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Nag S, Datta P, Morén AF, Khani Y, Martarello L, Kaliszczak M, Halldin C. Labeling of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Inhibitor [ 11C]BIO-2008846 in Three Different Positions and Measurement in NHP Using PET. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7870. [PMID: 39063112 PMCID: PMC11277166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is pivotal in B-cell signaling and a target for potential anti-cancer and immunological disorder therapies. Improved selective reversible BTK inhibitors are in demand due to the absence of direct BTK engagement measurement tools. Promisingly, PET imaging can non-invasively evaluate BTK expression. In this study, radiolabeled BIO-2008846 ([11C]BIO-2008846-A), a BTK inhibitor, was used for PET imaging in NHPs to track brain biodistribution. Radiolabeling BIO-2008846 with carbon-11, alongside four PET scans on two NHPs each, showed a homogeneous distribution of [11C]BIO-2008846-A in NHP brains. Brain uptake ranged from 1.8% ID at baseline to a maximum of 3.2% post-pretreatment. The study found no significant decrease in regional VT values post-dose, implying minimal specific binding of [11C]BIO-2008846-A compared to free and non-specific components in the brain. Radiometabolite analysis revealed polar metabolites with 10% unchanged radioligand after 30 min. The research highlighted strong brain uptake despite minor distribution variability, confirming passive diffusion kinetics dominated by free and non-specific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram Nag
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.N.); (P.D.); (A.F.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Prodip Datta
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.N.); (P.D.); (A.F.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Anton Forsberg Morén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.N.); (P.D.); (A.F.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yasir Khani
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.N.); (P.D.); (A.F.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Laurent Martarello
- Biogen MA Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (L.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Maciej Kaliszczak
- Biogen MA Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (L.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.N.); (P.D.); (A.F.M.); (Y.K.)
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Paliwal S, Bawa S, Shalmali N, Tonk RK. Therapeutic potential and recent progression of BTK inhibitors against rheumatoid arthritis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 104:e14582. [PMID: 39013795 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory illness that affects the entire physiology of human body. It has become one of the top causes of disability worldwide. The development and progression of RA involves a complex interplay between an individual's genetic background and various environmental factors. In order to effectively manage RA, a multidisciplinary approach is required, as this disease is complicated and its pathophysiological mechanism is not fully understood yet. In majority of arthritis patients, the presence of abnormal B cells and autoantibodies, primarily anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies and rheumatoid factor affects the progression of RA. Therefore, drugs targeting B cells have now become a hot topic in the treatment of RA which is quite evident from the recent trends seen in the discovery of various B cell receptors (BCRs) targeting agents. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is one of these recent targets which play a role in the upstream phase of BCR signalling. BTK is an important enzyme that regulates the survival, proliferation, activation and differentiation of B-lineage cells by preventing BCR activation, FC-receptor signalling and osteoclast development. Several BTK inhibitors have been found to be effective against RA during the in vitro and in vivo studies conducted using diverse animal models. This review focuses on BTK inhibition mechanism and its possible impact on immune-mediated disease, along with the types of RA currently being investigated, preclinical and clinical studies and future prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Paliwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, DPSRU, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SPER, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nishtha Shalmali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SPER, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
- Dr. K. N. Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajiv K Tonk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, DPSRU, New Delhi, India
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Aboul-Soud MAM, Al-Sheikh YA, Ghneim HK, Supuran CT, Carta F. Kinase inhibitors: 20 years of success and many new challenges and recent trends in their patents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:583-592. [PMID: 38784980 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2355247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein kinases (PKs) play key roles in cellular signaling and regulation cascades and therefore are listed among the most investigated enzymes with the intent to develop drugs that are able to modulate their catalytic features. Specifically, PKs are involved in chronic diseases of large impact in the society such as cancers and neurodegeneration. Since the approval of Fasudil for the management of cerebral vasospasm, frantic efforts are currently ongoing for the development of selective PK-modulating agents. AREAS COVERED A selection of the most relevant patents in the European Patent Office for biomedical innovation and/or industrial development covering the years 2020-2023 on PK modulators either of the antibody and small-molecule type is reported. In addition to the examined patents, we also reported the contributions claiming the use of antibody-targeted PKs for lab bench identification kits. EXPERT OPINION The field of PK modulators for biomedical purposes is particularly crowded with contributions, making it rich in valuable information for the development of potential drugs. An emerging frontier is represented by PK activators that aims to complement the use of PK inhibitors with the final intent of finely adjusting any PK-related disruption responsible for triggering any disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad A M Aboul-Soud
