allergy.4.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Many diabetic complications, such as renal and cardiovascular disease, share a common association with extensive and chronic inflammation due to infiltration by activated leukocytes that originate from the bone marrow (BM). Our previous study demonstrated that macrophage progenitor cells that divided in hyperglycemia induced intracellular synthesis of hyaluronan and became pro-inflammatory macrophages (Mpi), and that the presence of low concentrations of heparin (~50 nM) prevented the intracellular HA synthesis and promoted the formation of tissue repair macrophages (Mtr). However, the molecular mechanism underlying heparin's role is still unknown. This study showed that heparin can be internalized by dividing monocyte progenitor cells. Further, there are two most abundant heparin binding proteins, alpha-enolase (ENO-1) and cofilin-1, identified on monocyte cell surfaces. In addition to their conventional roles inside of cells, ENO-1 and cofilin-1 can be found on cell surfaces and are also involved in autoimmune diseases. Thus, this study provides new insight into heparin's role in regulating monocyte and macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Aimin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Vincent Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Zheng W, Tian E, Liu Z, Zhou C, Yang P, Tian K, Liao W, Li J, Ren C. Small molecule angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: A medicinal chemistry perspective. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:968104. [PMID: 36386190 PMCID: PMC9664202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.968104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a zinc metalloprotein, is a central component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). It degrades bradykinin and other vasoactive peptides. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors, ACEIs) decrease the formation of angiotensin II and increase the level of bradykinin, thus relaxing blood vessels as well as reducing blood volume, lowering blood pressure and reducing oxygen consumption by the heart, which can be used to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases and kidney diseases. Nevertheless, ACEIs are associated with a range of adverse effects such as renal insufficiency, which limits their use. In recent years, researchers have attempted to reduce the adverse effects of ACEIs by improving the selectivity of ACEIs for structural domains based on conformational relationships, and have developed a series of novel ACEIs. In this review, we have summarized the research advances of ACE inhibitors, focusing on the development sources, design strategies and analysis of structure-activity relationships and the biological activities of ACE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Zheng
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Health Management Center, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Erkang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changhan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Health Management Center, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Keyue Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changyu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Yang XF, Wang H, Huang Y, Huang JH, Ren HL, Xu Q, Su XM, Wang AM, Ren F, Zhou MS. Myeloid Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Mediates Macrophage Polarization and Promotes Vascular Injury in DOCA/Salt Hypertensive Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879693. [PMID: 35721173 PMCID: PMC9204513 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the renin–angiotensin system has been implicated in hypertension. Angiotensin (Ang) II is a potent proinflammatory mediator. The present study investigated the role of myeloid angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) in control of macrophage phenotype in vitro and vascular injury in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/salt hypertension. In human THP-1/macrophages, Ang II increased mRNA expressions of M1 cytokines and decreased M2 cytokine expressions. Overexpression of AT1R further increased Ang II-induced expressions of M1 cytokines and decreased M2 cytokines. Silenced AT1R reversed Ang II-induced changes in M1 and M2 cytokines. Ang II upregulated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α, toll-like receptor (TLR)4, and the ratio of pIκB/IκB, which were prevented by silenced AT1R. Silenced HIF1α prevented Ang II activation of the TLR4/NFκB pathway. Furthermore, Ang II increased HIF1α via reactive oxygen species-dependent reduction in prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) expression. The expressions of AT1R and HIF1α and the ratio of pIκB/IκB were upregulated in the peritoneal macrophages of DOCA hypertensive mice, and the specific deletion of myeloid AT1R attenuated cardiac and vascular injury and vascular oxidative stress, reduced the recruitment of macrophages and M1 cytokine expressions, and improved endothelial function without significant reduction in blood pressure. Our results demonstrate that Ang II/AT1R controls the macrophage phenotype via stimulating the HIF1α/NFκB pathway, and specific myeloid AT1R KO improves endothelial function, vascular inflammation, and injury in salt-sensitive hypertension. The results support the notion that myeloid AT1R plays an important role in the regulation of the macrophage phenotype, and dysfunction of this receptor may promote vascular dysfunction and injury in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Yang
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hao-Lin Ren
- Radiology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Min Su
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ai-Mei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Fu Ren
- Department of Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ming-Sheng Zhou, ; Fu Ren,
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ming-Sheng Zhou, ; Fu Ren,
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