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Kang N, Tan J, Yan S, Lin L, Gao Q. General autophagy-dependent and -independent lipophagic processes collaborate to regulate the overall level of lipophagy in yeast. Autophagy 2024; 20:1523-1536. [PMID: 38425021 PMCID: PMC11210923 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2325297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATION AP: autophagosome; ATG: autophagy related; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FA: fatty acid; LD: lipid droplet; Ld microdomains: liquid-disordered microdomains; NL: neutral lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Kang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinling Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sisi Yan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Leiying Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Molecular Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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2
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Kim H, Budin I. Intracellular sphingolipid sorting drives membrane phase separation in the yeast vacuole. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105496. [PMID: 38013088 PMCID: PMC10776997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast vacuole membrane can phase separate into ordered and disordered domains, a phenomenon that is required for micro-lipophagy under nutrient limitation. Despite its importance as a biophysical model and physiological significance, it is not yet resolved if specific lipidome changes drive vacuole phase separation. Here we report that the metabolism of sphingolipids (SLs) and their sorting into the vacuole membrane can control this process. We first developed a vacuole isolation method to identify lipidome changes during the onset of phase separation in early stationary stage cells. We found that early stationary stage vacuoles are defined by an increased abundance of putative raft components, including 40% higher ergosterol content and a nearly 3-fold enrichment in complex SLs (CSLs). These changes were not found in the corresponding whole cell lipidomes, indicating that lipid sorting is associated with domain formation. Several facets of SL composition-headgroup stoichiometry, longer chain lengths, and increased hydroxylations-were also markers of phase-separated vacuole lipidomes. To test SL function in vacuole phase separation, we carried out a systematic genetic dissection of their biosynthetic pathway. The abundance of CSLs controlled the extent of domain formation and associated micro-lipophagy processes, while their headgroup composition altered domain morphology. These results suggest that lipid trafficking can drive membrane phase separation in vivo and identify SLs as key mediators of this process in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Itay Budin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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3
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Herrera-Moro Huitron L, De Jesús-González LA, Martínez-Castillo M, Ulloa-Aguilar JM, Cabello-Gutierrez C, Helguera-Repetto C, Garcia-Cordero J, León Juárez M. Multifaceted Nature of Lipid Droplets in Viral Interactions and Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1851. [PMID: 37513023 PMCID: PMC10386712 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Once regarded as inert organelles with limited and ill-defined roles, lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged as dynamic entities with multifaceted functions within the cell. Recent research has illuminated their pivotal role as primary energy reservoirs in the form of lipids, capable of being metabolized to meet cellular energy demands. Their high dynamism is underscored by their ability to interact with numerous cellular organelles, notably the endoplasmic reticulum (the site of LD genesis) and mitochondria, which utilize small LDs for energy production. Beyond their contribution to cellular bioenergetics, LDs have been associated with viral infections. Evidence suggests that viruses can co-opt LDs to facilitate their infection cycle. Furthermore, recent discoveries highlight the role of LDs in modulating the host's immune response. Observations of altered LD levels during viral infections suggest their involvement in disease pathophysiology, potentially through production of proinflammatory mediators using LD lipids as precursors. This review explores these intriguing aspects of LDs, shedding light on their multifaceted nature and implications in viral interactions and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Herrera-Moro Huitron
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | | | - Macario Martínez-Castillo
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Ulloa-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cabello-Gutierrez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Departamento de Investigación en Virología y Micología, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Belisario Domínguez, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Helguera-Repetto
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Julio Garcia-Cordero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Cinvestav, Av. IPN# 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Moisés León Juárez
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
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4
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Lan ZQ, Ge ZY, Lv SK, Zhao B, Li CX. The regulatory role of lipophagy in central nervous system diseases. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:229. [PMID: 37414782 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are the organelles for storing neutral lipids, which are broken down when energy is insufficient. It has been suggested that excessive accumulation of LDs can affect cellular function, which is important to coordinate homeostasis of lipids in vivo. Lysosomes play an important role in the degradation of lipids, and the process of selective autophagy of LDs through lysosomes is known as lipophagy. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism has recently been associated with a variety of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, but the specific regulatory mechanisms of lipophagy in these diseases remain to be elucidated. This review summarizes various forms of lipophagy and discusses the role that lipophagy plays in the development of CNS diseases in order to reveal the related mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Qing Lan
- Department of General practice medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Yi Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Kai Lv
- Department of General practice medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, P.R. China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Cai-Xia Li
- Department of General practice medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, P.R. China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
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Abstract
SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) is a well-established indicator of macroautophagic/autophagic flux. It was initially characterized as the ubiquitin-binding autophagic receptor in aggrephagy, the selective autophagy of ubiquitinated protein aggregates. Recently, several studies correlated its levels with the abundance of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). In the absence of a bona fide receptor for the selective autophagy of LDs (lipophagy), a few studies demonstrated the role of SQSTM1 in lipophagy. Our analysis of these studies shows that SQSTM1 colocalizes with LDs, bridges them with phagophores, is co-degraded with them in the lysosomes, and affects LD abundance in a variety of cells and under diverse experimental conditions. Although only one study reported all these functions together, the overwhelming and complementary evidence from other studies suggests that the role of SQSTM1 in lipophagy via tagging, movement, aggregation/clustering and sequestration of LDs is rather a common phenomenon in mammalian cells. As ubiquitination of the LD-associated proteins under stress conditions is increasingly recognized as another common phenomenon, some other ubiquitin-binding autophagic receptors, such as NBR1 and OPTN, might soon join SQSTM1 on a list of the non-exclusive lipophagy receptors.Abbreviations: LD: lipid droplet; LIR: LC3-interacting region; PAT: Perilipin, ADRP and TIP47 domain; SAR: selective autophagy receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shroff
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taras Y. Nazarko
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA,CONTACT Taras Y. Nazarko Department of Biology, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4010, Atlanta, GA30303-4010, USA
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Louhasakul Y, Cheirsilp B. Potential use of industrial by-products as promising feedstock for microbial lipid and lipase production and direct transesterification of wet yeast into biodiesel by lipase and acid catalysts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 348:126742. [PMID: 35065222 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This work attempted the conversion of crude glycerol to lipid and lipase by Yarrowia lipolytica and the direct transesterification of wet yeast by its lipase into biodiesel via response surface methodology to enhance the cost-effectiveness of biodiesel production from the lipids. The yeast grew better and accumulated a high amount of lipids on the waste combined with fish waste hydrolysate, but only exhibited high lipase activity on the waste supplemented with surfactants (i.e., gum Arabic, Tween 20, Tween 80). However, the combination of both wastes and Tween 80 further improved growth, lipid productivity, and lipase activity. More importantly, lipase-direct transesterification under optimal conditions (wet cell concentration of 17.97 mg-DCW, methanol loading of 8.21 µL, and hexane loading of 10.26 µL) followed by acid-catalyst transesterification (0.4 M H2SO4), offered high FAME yields (>90%), showing the efficiency of the process when applied for the industrialization of biodiesel production from microbial lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmi Louhasakul
- Faculty of Science Technology and Agriculture, Yala Rajabhat University, Yala 95000, Thailand.
| | - Benjamas Cheirsilp
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand
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Kumar R, Shroff A, Nazarko TY. Komagataella phaffii Cue5 Piggybacks on Lipid Droplets for Its Vacuolar Degradation during Stationary Phase Lipophagy. Cells 2022; 11:215. [PMID: 35053331 PMCID: PMC8774080 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we developed Komagataella phaffii (formerly Pichia pastoris) as a model for lipophagy, the selective autophagy of lipid droplets (LDs). We found that lipophagy pathways induced by acute nitrogen (N) starvation and in stationary (S) phase have different molecular mechanisms. Moreover, both types of lipophagy are independent of Atg11, the scaffold protein that interacts with most autophagic receptors and, therefore, is essential for most types of selective autophagy in yeast. Since yeast aggrephagy, the selective autophagy of ubiquitinated protein aggregates, is also independent of Atg11 and utilizes the ubiquitin-binding receptor, Cue5, we studied the relationship of K. phaffii Cue5 with differentially induced LDs and lipophagy. While there was no relationship of Cue5 with LDs and lipophagy under N-starvation conditions, Cue5 accumulated on LDs in S-phase and degraded together with LDs via S-phase lipophagy. The accumulation of Cue5 on LDs and its degradation by S-phase lipophagy strongly depended on the ubiquitin-binding CUE domain and Prl1, the positive regulator of lipophagy 1. However, unlike Prl1, which is required for S-phase lipophagy, Cue5 was dispensable for it suggesting that Cue5 is rather a new substrate of this pathway. We propose that a similar mechanism (Prl1-dependent accumulation on LDs) might be employed by Prl1 to recruit another ubiquitin-binding protein that is essential for S-phase lipophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Ankit Shroff
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
| | - Taras Y. Nazarko
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
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8
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Hello from the other side: Membrane contact of lipid droplets with other organelles and subsequent functional implications. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 85:101141. [PMID: 34793861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous organelles that play crucial roles in response to physiological and environmental cues. The identification of several neutral lipid synthesizing and regulatory protein complexes have propelled significant advance on the mechanisms of LD biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Increasing evidence suggests that distinct proteins and regulatory factors, which localize to membrane contact sites (MCS), are involved not only in interorganellar lipid exchange and transport, but also function in other important cellular processes, including autophagy, mitochondrial dynamics and inheritance, ion signaling and inter-regulation of these MCS. More and more tethers and molecular determinants are associated to MCS and to a diversity of cellular and pathophysiological processes, demonstrating the dynamics and importance of these junctions in health and disease. The conjugation of lipids with proteins in supramolecular complexes is known to be paramount for many biological processes, namely membrane biosynthesis, cell homeostasis, regulation of organelle division and biogenesis, and cell growth. Ultimately, this physical organization allows the contact sites to function as crucial metabolic hubs that control the occurrence of chemical reactions. This leads to biochemical and metabolite compartmentalization for the purposes of energetic efficiency and cellular homeostasis. In this review, we will focus on the structural and functional aspects of LD-organelle interactions and how they ensure signaling exchange and metabolites transfer between organelles.
