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Lu C, Li H, Chen W, Li H, Ma J, Peng P, Yan Y, Dong W, Jin Y, Pan S, Shang S, Gu J, Zhou J. Immunological characteristics of a recombinant alphaherpesvirus with an envelope-embedded Cap protein of circovirus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1438371. [PMID: 39081314 PMCID: PMC11286414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1438371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Variant pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a newly emerged zoonotic pathogen that can cause human blindness. PRV can take advantage of its large genome and multiple non-essential genes to construct recombinant attenuated vaccines carrying foreign genes. However, a major problem is that the foreign genes in recombinant PRV are only integrated into the genome for independent expression, rather than assembled on the surface of virion. Methods We reported a recombinant PRV with deleted gE/TK genes and an inserted porcine circovirus virus 2 (PCV2) Cap gene into the extracellular domain of the PRV gE gene using the Cre-loxP recombinant system combined with the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system. This recombinant PRV (PRV-Cap), with the envelope-embedded Cap protein, exhibits a similar replication ability to its parental virus. Results An immunogenicity assay revealed that PRV-Cap immunized mice have 100% resistance to lethal PRV and PCV2 attacks. Neutralization antibody and ELISPOT detections indicated that PRV-Cap can enhance neutralizing antibodies to PRV and produce IFN-γ secreting T cells specific for both PRV and PCV2. Immunological mechanistic investigation revealed that initial immunization with PRV-Cap stimulates significantly early activation and expansion of CD69+ T cells, promoting the activation of CD4 Tfh cell dependent germinal B cells and producing effectively specific effector memory T and B cells. Booster immunization with PRV-Cap recalled the activation of PRV-specific IFN-γ+IL-2+CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ+TNF-α+CD8+ T cells, as well as PCV2-specific IFN-γ+TNF-α+CD8+ T cells. Conclusion Collectively, our data suggested an immunological mechanism in that the recombinant PRV with envelope-assembled PCV2 Cap protein can serve as an excellent vaccine candidate for combined immunity against PRV and PCV2, and provided a cost-effective method for the production of PRV- PCV2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhe Lu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haimin Li
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Ma
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Peng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiren Dong
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yulan Jin
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiyue Pan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Saadh MJ, Alfattah MA, Ismail AH, Saeed BA, Abbas HH, Elashmawy NF, Hashim GA, Ismail KS, Abo-Zaid MA, Waggiallah HA. The role of Interleukin-21 (IL-21) in allergic disorders: Biological insights and regulatory mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:111825. [PMID: 38723368 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, allergic diseases subsequent from an IgE-mediated response to specific allergens have become a progressively public chronic disease worldwide. They have shaped an important medical and socio-economic burden. A significant proportion of allergic disorders are branded via a form 2 immune response relating Th2 cells, type 2 natural lymphoid cells, mast cells and eosinophils. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a participant of the type-I cytokine family manufactured through numerous subsets of stimulated CD4+ T cells and uses controlling properties on a diversity of immune cells. Increasingly, experimental sign suggests a character for IL-21 in the pathogenesis of numerous allergic disorders. The purpose of this review is to discuss the biological properties of IL-21 and to summaries current developments in its role in the regulation of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan
| | - Mohammed A Alfattah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Ismail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashar Abdullah Saeed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technics, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | | | - Nabila F Elashmawy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghassan A Hashim
- Department of Nursing, Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Khatib Sayeed Ismail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mabrouk A Abo-Zaid
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hisham Ali Waggiallah
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Martínez-Fleta P, Vicente-Rabaneda EF, Triguero-Martínez A, Roy-Vallejo E, Uriarte-Ecenarro M, Gutiérrez-Rodríguez F, Quiroga-Colina P, Romero-Robles A, Montes N, García-Castañeda N, Mejía-Abril GP, García-Vadillo JA, Llorente-Cubas I, Villagrasa JR, Serra López-Matencio JM, Ancochea J, Urzainqui A, Esparcia-Pinedo L, Alfranca A, de la Fuente H, García-Vicuña R, Sánchez-Madrid F, González-Álvaro I, Castañeda S. Beneficial effect of temporary methotrexate interruption on B and T cell responses upon SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:21. [PMID: 38291047 PMCID: PMC10827732 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
B and T cell responses were evaluated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or psoriatic arthritis (PsA) after 1 or 2 weeks of methotrexate (MTX) withdrawal following each COVID-19 vaccine dose and compared with those who maintained MTX. Adult RA and PsA patients treated with MTX were recruited and randomly assigned to 3 groups: MTX-maintenance (n = 72), MTX-withdrawal for 1 week (n = 71) or MTX-withdrawal for 2 weeks (n = 73). Specific antibodies to several SARS-CoV-2 antigens and interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-21 responses were assessed. MTX withdrawal in patients without previous COVID-19 was associated with higher levels of anti-RBD IgG and neutralising antibodies, especially in the 2-week withdrawal group and with higher IFN-γ secretion upon stimulation with pools of SARS-CoV-2 S peptides. No increment of RA/PsA relapses was detected across groups. Our data indicate that two-week MTX interruption following COVID-19 vaccination in patients with RA or PsA improves humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Martínez-Fleta
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther F Vicente-Rabaneda
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Triguero-Martínez
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Roy-Vallejo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Uriarte-Ecenarro
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Gutiérrez-Rodríguez
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Quiroga-Colina
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Romero-Robles
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Montes
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia García-Castañeda
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gina P Mejía-Abril
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús A García-Vadillo
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Llorente-Cubas
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - José R Villagrasa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Serra López-Matencio
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Ancochea
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Cátedra UAM-Roche, EPID-Future, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Urzainqui
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Esparcia-Pinedo
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Cardiovascular CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia de la Fuente
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Cardiovascular CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario García-Vicuña
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Cardiovascular CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Santos Castañeda
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa IIS-Princesa (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa), Madrid, Spain.
