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Aeschlimann L, Kehl A, Guscetti F, Posthaus C, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Rottenberg S, de Brot S. Effective detection of BRAF V595E mutation in canine urothelial and prostate carcinomas using immunohistochemistry. Vet Comp Oncol 2024; 22:295-302. [PMID: 38659202 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Canine urothelial carcinoma (UC) and prostate carcinoma (PC) frequently exhibit the BRAFV595E mutation, akin to the BRAFV600E mutation common in various human cancers. Since the initial discovery of the BRAF mutation in canine cancers in 2015, PCR has been the standard method for its detection in both liquid and tissue biopsies. Considering the similarity between the canine BRAFV595E and human BRAFV600E mutations, we hypothesized that immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a BRAFV600E-specific antibody could effectively identify the canine mutant BRAFV595E protein. We tested 122 canine UC (bladder n = 108, urethra n = 14), 21 PC, and benign tissue using IHC and performed digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) on all 122 UC and on 14 IHC positive PC cases. The results from ddPCR and IHC were concordant in 99% (135/136) of the tumours. Using IHC, BRAFV595E was detected in 72/122 (59%) UC and 14/21 (65%) PC. Staining of all benign bladder and prostate tissues was negative. If present, mutant BRAF staining was homogenous, with rare intratumour heterogeneity in three (4%) cases of UC. Additionally, the BRAFV595E mutation was more prevalent in tumours with urothelial morphology, and less common in glandular PC or UC with divergent differentiation. This study establishes that BRAFV600-specific IHC is a reliable and accurate method for detecting the mutant BRAFV595E protein in canine UC and PC. Moreover, the use of IHC, especially with tissue microarrays, provides a cost-efficient test for large-scale screening of canine cancers for the presence of BRAF mutations. This advancement paves the way for further research to define the prognostic and predictive role of this tumour marker in dogs and use IHC to stratify dogs for the treatment with BRAF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Munich, Germany
| | - Franco Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Posthaus
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
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2
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Aupperle-Lellbach H, Kehl A, de Brot S, van der Weyden L. Clinical Use of Molecular Biomarkers in Canine and Feline Oncology: Current and Future. Vet Sci 2024; 11:199. [PMID: 38787171 PMCID: PMC11126050 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are central to personalised medicine for human cancer patients. It is gaining traction as part of standard veterinary clinical practice for dogs and cats with cancer. Molecular biomarkers can be somatic or germline genomic alterations and can be ascertained from tissues or body fluids using various techniques. This review discusses how these genomic alterations can be determined and the findings used in clinical settings as diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and screening biomarkers. We showcase the somatic and germline genomic alterations currently available to date for testing dogs and cats in a clinical setting, discussing their utility in each biomarker class. We also look at some emerging molecular biomarkers that are promising for clinical use. Finally, we discuss the hurdles that need to be overcome in going 'bench to bedside', i.e., the translation from discovery of genomic alterations to adoption by veterinary clinicians. As we understand more of the genomics underlying canine and feline tumours, molecular biomarkers will undoubtedly become a mainstay in delivering precision veterinary care to dogs and cats with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, COMPATH, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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Chow L, Wheat W, Ramirez D, Impastato R, Dow S. Direct comparison of canine and human immune responses using transcriptomic and functional analyses. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2207. [PMID: 38272935 PMCID: PMC10811214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The canine spontaneous cancer model is increasingly utilized to evaluate new combined cancer immunotherapy approaches. While the major leukocyte subsets and phenotypes are closely related in dogs and humans, the functionality of T cells and antigen presenting cells in the two species has not been previously compared in detail. Such information would be important in interpreting immune response data and evaluating the potential toxicities of new cancer immunotherapies in dogs. To address this question, we used in vitro assays to compare the transcriptomic, cytokine, and proliferative responses of activated canine and human T cells, and also compared responses in activated macrophages. Transcriptomic analysis following T cell activation revealed shared expression of 515 significantly upregulated genes and 360 significantly downregulated immune genes. Pathway analysis identified 33 immune pathways shared between canine and human activated T cells, along with 34 immune pathways that were unique to each species. Activated human T cells exhibited a marked Th1 bias, whereas canine T cells were transcriptionally less active overall. Despite similar proliferative responses to activation, canine T cells produced significantly less IFN-γ than human T cells. Moreover, canine macrophages were significantly more responsive to activation by IFN-γ than human macrophages, as reflected by co-stimulatory molecule expression and TNF-α production. Thus, these studies revealed overall broad similarity in responses to immune activation between dogs and humans, but also uncovered important key quantitative and qualitative differences, particularly with respect to T cell responses, that should be considered in designing and evaluating cancer immunotherapy studies in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndah Chow