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazeed A Al-Sheikh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem K Ghneim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Krämer J, Wiendl H. Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors in multiple sclerosis: evidence and expectations. Curr Opin Neurol 2024; 37:237-244. [PMID: 38533819 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite availability of high-efficacy therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS), many patients experience significant disability worsening due to limited effects of currently available drugs on central nervous system (CNS)-compartmentalized inflammation. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an intracellular signaling molecule involved in regulation of maturation, survival, migration, and activation of B cells and microglia, which are central players in the immunopathogenesis of progressive MS. Therefore, CNS-penetrant BTK inhibitors may better prevent disease progression by targeting immune cells on both sides of the blood-brain barrier. This review gives an overview on the preliminary results of clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Currently, the efficacy and safety of six BTK inhibitors are being evaluated in clinical trials in patients with relapsing and progressive MS. Evobrutinib, tolebrutinib and fenebrutinib have shown efficacy and safety in relapsing MS in phase 2 studies, and evobrutinib and tolebrutinib in their extension studies up to 3-5 years. However, evobrutinib failed to distinguish itself from the comparator drug teriflunomide in reduction of relapse rate (primary end point) in two phase 3 studies in relapsing MS. SUMMARY Inhibition of BTK has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to target the CNS-compartmentalized inflammation. Results from phase 3 clinical trials will shed light on differences in efficacy and safety of BTK inhibitors and its potential role in the future MS landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krämer
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Awoonor-Williams E, Abu-Saleh AAAA. Molecular Insights into the Impact of Mutations on the Binding Affinity of Targeted Covalent Inhibitors of BTK. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2874-2884. [PMID: 38502552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs) have witnessed a significant resurgence in recent years, particularly in the kinase drug discovery field for treating diverse clinical indications. The inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) for treating B-cell cancers is a classic example where TCIs such as ibrutinib have had breakthroughs in targeted therapy. However, selectivity remains challenging, and the emergence of resistance mutations is a critical concern for clinical efficacy. Computational methods that can accurately predict the impact of mutations on inhibitor binding affinity could prove helpful in informing targeted approaches─providing insights into drug resistance mechanisms. In addition, such systems could help guide the systematic evaluation and impact of mutations in disease models for optimal experimental design. Here, we have employed in silico physics-based methods to understand the effects of mutations on the binding affinity and conformational dynamics of select TCIs of BTK. The TCIs studied include ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, and zanubrutinib─all of which are FDA-approved drugs for treating multiple forms of leukemia and lymphoma. Our results offer useful molecular insights into the structural determinants, thermodynamics, and conformational energies that impact ligand binding for this biological target of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Awoonor-Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Abd Al-Aziz A Abu-Saleh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
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Kakavandi S, Hajikhani B, Azizi P, Aziziyan F, Nabi-Afjadi M, Farani MR, Zalpoor H, Azarian M, Saadi MI, Gharesi-Fard B, Terpos E, Zare I, Motamedifar M. COVID-19 in patients with anemia and haematological malignancies: risk factors, clinical guidelines, and emerging therapeutic approaches. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:126. [PMID: 38360719 PMCID: PMC10868124 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Extensive research in countries with high sociodemographic indices (SDIs) to date has shown that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be directly associated with more severe outcomes among patients living with haematological disorders and malignancies (HDMs). Because individuals with moderate to severe immunodeficiency are likely to undergo persistent infections, shed virus particles for prolonged periods, and lack an inflammatory or abortive phase, this represents an overall risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. In cases suffering from HDMs, further investigation is needed to achieve a better understanding of triviruses and a group of related variants in patients with anemia and HDMs, as well as their treatment through vaccines, drugs, and other methods. Against this background, the present study aimed to delineate the relationship between HDMs and the novel COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Besides, effective treatment options for HDM cases were further explored to address this epidemic and its variants. Therefore, learning about how COVID-19 manifests in these patients, along with exploiting the most appropriate treatments, may lead to the development of treatment and care strategies by clinicians and researchers to help patients recover faster. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Kakavandi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Hajikhani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paniz Azizi
- Psychological and Brain Science Departments, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Fatemeh Aziziyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ramezani Farani
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Nano Bio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Azarian
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Iman Zare
- Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co., Ltd., Shiraz, 7178795844, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Motamedifar
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Sun W, Zhu C, Li Y, Wu X, Shi X, Liu W. B cell activation and autoantibody production in autoimmune diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2024:101936. [PMID: 38326197 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2024.101936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
B cells are central players in the immune system, responsible for producing antibodies and modulating immune responses. This review explores the intricate relationship between aberrant B cell activation and the development of autoimmune diseases, emphasizing the essential role of B cells in these conditions. We also summarize B cell receptor signaling and Toll-like receptor signaling in B cell activation, as well as their association with autoimmune diseases, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms behind these associations. Additionally, we explore the clinical observations involving B cell activation and their significance in autoimmune disease management. Various clinical studies related to B cell-targeted therapies are also discussed, offering insights into potential avenues for improving treatment strategies. Overall, this review serves as a resource for researchers and clinicians in the field of immunology and autoimmune diseases, providing a general view of B cell signaling and its role in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, No. 1, Qinghua Yuan, New Biology Bldg, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Clinical Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Can Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, No. 1, Qinghua Yuan, New Biology Bldg, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, No. 1, Qinghua Yuan, New Biology Bldg, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xinfeng Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, No. 636, Guanlin Road, 471000, Luoyang, China.