- Cátedra UAM-Roche, EPID-Future, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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Ke Y, Khaliq H, Jiafu L, Waqas MY, Javid MA, Basit MA, Bhatti SA, Saleem MU, Farooq AA, Murtaza S. Distribution and developmental changes of IL-21 immunopositive cells in the bursa of Fabricius of Jinhu silky chicken. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:41-47. [PMID: 37877181 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Bursa of Fabricius (BOF) is a unique immune organ of birds. It is the place where lymphocytes develop, differentiate and mature. Young chicken BOF is susceptible to infection and damage, and even atrophy, causing immune suppression, and bringing huge economic losses to chicken production. Therefore, studying the regulatory mechanism of chicken bursa development is of great practical significance for disease prevention and diagnosis. Jinhu silky chicken (JSC) is a local excellent breed in the Fujian Province of China and with strong disease resistance. However, studies on the disease resistance of JSC are scarce. This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for reproduction and disease control of JSC. Developmental features of the structure and the IL-21-positive cell (IL-21 PC) distribution on the BOF in JSC were measured from 7 to 300 days of age. Bursas of chicken (n = 36) were taken at 7, 35, 70, 150, 240, and 300 days of age for preparation of paraffin sections and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry. The microstructure of JSC's BOF was similar to that of other poultry. The cortical-medullary boundary of the bursa nodule was not obvious at 7 days of age, but it was evident after 35 days of age. Before 70 days of age, IL-21 positive cells (PC) were scattered on the BOF. At 150 days of age, the number of IL-21 PC in the bursa were the highest and the nuclei were clear. The level of IL-21 PC gradually decreased with age. The BOF degenerated and disappeared in 300-day-old JSC. The histological structure of the BOF was similar to that of other poultry. IL-21 PC were widespread in the BOF at different ages, but the numbers were different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ke
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Haseeb Khaliq
- Department of Anatomy & Histology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Lin Jiafu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Fujian Health College, Fuzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Yasir Waqas
- Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad Javid
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abdul Basit
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sheraz Ahmed Bhatti
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Saleem
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Asim Farooq
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Murtaza
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
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Evangelous TD, Berry M, Venkatayogi S, LeMaster C, Geanes ES, De Naeyer N, DeMarco T, Shen X, Li H, Hora B, Solomonis N, Misamore J, Lewis MG, Denny TN, Montefiori D, Shaw GM, Wiehe K, Bradley T, Williams WB. Host immunity associated with spontaneous suppression of viremia in therapy-naïve young rhesus macaques following neonatal SHIV infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0109423. [PMID: 37874153 PMCID: PMC10688376 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01094-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Despite the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy, people are still dying from HIV-related causes, many of whom are children, and a protective vaccine or cure is needed to end the HIV pandemic. Understanding the nature and activation states of immune cell subsets during infection will provide insights into the immunologic milieu associated with viremia suppression that can be harnessed via therapeutic strategies to achieve a functional cure, but these are understudied in pediatric subjects. We evaluated humoral and adaptive host immunity associated with suppression of viremia in rhesus macaques infected soon after birth with a pathogenic SHIV. The results from our study provide insights into the immune cell subsets and functions associated with viremia control in young macaques that may translate to pediatric subjects for the design of future anti-viral strategies in HIV-1-infected infants and children and contribute to an understudied area of HIV-1 pathogenesis in pediatric subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D. Evangelous
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Madison Berry
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sravani Venkatayogi
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cas LeMaster
- Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Eric S. Geanes
- Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicole De Naeyer
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd DeMarco
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bhavna Hora
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas N. Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - George M. Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Wilton B. Williams