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1678, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - William Wheat
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1678, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dominique Ramirez
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1678, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Renata Impastato
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1678, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Steven Dow
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1678, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Muscatello LV, Frabetti S, Avallone G, Gobbo F, Pasquini A, D'Annunzio G, Pisoni L, Marconato L, Terragni R, De Biase D, Candini O, Sarli G. Morphologic, phenotypic, and genotypic similarities between primary tumors and corresponding 3D cell cultures grown in a repeatable system-preliminary results. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:263. [PMID: 38071286 PMCID: PMC10709889 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are the new frontier for reproducing the tumor micro-environment in vitro. The aims of the study were (1) to establish primary 3D cell cultures from canine spontaneous neoplasms and (2) to demonstrate the morphological, phenotypic and genotypic similarities between the primary canine neoplasms and the corresponding 3D cultures, through the expression of tumor differentiation markers. RESULTS Seven primary tumors were collected, including 4 carcinomas and 3 soft tissue sarcomas. 3D cell cultures reproduced the morphological features of the primary tumors and showed an overlapping immunophenotype of the primary epithelial tumors. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the growth of stromal cells and macrophages admixed with the neoplastic epithelial component, reproducing the tumor microenvironment. Mesenchymal 3D cultures reproduced the immunophenotype of the primary tumor completely in 2 out of 3 examined cases while a discordant expression was documented for a single marker in one case. No single nucleotide variants or small indel were detected in TP53 or MDM2 genes, both in primary tumors and in 3D cell cultures specimens. In one sample, MDM2 amplicons were preferentially increased in number compared to TP53 ones, indicating amplification of MDM2, detectable both in the primary tumor and in the corresponding cell culture specimen. CONCLUSION Here we demonstrate a good cell morphology, phenotype and genetic profile overlap between primary tumors and the corresponding 3D cultures grown in a repeatable system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Vera Muscatello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | | | - Giancarlo Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Francesca Gobbo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Arianna Pasquini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Giulia D'Annunzio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna, I-25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luciano Pisoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Laura Marconato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | | | - Dario De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of Bologna, I-40127, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
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Sakthikumar S, Facista S, Whitley D, Byron SA, Ahmed Z, Warrier M, Zhu Z, Chon E, Banovich K, Haworth D, Hendricks WPD, Wang G. Standing in the canine precision medicine knowledge gap: Improving annotation of canine cancer genomic biomarkers through systematic comparative analysis of human cancer mutations in COSMIC. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:482-491. [PMID: 37248814 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The accrual of cancer mutation data and related functional and clinical associations have revolutionised human oncology, enabling the advancement of precision medicine and biomarker-guided clinical management. The catalogue of cancer mutations is also growing in canine cancers. However, without direct high-powered functional data in dogs, it remains challenging to interpret and utilise them in research and clinical settings. It is well-recognised that canine and human cancers share genetic, molecular and phenotypic similarities. Therefore, leveraging the massive wealth of human mutation data may help advance canine oncology. Here, we present a structured analysis of sequence conservation and conversion of human mutations to the canine genome through a 'caninisation' process. We applied this analysis to COSMIC, the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer, the most prominent human cancer mutation database. For the project's initial phase, we focused on the subset of the COSMIC data corresponding to Cancer Gene Census (CGC) genes. A total of 670 canine orthologs were found for 721 CGC genes. In these genes, 365 K unique mutations across 160 tumour types were converted successfully to canine coordinates. We identified shared putative cancer-driving mutations, including pathogenic and hotspot mutations and mutations bearing similar biomarker associations with diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic utility. Thus, this structured caninisation of human cancer mutations facilitates the interpretation and annotation of canine mutations and helps bridge the knowledge gap to enable canine precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derick Whitley
- Vidium Animal Health, a TGen Subsidiary, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sara A Byron
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Vidium Animal Health, a TGen Subsidiary, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Manisha Warrier
- Vidium Animal Health, a TGen Subsidiary, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Zhanyang Zhu
- Vidium Animal Health, a TGen Subsidiary, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Esther Chon
- Vidium Animal Health, a TGen Subsidiary, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - David Haworth