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, No. 636, Guanlin Road, 471000, Luoyang, China.
| | - Wanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, No. 1, Qinghua Yuan, New Biology Bldg, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Clinical Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Chatki PK, Mahajan UN. Eco-friendly liquid chromatography method for the quantification of ibrutinib in a pharmaceutical dosage form. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5792. [PMID: 38017613 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantitatively determine Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib in its capsule dosage form and assess the homogeneity of the dosage form using green chromatography. The chromatographic method using gradient elution mode was optimized and validated in accordance with the International Council for Harmonization guidelines. The analysis was conducted on a Zodiac C18 column (75 × 4.6 mm and 3.5 μm) using a mobile phase consisting of pH 5.5 potassium phosphate buffer (mobile phase A) and 90% ethanol in milli-Q water (mobile phase B), with a flow rate set at 0.6 mL/min. Based on the validation data, the accuracy results fell within the range of 99.1%-100.6%. The relative standard deviation (% RSD) from precision for both the assays and the uniformity of dosage by content uniformity were determined to be 0.82 and 1.16, respectively. The correlation coefficient obtained from the linearity experiment was 0.999, indicating a strong linear relationship. The greenness of the developed method was assessed using various tools, including the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI) pictogram, Modified NEMI, Analytical Eco-score calculation, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) pictogram, Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), and AGREE preparation (AGREEprep). The obtained greenness profile suggests that the optimized LC method is an excellent greener method, supported by the analytical eco-score of 86.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kisan Chatki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, RTMNU University, Nagpur, India
| | - Ujwala N Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, RTMNU University, Nagpur, India
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Chirino A, Montoya S, Safronenka A, Taylor J. Resisting the Resistance: Navigating BTK Mutations in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2182. [PMID: 38137005 PMCID: PMC10742473 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays a key role in the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway and confers anti-apoptotic and proliferative properties to malignant B-cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Small molecule BTK inhibitors were designed to bind BTK's active site and block downstream signaling. These drugs have now been used in the treatment of thousands of patients with CLL, the most common form of leukemia in the western hemisphere. However, adverse effects of early generations of BTK inhibitors and resistance to treatment have led to the development of newer, more selective and non-covalent BTK inhibitors. As the use of these newer generation BTK inhibitors has increased, novel BTK resistance mutations have come to light. This review aims to discuss previously known and novel BTK mutations, their mechanisms of resistance, and their relationship with patient treatment. Also discussed here are future studies that are needed to investigate the underlying cause allowing these mutations to occur and how they incite resistance. New treatments on the horizon that attempt to maneuver around these resistance mutations can be met with new resistance mutations, creating an unmet need for patients with CLL. Novel therapies and combinations that address all forms of resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Justin Taylor
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Bruzzese A, Martino EA, Labanca C, Mendicino F, Lucia E, Olivito V, Neri A, Morabito F, Vigna E, Gentile M. Zanubrutinib for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:1409-1413. [PMID: 37350553 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2229734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eugenio Lucia
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Annunziata, Cosenza, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Neri
- Scientific Directorate IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Ernesto Vigna
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Annunziata, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Massimo Gentile
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Annunziata, Cosenza, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Science, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Lin DY, Andreotti AH. Structure of BTK kinase domain with the second-generation inhibitors acalabrutinib and tirabrutinib. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290872. [PMID: 37651403 PMCID: PMC10470882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is the target of the therapeutic agent, Ibrutinib, that treats chronic lymphocyte leukemia (CLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and other B cell malignancies. Ibrutinib is a first in class, covalent BTK inhibitor that limits B-cell survival and proliferation. Designing new inhibitors of BTK has been an important objective for advancing development of improved therapeutic agents against cancer and autoimmune disorders. Based on the success of Ibrutinib, several second-generation irreversible BTK inhibitors have been developed that exhibit fewer off-target effects. However, the binding-mode and their interaction with Btk have not been experimentally determined and evaluated at atomic resolution. Here we determined the first crystal structure of the BTK kinase domain in complex with acalabrutinib. In addition, we report a structure of the BTK/tirabrutinib complex and compare these structures with previously solved structures. The structures provide insight in the superior selectivity reported for acalabrutinb and guide future BTK inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y. Lin
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State, University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Amy H. Andreotti
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State, University, Ames, IA, United States of America
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Rescifina A. Progress of the "Molecular Informatics" Section in 2022. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119442. [PMID: 37298393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first Editorial of the "Molecular Informatics" Section (MIS) of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS), which was created towards the end of 2018 (the first article was submitted on 27 September 2018) and has experienced significant growth from 2018 to now [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rescifina
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Criado PR, Lorenzini D, Miot HA, Bueno-Filho R, Carneiro FRO, Ianhez M. New small molecules in dermatology: for the autoimmunity, inflammation and beyond. Inflamm Res 2023:10.1007/s00011-023-01744-w. [PMID: 37212867 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01744-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The discovery of new inflammatory pathways and the mechanism of action of inflammatory, autoimmune, genetic, and neoplastic diseases led to the development of immunologically driven drugs. We aimed to perform a narrative review regarding the rising of a new class of drugs capable of blocking important and specific intracellular signals in the maintenance of these pathologies: the small molecules. MATERIALS/METHODS A total of 114 scientific papers were enrolled in this narrative review. RESULTS We describe in detail the families of protein kinases-Janus Kinase (JAK), Src kinase, Syk tyrosine kinase, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), and Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK)-their physiologic function and new drugs that block these pathways of intracellular signaling. We also detail the involved cytokines and the main metabolic and clinical implications of these new medications in the field of dermatology. CONCLUSIONS Despite having lower specificity compared to specific immunobiological therapies, these new drugs are effective in a wide variety of dermatological diseases, especially diseases that had few therapeutic options, such as psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, and vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Ricardo Criado