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Dimitriadis K, Katelani S, Pappa M, Fragkoulis GE, Androutsakos T. The Role of Interleukins in HBV Infection: A Narrative Review. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1675. [PMID: 38138902 PMCID: PMC10744424 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide medical issue with significant morbidity and mortality, as it is the main cause of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Both innate and adaptive immune responses play a key role in HBV replication and suppression. Recently, the pathophysiological function of interleukins (IL) in the natural course of HBV has gained much attention as a result of the broad use of anti-interleukin agents for a variety of autoimmune diseases and the accompanying risk of HBV reactivation. We present a narrative review regarding the role of IL in HBV infection. Collectively, the pro-inflammatory ILs, namely IL-1, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-21, seem to play a critical role in the suppression of HBV replication. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-23 and IL-35 probably act as HBV replication enhancers, while IL-17 has been correlated with HBV-related liver injury. Interestingly enough, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-12 have been tried as therapeutic options against HBV infection with contradictory results. Lastly, the role of IL-22 remains largely ill defined, although preliminary data suggest that it may play a significant role in HBV replication, proliferation and subsequent liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Dimitriadis
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Stamatia Katelani
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Maria Pappa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Propaedeutic Clinic, “Laiko” Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (G.E.F.)
| | - George E. Fragkoulis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Propaedeutic Clinic, “Laiko” Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (G.E.F.)
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Theodoros Androutsakos
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.D.); (S.K.)
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Jose-Abrego A, Roman S, Laguna-Meraz S, Panduro A. Host and HBV Interactions and Their Potential Impact on Clinical Outcomes. Pathogens 2023; 12:1146. [PMID: 37764954 PMCID: PMC10535809 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a challenge for global health services, affecting millions and leading thousands to end-stage liver disease each year. This comprehensive review explores the interactions between HBV and the host, examining their impact on clinical outcomes. HBV infection encompasses a spectrum of severity, ranging from acute hepatitis B to chronic hepatitis B, which can potentially progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI), characterized by low HBV DNA levels in hepatitis B surface antigen-negative individuals, can reactivate and cause acute hepatitis B. HBV genotyping has revealed unique geographical patterns and relationships with clinical outcomes. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the human host genome have been linked to several clinical outcomes, including cirrhosis, HCC, OBI, hepatitis B reactivation, and spontaneous clearance. The immune response plays a key role in controlling HBV infection by eliminating infected cells and neutralizing HBV in the bloodstream. Furthermore, HBV can modulate host metabolic pathways involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and bile acid absorption, influencing disease progression. HBV clinical outcomes correlate with three levels of viral adaptation. In conclusion, the clinical outcomes of HBV infection could result from complex immune and metabolic interactions between the host and HBV. These outcomes can vary among populations and are influenced by HBV genotypes, host genetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle. Understanding the degrees of HBV adaptation is essential for developing region-specific control and prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Jose-Abrego
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (A.J.-A.); (S.R.); (S.L.-M.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Sonia Roman
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (A.J.-A.); (S.R.); (S.L.-M.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Saul Laguna-Meraz
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (A.J.-A.); (S.R.); (S.L.-M.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Arturo Panduro
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (A.J.-A.); (S.R.); (S.L.-M.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
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8
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Zhang D, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Tang L, Hou J, Li Y. Alcohol induces intrahepatic humoral immunity-related suppression and delays the clearance of HBV infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Rarani FZ, Rashidi B, Jafari Najaf Abadi MH, Hamblin MR, Reza Hashemian SM, Mirzaei H. Cytokines and microRNAs in SARS-CoV-2: What do we know? MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:219-242. [PMID: 35782361 PMCID: PMC9233348 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic constitutes a global health emergency. Currently, there are no completely effective therapeutic medications for the management of this outbreak. The cytokine storm is a hyperinflammatory medical condition due to excessive and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients suffering from severe COVID-19, leading to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and even mortality. Understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 can be helpful for the treatment of patients. Evidence suggests that the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are dramatically different between mild and severe patients, so they may be important contributors to the cytokine storm. Several serum markers can be predictors for the cytokine storm. This review discusses the cytokines involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, focusing on interferons (IFNs) and ILs, and whether they can be used in COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, we highlight several microRNAs that are involved in these cytokines and their role in the cytokine storm caused by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Zamani Rarani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Seyed Mohammad Reza Hashemian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran
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