- Vidium Animal Health, a TGen Subsidiary, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Guannan Wang
- Vidium Animal Health, a TGen Subsidiary, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Küchler L, Posthaus C, Jäger K, Guscetti F, van der Weyden L, von Bomhard W, Schmidt JM, Farra D, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Kehl A, Rottenberg S, de Brot S. Artificial Intelligence to Predict the BRAF V595E Mutation in Canine Urinary Bladder Urothelial Carcinomas. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2404. [PMID: 37570213 PMCID: PMC10416820 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In dogs, the BRAF mutation (V595E) is common in bladder and prostate cancer and represents a specific diagnostic marker. Recent advantages in artificial intelligence (AI) offer new opportunities in the field of tumour marker detection. While AI histology studies have been conducted in humans to detect BRAF mutation in cancer, comparable studies in animals are lacking. In this study, we used commercially available AI histology software to predict BRAF mutation in whole slide images (WSI) of bladder urothelial carcinomas (UC) stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE), based on a training (n = 81) and a validation set (n = 96). Among 96 WSI, 57 showed identical PCR and AI-based BRAF predictions, resulting in a sensitivity of 58% and a specificity of 63%. The sensitivity increased substantially to 89% when excluding small or poor-quality tissue sections. Test reliability depended on tumour differentiation (p < 0.01), presence of inflammation (p < 0.01), slide quality (p < 0.02) and sample size (p < 0.02). Based on a small subset of cases with available adjacent non-neoplastic urothelium, AI was able to distinguish malignant from benign epithelium. This is the first study to demonstrate the use of AI histology to predict BRAF mutation status in canine UC. Despite certain limitations, the results highlight the potential of AI in predicting molecular alterations in routine tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonore Küchler
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Caroline Posthaus
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Kathrin Jäger
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (K.J.); (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Franco Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | | | | | | | - Dima Farra
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (K.J.); (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (K.J.); (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.P.); (S.R.)
- COMPATH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.P.); (S.R.)
- COMPATH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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Kobayashi M, Onozawa M, Watanabe S, Nagashima T, Tamura K, Kubo Y, Ikeda A, Ochiai K, Michishita M, Bonkobara M, Kobayashi M, Hori T, Kawakami E. Establishment of a BRAF V595E-mutant canine prostate cancer cell line and the antitumor effects of MEK inhibitors against canine prostate cancer. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:221-230. [PMID: 36745053 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Canine prostate cancer (cPCa) is a malignant neoplasm with no effective therapy. The BRAF V595E mutation, corresponding to the human BRAF V600E mutation, is found frequently in cPCa. Activating BRAF mutations are recognized as oncogenic drivers, and blockade of MAPK/ERK phosphorylation may be an effective therapeutic target against BRAF-mutated tumours. The aim of this study was to establish a novel cPCa cell line and to clarify the antitumor effects of MEK inhibitors on cPCa in vitro and in vivo. We established the novel CHP-2 cPCa cell line that was derived from the prostatic tissue of a cPCa patient. Sequencing of the canine BRAF gene in two cPCa cell lines revealed the presence of the BRAF V595E mutation. MEK inhibitors (trametinib, cobimetinib and mirdametinib) strongly suppressed cell proliferation in vitro, and trametinib showed the highest efficacy against cPCa cells with minimal cytotoxicity to non-cancer COPK cells. Furthermore, we orally administered 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg trametinib to CHP-2 xenografted mice and examined its antitumor effects in vivo. Trametinib reduced tumour volume, decreased phosphorylated ERK levels, and lowered Ki-67 expression in xenografts in a dose-dependent manner. Although no clear adverse events were observed with administration, trametinib-treated xenografts showed osteogenesis that was independent of dosage. Our results indicate that trametinib induces cell cycle arrest by inhibiting ERK activation, resulting in cPCa tumour regression in a dose-dependent manner. MEK inhibitors, in addition to BRAF inhibitors, may be a targeted agent option for cPCa with the BRAF V595E mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Onozawa
- Laboratory of Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Watanabe
- Laboratory of Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Nagashima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Tamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubo
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Ikeda
- Laboratory of Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Bonkobara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hori