- Faculdade de Medicina Do ABC, Post-Graduation Program, Full Researcher, Santo André, Rua Carneiro Leão 33, Vila Scarpelli, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Lorenzini
- Santa Casa de Misericórida de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hélio Amante Miot
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Bueno-Filho
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School-University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Mayra Ianhez
- Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) E Hospital de Doenças Tropicais (HDT-GO), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Krämer J, Bar-Or A, Turner TJ, Wiendl H. Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors for multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:289-304. [PMID: 37055617 PMCID: PMC10100639 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Current therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce both relapses and relapse-associated worsening of disability, which is assumed to be mainly associated with transient infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS). However, approved therapies are less effective at slowing disability accumulation in patients with MS, in part owing to their lack of relevant effects on CNS-compartmentalized inflammation, which has been proposed to drive disability. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an intracellular signalling molecule involved in the regulation of maturation, survival, migration and activation of B cells and microglia. As CNS-compartmentalized B cells and microglia are considered central to the immunopathogenesis of progressive MS, treatment with CNS-penetrant BTK inhibitors might curtail disease progression by targeting immune cells on both sides of the blood-brain barrier. Five BTK inhibitors that differ in selectivity, strength of inhibition, binding mechanisms and ability to modulate immune cells within the CNS are currently under investigation in clinical trials as a treatment for MS. This Review describes the role of BTK in various immune cells implicated in MS, provides an overview of preclinical data on BTK inhibitors and discusses the (largely preliminary) data from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krämer
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurotherapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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15
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Mir SA, Madkhali Y, Firoz A, Al Othaim A, Alturaiki W, Almalki SG, Algarni A, Alsagaby SA. Inhibitory Potential of the Ocimum sanctum Phytochemicals on Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase, a Well-Known Drug Target for Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: An In Silico Investigation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083287. [PMID: 37110523 PMCID: PMC10144307 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable neoplasm of B-lymphocytes, which accounts for about one-third of all leukemias. Ocimum sanctum, an herbaceous perennial, is considered as one of the important sources of drugs for the treatment of various diseases, including cancers and autoimmune diseases. The present study was designed to screen various phytochemicals of O. sanctum for discovering their potential to inhibit Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a well-known drug target of CLL. Various phytochemicals of O. sanctum were screened for their potential to inhibit BTK using several in silico protocols. First, the molecular docking approach was used to calculate the docking scores of the selected phytochemicals. Then, the selected top-ranked phytochemicals were screened for their physicochemical characteristics using ADME analysis. Finally, the stability of the selected compounds in their corresponding docking complexes with BTK was analysed using molecular dynamics simulations. Primarily, our observations revealed that, out of the 46 phytochemicals of O. sanctum, six compounds possessed significantly better docking scores (ranging from -9.2 kcal/mol to -10 kcal/mol). Their docking scores were comparable to those of the control inhibitors, acalabrutinib (-10.3 kcal/mol), and ibrutinib (-11.3 kcal/mol). However, after ADME analysis of these top-ranked six compounds, only three compounds (Molludistin, Rosmarinic acid, and Vitexin) possessed drug likeliness characteristics. During the MD analysis, the three compounds Molludistin, Rosmarinic acid, and Vitexin were found to remain stable in the binding pocket in their corresponding docking complexes with BTK. Therefore, among the 46 phytochemicals of O. sanctum tested in this study, the three compounds, Molludistin, Rosmarinic acid, and Vitexin are the best inhibitors of BTK. However, these findings need to be confirmed by biological experiments in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Madkhali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Firoz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayoub Al Othaim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Alturaiki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami G Almalki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Algarni
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman A Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Toenjes ST, Heydari BS, Albright ST, Hazin R, Ortiz MA, Piedrafita FJ, Gustafson JL. Controlling Ibrutinib's Conformations about Its Heterobiaryl Axis to Increase BTK Selectivity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:305-311. [PMID: 36923918 PMCID: PMC10009787 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ibrutinib is a covalent BTK inhibitor that is approved for several indications in oncology. Ibrutinib possesses significant off-target activities toward many kinases, often leading to adverse events in patients. While there have been robust medicinal chemistry efforts leading to more selective second-generation BTK inhibitors, there remains a need for new strategies to rapidly improve the selectivity of kinase inhibitors. An analysis of PDB data revealed that ibrutinib binds BTK in dihedral conformations that are orthogonal of ibrutinib's predicted low energy conformational range. Synthesis of a series of analogues with ground state conformations shifted toward orthogonality led to the discovery of an analogue with two incorporated ortho-methyl groups that possessed markedly increased BTK selectivity. This work suggests that conformational control about a prospective atropisomeric axis represents a strategy to rapidly program a compound's selectivity toward a given target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T Toenjes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
| | - Bahar S Heydari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
| | - Samuel T Albright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
| | - Ramsey Hazin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
| | - Maria A Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
| | - F Javier Piedrafita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Gustafson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
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17
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Ji S, Liu X, Ha J, Ai L, Li Z. Quantification of orelabrutinib in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1221:123680. [PMID: 36989941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and simple method was developed to determine orelabrutinib in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The samples were prepared by simple protein precipitation with by 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution and efficient separations were performed on the Thermo Hypersll GOLD C18 column (2.1 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) under a gradient program in a total run time of 9 min. The orelabrutinib was detected by electrospray ionization in positive ion mode with selective reaction monitoring (SRM) and mass spectrometric conditions were optimized in order to increase selectivity and sensitivity. The developed method was validated in terms of its accuracy, precision, selectivity, linearity, recovery, matrix effect, stability, and limits of quantification (LOQ). The lower limit of quantification is 0.50 ng/mL, the intraday and interday precision RSD are both less than 15%, and the recovery rate is 85.7%-92.9%. Finally, the method was successfully applied for the quantitation of orelabrutinib in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of clinical patients treated with orelabrutinib.