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Anderson R, Agarwal A, Ghosh A, Guan B, Casteel J, Dvorina N, Baldwin WM, Mazumder B, Nazarko TY, Merrick WC, Buchner DA, Hatzoglou M, Kondratov RV, Komar AA. eIF2A-knockout mice reveal decreased life span and metabolic syndrome. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21990. [PMID: 34665898 PMCID: PMC8848898 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101105r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic initiation factor 2A (eIF2A) is a 65 kDa protein that functions in minor initiation pathways, which affect the translation of only a subset of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNAs), such as internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-containing mRNAs and/or mRNAs harboring upstream near cognate/non-AUG start codons. These non-canonical initiation events are important for regulation of protein synthesis during cellular development and/or the integrated stress response. Selective eIF2A knockdown in cellular systems significantly inhibits translation of such mRNAs, which rely on alternative initiation mechanisms for their translation. However, there exists a gap in our understanding of how eIF2A functions in mammalian systems in vivo (on the organismal level) and ex vivo (in cells). Here, using an eIF2A-knockout (KO) mouse model, we present evidence implicating eIF2A in the biology of aging, metabolic syndrome and central tolerance. We discovered that eIF2A-KO mice have reduced life span and that eIF2A plays an important role in maintenance of lipid homeostasis, the control of glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and also reduces the abundance of B lymphocytes and dendritic cells in the thymic medulla of mice. We also show the eIF2A KO affects male and female mice differently, suggesting that eIF2A may affect sex-specific pathways. Interestingly, our experiments involving pharmacological induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with tunicamycin did not reveal any substantial difference between the response to ER stress in eIF2A-KO and wild-type mice. The identification of eIF2A function in the development of metabolic syndrome bears promise for the further identification of specific eIF2A targets responsible for these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Anderson
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and DiseaseDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Anchal Agarwal
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and DiseaseDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and DiseaseDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Bo‐Jhih Guan
- Department of Genetics and Genome SciencesCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Jackson Casteel
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and DiseaseDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Nina Dvorina
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineClevelandOhioUSA
| | - William M. Baldwin
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Barsanjit Mazumder
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and DiseaseDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | | | - William C. Merrick
- Department of BiochemistryCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOhioUSA
| | - David A. Buchner
- Department of Genetics and Genome SciencesCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOhioUSA,Department of BiochemistryCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Maria Hatzoglou
- Department of Genetics and Genome SciencesCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Roman V. Kondratov
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and DiseaseDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Anton A. Komar
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and DiseaseDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOhioUSA,Department of BiochemistryCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOhioUSA
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Popova OP, Kuznetsova AV, Bogomazova SY, Ivanov AA. Claudins as biomarkers of differential diagnosis and prognosis of tumors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:2803-2817. [PMID: 34241653 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Claudins are a superfamily of transmembrane proteins, the optimal expression and localization of which are important for the normal physiological function of the epithelium and any imbalance may have pathological consequences. Not only insufficient but also excessive production of claudins in cancer cells, as well as their aberrant localization, equally manifest the formation of a malignant phenotype. Many works are distinguished by contradictory data, which demonstrate the action of the same claudins both in the role of tumor-growth suppressors and promoters in the same cancers. The most important possible causes of significant discrepancies in the results of the works are a considerable variability of sampling and the absence of a consistent approach both to the assessment of the immune reactivity of claudins and to the differential analysis of their subcellular localization. Combined, these drawbacks hinder the histological assessment of the link between claudins and tumor progression. In particular, ambiguous expression of claudins in breast cancer subtypes, revealed by various authors in immunohistochemical analysis, not only fails to facilitate the identification of the claudin-low molecular subtype but rather complicates these efforts. Research into the role of claudins in carcinogenesis has undoubtedly confirmed the potential value of this class of proteins as significant biomarkers in some cancer types; however, the immunohistochemical approach to the assessment of claudins still has limitations, needs standardization, and, to date, has not reached a diagnostic or a prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga P Popova
- A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 20, Bld 1, Delegatskaya Street, Moscow, 127473, Russia
| | - Alla V Kuznetsova
- A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 20, Bld 1, Delegatskaya Street, Moscow, 127473, Russia.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Svetlana Yu Bogomazova
- Department of Pathology, National Medical Research Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ivankovskoe shosse, 3, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | - Alexey A Ivanov
- A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 20, Bld 1, Delegatskaya Street, Moscow, 127473, Russia.
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