- Laboratory of Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Institute of Small Animal Reproduction (Bio Art), Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Yamasaki H, Uematsu Y, Okano K, Ichikawa M, Tei M, Hirabayashi M, Uchida K, Ono K, Hirao H. Establishment and characterization of urothelial carcinoma cell lines with and without BRAF mutation (V595E) in dogs. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:898-911. [PMID: 36477686 PMCID: PMC9780145 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Each 5 urothelial carcinoma (UC) cell lines with and without the v-Raf murine sarcoma virus oncogene homolog B (BRAF) gene mutation (V595E) were established and examined V595E-related tumorigenic characteristics in dogs. No typical morphological features were observed in cloned cells with and without V595E. The cell proliferation of both cloned cells showed logarithmic growth curve and those doubling time were 24.9 ± 4.1 h in V595E ( +) and 29.3 ± 11.3 h in V595E ( -). On the growth curve of xenotransplanted tumor in severe combined immunodeficiency mice, 3 out of 5 V595E ( +) and 2 out of 5 V595E ( -) cloned cells revealed gradually and remarkably increasing curve, indicating clearly tumorigenicity. The xenotransplanted tumors with V595E ( +) showed typical features of UC, such as solid proliferation of pleomorphic tumor cells, formation of papillary structure, and glandular structure. Additionally, various vascular formation was observed, probably indicating an advanced growth phase of UC. In mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, cytoplasmic phosphorylated-BRAF (pBRAF) and cytoplasmic and nuclear phosphorylated-ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) were detected in all 4 tumors with V595E ( +), whereas only cytoplasmic and nuclear pERK1/2 was detected in tumors with V595E ( -). Since V595E can directly activate MAPK signaling pathway, coincidence of V595E with pBRAF (phosphor Thr598/Ser601) indicates acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors. These established UC cell lines, especially V595E ( +) cell lines, are useful tool for understanding pathophysiological states and controlling therapeutic manners of UC in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yamasaki
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
| | - Yosuke Uematsu
- Canine-Lab, 3-5-2 Ueno, Taito-Ku, Tokyo, 110-0005, Japan
| | - Kumiko Okano
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
| | - Mika Ichikawa
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
| | - Meina Tei
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
| | - Miyuki Hirabayashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Ono
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan.
| | - Hidehiro Hirao
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
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9
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YOKOTA S, YONEZAWA T, MOMOI Y, MAEDA S. Sorafenib inhibits tumor cell growth and angiogenesis in canine transitional cell carcinoma. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:666-674. [PMID: 35387955 PMCID: PMC9177404 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine transitional cell carcinoma (cTCC) is the most common naturally occurring bladder cancer and accounts for 1-2% of canine tumors. The prognosis is poor due to the high rate of invasiveness and metastasis at diagnosis. Sorafenib is a multi-kinase inhibitor that targets rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β), and KIT. In previous studies, a somatic mutation of B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (BRAF) and expressions of VEGFR-2 and PDGFR-β were observed in over 80% of patients with cTCC. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effects of sorafenib on cTCC. Five cTCC cell lines were used in the in vitro experiments. All five cTCC cell lines expressed VEGFR-2 and PDGFR-β and sorafenib showed growth inhibitory effect on cTCC cell lines. Cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and subsequent apoptosis were observed following sorafenib treatment. In the in vivo experiments, cTCC (Sora) cells were subcutaneously injected into nude mice. Mice were orally administered with sorafenib (30 mg/kg daily) for 14 days. Sorafenib inhibited tumor growth compared to vehicle control. The necrotic area in the tumor tissues was increased in the sorafenib-treated group. Sorafenib also inhibited angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, sorafenib may be potential therapeutic agent for cTCC via its direct anti-tumor effect and inhibition of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei YOKOTA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro YONEZAWA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki MOMOI
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo MAEDA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Rasteiro AM, Sá e Lemos E, Oliveira PA, Gil da Costa RM. Molecular Markers in Urinary Bladder Cancer: Applications for Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030107. [PMID: 35324835 PMCID: PMC8950778 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the urinary bladder is a neoplasm with considerable importance in veterinary medicine, given its high incidence in several domestic animal species and its life-threatening character. Bladder cancer in companion animals shows a complex and still poorly understood biopathology, and this lack of knowledge has limited therapeutic progress over the years. Even so, important advances concerning the identification of tumour markers with clinical applications at the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic levels have recently been made, for example, the identification of pathological BRAF mutations. Those advances are now facilitating the introduction of targeted therapies. The present review will address such advances, focusing on small animal oncology and providing the reader with an update on this field. When appropriate, comparisons will be drawn with bladder cancer in human patients, as well as with experimental models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mafalda Rasteiro
- CEDIVET, Laboratório Clínico Veterinário, 4200-071 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.R.); (E.S.e.L.)
- Garden Veterinary Group, Chippenham SN15 1NQ, UK
| | - Eva Sá e Lemos
- CEDIVET, Laboratório Clínico Veterinário, 4200-071 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.R.); (E.S.e.L.)
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Rui M. Gil da Costa
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Postgraduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Department of Morphology, University Hospital (HUUFMA), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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