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18
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Gai C, Harnor SJ, Zhang S, Cano C, Zhuang C, Zhao Q. Advanced approaches of developing targeted covalent drugs. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1460-1475. [PMID: 36561076 PMCID: PMC9749957 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00216g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the development of targeted covalent inhibitors has gained popularity around the world. Specific groups (electrophilic warheads) form irreversible bonds with the side chain of nucleophilic amino acid residues, thus changing the function of biological targets such as proteins. Since the first targeted covalent inhibitor was disclosed in the 1990s, great efforts have been made to develop covalent ligands from known reversible leads or drugs by addition of tolerated electrophilic warheads. However, high reactivity and "off-target" toxicity remain challenging issues. This review covers the concept of targeted covalent inhibition to diseases, discusses traditional and interdisciplinary strategies of cysteine-focused covalent drug discovery, and exhibits newly disclosed electrophilic warheads majorly targeting the cysteine residue. Successful applications to address the challenges of designing effective covalent drugs are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghao Gai
- Organic Chemistry Group, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Suzannah J Harnor
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Shihao Zhang
- Organic Chemistry Group, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Céline Cano
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- Organic Chemistry Group, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Qingjie Zhao
- Organic Chemistry Group, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
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19
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Tichenor MS, Wiener JJM, Rao NL, Bacani GM, Wei J, Pooley Deckhut C, Barbay JK, Kreutter KD, Chang L, Clancy KW, Murrey HE, Wang W, Ahn K, Huber M, Rex E, Coe KJ, Wu J, Rui H, Sepassi K, Gaudiano M, Bekkers M, Cornelissen I, Packman K, Seierstad M, Xiouras C, Bembenek SD, Alexander R, Milligan C, Balasubramanian S, Lebsack AD, Venable JD, Philippar U, Edwards JP, Hirst G. Discovery of JNJ-64264681: A Potent and Selective Covalent Inhibitor of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14326-14336. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Tichenor
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - John J. M. Wiener
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Navin L. Rao
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Genesis M. Bacani
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Jianmei Wei
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Charlotte Pooley Deckhut
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - J. Kent Barbay
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Kevin D. Kreutter
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Leon Chang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Kathleen W. Clancy
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Heather E. Murrey
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Weixue Wang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Kay Ahn
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Michael Huber
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rex
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Kevin J. Coe
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Jiejun Wu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Haopeng Rui
- Janssen Research & Development, 4560 Jinke Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201319, P. R. China
| | - Kia Sepassi
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Marcello Gaudiano
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mariette Bekkers
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ivo Cornelissen
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kathryn Packman
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mark Seierstad
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Christos Xiouras
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Scott D. Bembenek
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Richard Alexander
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Cynthia Milligan
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Sriram Balasubramanian
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Alec D. Lebsack
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Jennifer D. Venable
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Ulrike Philippar
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - James P. Edwards
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Gavin Hirst
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
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20
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Carnero Contentti E, Correale J. Current Perspectives: Evidence to Date on BTK Inhibitors in the Management of Multiple Sclerosis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3473-3490. [PMID: 36238195 PMCID: PMC9553159 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s348129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system leading to demyelination and neurodegeneration. Basic and translational studies have shown that B cells and myeloid cells are critical players for the development and course of the disease. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is essential for B cell receptor-mediated B cell activation and for normal B cell development and maturation. In addition to its role in B cells, BTK is also involved in several functions of myeloid cells. Although significant number of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) have been approved for clinical use in MS patients, novel targeted therapies should be studied in refractory patients and patients with progressive forms of the disease. On the basis of its role in B cells and myeloid cells, BTK inhibitors can provide attractive therapeutic benefits for MS. In this article, we review the main effects of BTK inhibitors on different cell types involved in the pathogenesis of MS and summarise recent advances in the development of BTK inhibitors as novel therapeutic approaches in different MS clinical trials. Available data regarding the efficacy and safety of these drugs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Carnero Contentti
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Correspondence: Edgar Carnero Contentti; Jorge Correale, Email ;
| | - Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquimíca Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Barreto IV, Machado CB, Almeida DB, Pessoa FMCDP, Gadelha RB, Pantoja LDC, Oliveira DDS, Ribeiro RM, Lopes GS, de Moraes Filho MO, de Moraes MEA, Khayat AS, de Oliveira EHC, Moreira-Nunes CA. Kinase Inhibition in Multiple Myeloma: Current Scenario and Clinical Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091784. [PMID: 36145532 PMCID: PMC9506264 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a blood cell neoplasm characterized by excessive production of malignant monoclonal plasma cells (activated B lymphocytes) by the bone marrow, which end up synthesizing antibodies or antibody fragments, called M proteins, in excess. The accumulation of this production, both cells themselves and of the immunoglobulins, causes a series of problems for the patient, of a systemic and local nature, such as blood hyperviscosity, renal failure, anemia, bone lesions, and infections due to compromised immunity. MM is the third most common hematological neoplasm, constituting 1% of all cancer cases, and is a disease that is difficult to treat, still being considered an incurable disease. The treatments currently available cannot cure the patient, but only extend their lifespan, and the main and most effective alternative is autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but not every patient is eligible, often due to age and pre-existing comorbidities. In this context, the search for new therapies that can bring better results to patients is of utmost importance. Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are involved in several biological processes, such as cell growth regulation and proliferation, thus, mutations that affect their functionality can have a great impact on crucial molecular pathways in the cells, leading to tumorigenesis. In the past couple of decades, the use of small-molecule inhibitors, which include tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), has been a hallmark in the treatment of hematological malignancies, and MM patients may also benefit from TKI-based treatment strategies. In this review, we seek to understand the applicability of TKIs used in MM clinical trials in the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Valentim Barreto
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - Caio Bezerra Machado
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Melo Cunha de Pinho Pessoa
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - Renan Brito Gadelha
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - Laudreísa da Costa Pantoja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Germison Silva Lopes
- Department of Hematology, César Cals General Hospital, Fortaleza 60015-152, CE, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes Filho
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabete Amaral de Moraes
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - André Salim Khayat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Belém 66075-990, PA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Environment Section (SAMAM), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), BR 316, KM 7, s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Itaperi Campus, Ceará State University, Fortaleza 60740-903, CE, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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22
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Collongues N, Becker G, Jolivel V, Ayme-Dietrich E, de Seze J, Binamé F, Patte-Mensah C, Monassier L, Mensah-Nyagan AG. A Narrative Review on Axonal Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurol Ther 2022; 11:981-1042. [PMID: 35610531 PMCID: PMC9338208 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in demyelination and neurodegeneration. The therapeutic strategy is now largely based on reducing inflammation with immunosuppressive drugs. Unfortunately, when disease progression is observed, no drug offers neuroprotection apart from its anti-inflammatory effect. In this review, we explore current knowledge on the assessment of neurodegeneration in MS and look at putative targets that might prove useful in protecting the axon from degeneration. Among them, Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-apoptotic and antioxidant agents, sex hormones, statins, channel blockers, growth factors, and molecules preventing glutamate excitotoxicity have already been studied. Some of them have reached phase III clinical trials and carry a great message of hope for our patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Collongues
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. .,Center for Clinical Investigation, INSERM U1434, Strasbourg, France. .,Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France. .,University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Guillaume Becker
- University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,NeuroCardiovascular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, UR7296, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Jolivel
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Estelle Ayme-Dietrich
- University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,NeuroCardiovascular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, UR7296, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérôme de Seze
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Center for Clinical Investigation, INSERM U1434, Strasbourg, France.,Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabien Binamé
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Patte-Mensah
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Monassier
- University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,NeuroCardiovascular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, UR7296, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ayikoé Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
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23
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Bruton's Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Immunological Diseases: Current Status and Perspectives. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102807. [PMID: 35628931 PMCID: PMC9145705 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors has changed the management of patients with B-cell lymphoid malignancies. BTK is an important molecule that interconnects B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling. BTK inhibitors (BTKis) are classified into three categories, namely covalent irreversible inhibitors, covalent reversible inhibitors, and non-covalent reversible inhibitors. Ibrutinib is the first covalent, irreversible BTK inhibitor approved in 2013 as a breakthrough therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Subsequently, two other covalent, irreversible, second-generation BTKis, acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib, have been developed for lymphoid malignancies to reduce the ibrutinib-mediated adverse effects. More recently, irreversible and reversible BTKis have been under development for immune-mediated diseases, including autoimmune hemolytic anemia, immune thrombocytopenia, multiple sclerosis, pemphigus vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s disease, and chronic spontaneous urticaria, among others. This review article summarizes the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the role of BTKis in various autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory conditions.
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In situ identification of cellular drug targets in mammalian tissue. Cell 2022; 185:1793-1805.e17. [PMID: 35483372 PMCID: PMC9106931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The lack of tools to observe drug-target interactions at cellular resolution in intact tissue has been a major barrier to understanding in vivo drug actions. Here, we develop clearing-assisted tissue click chemistry (CATCH) to optically image covalent drug targets in intact mammalian tissues. CATCH permits specific and robust in situ fluorescence imaging of target-bound drug molecules at subcellular resolution and enables the identification of target cell types. Using well-established inhibitors of endocannabinoid hydrolases and monoamine oxidases, direct or competitive CATCH not only reveals distinct anatomical distributions and predominant cell targets of different drug compounds in the mouse brain but also uncovers unexpected differences in drug engagement across and within brain regions, reflecting rare cell types, as well as dose-dependent target shifts across tissue, cellular, and subcellular compartments that are not accessible by conventional methods. CATCH represents a valuable platform for visualizing in vivo interactions of small molecules in tissue.
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Wolska-Washer A, Robak T. Acalabrutinib: a bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2022; 15:183-194. [PMID: 35296194 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2022.2054800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : The first-in-class Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), ibrutinib, demonstrated remarkable activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, its toxicity profile renders it potentially inappropriate for use in patients with bleeding or cardiovascular disorders. In response to the high demand for a safer and efficient BTK inhibitor, with improved toxicity profile, acalabrutinib as a second-generation irreversible BTK inhibitor has been approved for the treatment of CLL. AREAS COVERED : This review examines the activity of acalabrutinib in treating treatment-naïve and relapsed refractory CLL and its toxicity profile when compared to ibrutinib and other drugs. It will examine the outcomes of the ELEVATE-TN, ASCEND and ELEVATE-RR studies in detail, with a particular focus on the safety and efficacy of acalabrutinib. The strengths and weaknesses of this drug will be highlighted and future directions for research will be identified. EXPERT OPINION : In patients with CLL, acalabrutinib demonstrates a superior safety profile than ibrutinib and similar activity. In the first direct comparison of acalabrutinib with ibrutinib in relapsed/refractory CLL, acalabrutinib was found to demonstrate non-inferior progression-free survival, with fewer cardiovascular adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wolska-Washer
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Robak
- Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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26
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Ran F, Liu Y, Xu Z, Meng C, Yang D, Qian J, Deng X, Zhang Y, Ling Y. Recent development of BTK-based dual inhibitors in the treatment of cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 233:114232. [PMID: 35247756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a promising target in the treatment of various cancers. Despite the early success of BTK inhibitors in the clinic, these single-target drug therapies have limitations in their clinical applications, such as drug resistance. Several alternative strategies have been developed, including the use of dual inhibitors, to maximize the therapeutic potential of anticancer drugs. In this review, we highlight the scientific background and theoretical basis for developing BTK-based dual inhibitors, as well as the status of these agents in preclinical and clinical studies, and discuss further options in this field. We posit that these advances in BTK-based dual inhibitors confirm their feasibility for the treatment of refractory tumors, including those with drug resistance, and provide a framework for future drug design in this field. Accordingly, we anticipate increasingly rapid progress in the development of novel potent dual inhibitors and advanced clinical research on BTK-based dual inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fansheng Ran
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Zhongyuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chi Meng
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Jianqiang Qian
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xuexian Deng
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Yong Ling
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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27
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Robak T, Witkowska M, Smolewski P. The Role of Bruton's Kinase Inhibitors in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Current Status and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:771. [PMID: 35159041 PMCID: PMC8833747 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors has changed the management and clinical history of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). BTK is a critical molecule that interconnects B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling. BTKis are classified into two categories: irreversible (covalent) inhibitors and reversible (non-covalent) inhibitors. Ibrutinib was the first irreversible BTK inhibitor approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2013 as a breakthrough therapy in CLL patients. Subsequently, several studies have evaluated the efficacy and safety of new agents with reduced toxicity when compared with ibrutinib. Two other irreversible, second-generation BTK inhibitors, acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib, were developed to reduce ibrutinib-mediated adverse effects. Additionally, new reversible BTK inhibitors are currently under development in early-phase studies to improve their activity and to diminish adverse effects. This review summarizes the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, safety, dosing, and drug-drug interactions associated with the treatment of CLL with BTK inhibitors and examines their further implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 93-510 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magda Witkowska
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 93-510 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (P.S.)
| | - Piotr Smolewski
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 93-510 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (P.S.)
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28
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Ren S, Wang X, Jin G. Conjugate of ibrutinib with a TLR7 agonist suppresses melanoma progression and enhances antitumor immunity. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:166-179. [PMID: 34975325 PMCID: PMC8692160 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of large molecules for immunotherapy has led to exciting developments in cancer treatment, such as the development of PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. However, small molecule targeted therapies still lack effective immune-functional classes. Ideal anticancer drugs should simultaneously generate immune memory when killing cancer cells to prevent tumor relapse and metastasis. To this end, we carried out a rationally designed strategy to develop novel classes of small molecule compounds with bifunctional targeting and immunostimulatory abilities by conjugating targeting compounds with TLR7 agonists, generating immune-targeting conjugates (ImmunTacs). GY161, as a representative ImmunTac, was synthesized via chemical conjugation of ibrutinib with a TLR7 agonist. In vitro, GY161 stimulated the production of cytokines by mouse spleen lymphocytes, promoted the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), and inhibited the growth and induced the apoptosis of B16 melanoma cells by regulating the c-Met/β-catenin pathway. In vivo, GY161 enhanced the frequency of CD8+ T cells in spleens and tumors, suppressed the growth of B16 melanoma cell-derived tumors and prolonged the survival time of mice. In summary, GY161 could prevent melanoma progression through direct tumor killing and by triggering specific immunity. These results strongly suggest that ImmunTacs are a reliable and promising strategy for developing small molecule immunogenic anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nation-Regional Engineering Lab for Synthetic Biology of Medicine, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nation-Regional Engineering Lab for Synthetic Biology of Medicine, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangyi Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nation-Regional Engineering Lab for Synthetic Biology of Medicine, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
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Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Multiple Sclerosis: Pioneering the Path Towards Treatment of Progression? CNS Drugs 2022; 36:1019-1030. [PMID: 36178589 PMCID: PMC9550714 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS) persisting disability can derive from acute relapses or, alternatively, from slow and steady deterioration, termed chronic progression. Emerging data suggest that the latter process occurs largely independent from relapse activity or development of new central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory lesions. Pathophysiologically, acute relapses develop as a consequence of de novo CNS infiltration of immune cells, while MS progression appears to be driven by a CNS-trapped inflammatory circuit between CNS-established hematopoietic cells as well as CNS-resident cells, such as microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Within the last decades, powerful therapies have been developed to control relapse activity in MS. All of these agents were primarily designed to systemically target the peripheral immune system and/or to prevent CNS infiltration of immune cells. Based on the above described dichotomy of MS pathophysiology, it is understandable that these agents only exert minor effects on progression and that novel targets within the CNS have to be utilized to control MS progression independent of relapse activity. In this regard, one promising strategy may be the inhibition of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), which is centrally involved in the activation of B cells as well as myeloid cells, such as macrophages and microglia. In this review, we discuss where and to what extent BTK is involved in the immunological and molecular cascades driving MS progression. We furthermore summarize all mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical data on the various BTK inhibitors (evobrutinib, tolebrutinib, fenebrutinib, remibrutinib, orelabrutinib, BIIB091) that are currently in development for treatment of MS, with a particular focus on the potential ability of either drug to control MS progression.
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Tasso B, Spallarossa A, Russo E, Brullo C. The Development of BTK Inhibitors: A Five-Year Update. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237411. [PMID: 34885993 PMCID: PMC8659154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) represented, in the past ten years, an important target for the development of new therapeutic agents that could be useful for cancer and autoimmune disorders. To date, five compounds, able to block BTK in an irreversible manner, have been launched in the market, whereas many reversible BTK inhibitors (BTKIs), with reduced side effects that are more useful for long-term administration in autoimmune disorders, are under clinical investigation. Despite the presence in the literature of many articles and reviews, studies on BTK function and BTKIs are of great interest for pharmaceutical companies as well as academia. This review is focused on compounds that have appeared in the literature from 2017 that are able to block BTK in an irreversible or reversible manner; also, new promising tunable irreversible inhibitors, as well as PROTAC molecules, have been reported. This summary could improve the knowledge of the chemical diversity of BTKIs and provide information for future studies, particularly from the medicinal chemistry point of view. Data reported here are collected from different databases (Scifinder, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Pubmed) using "BTK" and "BTK inhibitors" as keywords.
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Kinase Inhibition in Relapsed/Refractory Leukemia and Lymphoma Settings: Recent Prospects into Clinical Investigations. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101604. [PMID: 34683897 PMCID: PMC8540545 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is still a major barrier to life expectancy increase worldwide, and hematologic neoplasms represent a relevant percentage of cancer incidence rates. Tumor dependence of continuous proliferative signals mediated through protein kinases overexpression instigated increased strategies of kinase inhibition in the oncologic practice over the last couple decades, and in this review, we focused our discussion on relevant clinical trials of the past five years that investigated kinase inhibitor (KI) usage in patients afflicted with relapsed/refractory (R/R) hematologic malignancies as well as in the pharmacological characteristics of available KIs and the dissertation about traditional chemotherapy treatment approaches and its hindrances. A trend towards investigations on KI usage for the treatment of chronic lymphoid leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia in R/R settings was observed, and it likely reflects the existence of already established treatment protocols for chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoid leukemia patient cohorts. Overall, regimens of KI treatment are clinically manageable, and results are especially effective when allied with tumor genetic profiles, giving rise to encouraging future prospects of an era where chemotherapy-free treatment regimens are a reality for many oncologic patients.
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Recent Advances in BTK Inhibitors for the Treatment of Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164907. [PMID: 34443496 PMCID: PMC8399599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays a crucial role in B-cell receptor and Fc receptor signaling pathways. BTK is also involved in the regulation of Toll-like receptors and chemokine receptors. Given the central role of BTK in immunity, BTK inhibition represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Great efforts have been made in developing BTK inhibitors for potential clinical applications in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review covers the recent development of BTK inhibitors at preclinical and clinical stages in treating these diseases. Individual examples of three types of inhibitors, namely covalent irreversible inhibitors, covalent reversible inhibitors, and non-covalent reversible inhibitors, are discussed with a focus on their structure, bioactivity and selectivity. Contrary to expectations, reversible BTK inhibitors have not yielded a significant breakthrough so far. The development of covalent, irreversible BTK inhibitors has progressed more rapidly. Many candidates entered different stages of clinical trials; tolebrutinib and evobrutinib are undergoing phase 3 clinical evaluation. Rilzabrutinib, a covalent reversible BTK inhibitor, is now in phase 3 clinical trials and also offers a promising future. An analysis of the protein–inhibitor interactions based on published co-crystal structures provides useful clues for the rational design of safe and effective small-molecule BTK inhibitors.
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