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Moloudi K, Azariasl S, Abrahamse H, George BP, Yasuda H. Expected role of photodynamic therapy to relieve skin damage in nuclear or radiological emergency: Review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 110:104517. [PMID: 39032581 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear and radiological accidents can occur due to poor management, in transportation, radiation therapy and nuclear wards in hospitals, leading to extreme radiation exposure and serious consequences for human health. Additionally, in many of previous radiological accidents, skin damage was observed in patients and survivors due to the high radiation exposure. However, as part of a medical countermeasures in a nuclear/radiological emergency, it is critical to plan for the treatment of radiation-induced skin damage. Hence, the new, non-invasive technology of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is projected to be more effectively used for treating skin damage caused by high-dose radiation. PDT plays an important role in treating, repairing skin damage and promoting wound healing as evidenced by research. This review, highlighted and recommended potential impacts of PDT to repair and decrease radiation-induced skin tissue damage. Moreover, we have suggested some photosensitizer (PS) agent as radio-mitigator drugs to decrease radiobiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kave Moloudi
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Samayeh Azariasl
- Department of Radiation Biophysics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku 734-8553, Japan
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Blassan P George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa.
| | - Hiroshi Yasuda
- Department of Radiation Biophysics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku 734-8553, Japan
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Javaid S, Qureshi IZ, Khurshid A, Afsar T, Husain FM, Khurshid M, Trembley JH, Razak S. Photoactive metabolite mediated photodynamic therapy of Rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines using medicinal plants and Doxorubicin co-treatments. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:270. [PMID: 39010043 PMCID: PMC11251096 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicinal plant-mediated combinational therapies have gained importance globally due to minimal side effects and enhanced treatment outcomes compared to single-drug modalities. We aimed to analyze the cytotoxic potential of each conventional treatment i.e., photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemotherapy (doxorubicin hydrochloride; Dox-HCl) with or without various concentrations of medicinal plant extracts (PE) on soft tissue cancer Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line. METHODS The Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line was cultured and treated with Photosensitizer (Photosense (AlPc4)), Chemo (Dox-HCl), and their combinations with different concentrations of each plant extract i.e., Thuja occidentalis, Moringa oleifera, Solanum surattense. For the source of illumination, a Diode laser (λ = 630 nm ± 1 nm, Pmax = 1.5 mW) was used. Photosensitizer uptake time (∼ 45 min) was optimized through spectrophotometric measurements (absorption spectroscopy). Drug response of each treatment arm was assessed post 24 h of administration using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5- 5-diphenyl-2 H- tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS PE-mediated Chemo-Photodynamic therapy (PDT) exhibited synergistic effects (CI < 1). Moreover, Rhabdomyosarcoma culture pretreated with various plant extracts for 24 h exhibited significant inhibition of cell viability however most effective outcomes were shown by low and high doses of Moringa oleifera compared to other plant extracts. Post low doses treated culture with all plant extracts followed by PDT came up with more effectiveness when compared to all di-therapy treatments. CONCLUSION The general outcome of this work shows that the ethanolic plant extracts (higher doses) promote the death of cancerous cells in a dose-dependent way and combining Dox-HCl and photo-mediated photodynamic therapy can yield better therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbal Javaid
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Biophotonics and Photonanomedicine Research laboratory (BPRL), Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Zia Qureshi
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmat Khurshid
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Biophotonics and Photonanomedicine Research laboratory (BPRL), Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Khurshid
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Janeen H Trembley
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System Research Service, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Gao YT, Liu JH, He K, Guo SL. Advances in two-photon absorption photodynamic therapy of glioma based on porphyrin-based metal-organicframework composites. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024:104281. [PMID: 39009207 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Gliomas of the brain are characterised by high aggressiveness, high postoperative recurrence rate, high morbidity and mortality, posing a great challenge to clinical treatment. Traditional treatments include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy; they also have significant associated side effects, leading to difficulties in tumour resection and recurrence. Photodynamic therapy has been shown to be a promising new strategy to help treat malignant tumours of the brain. It irradiates the tumour site at a specific wavelength to activate a photosensitiser, which selectively accumulates at the tumour site, triggering a photochemical reaction that destroys the tumour cells. It has the advantages of being minimally invasive, highly targeted and with few adverse reactions, and is expected to be well used in anti-tumour therapy. However, the therapeutic effect of traditional PDT is limited by the weak tissue penetration ability of photosensitiser, hypoxia and immunosuppression in the tumour microenvironment. This paper reviews the current research status on the therapeutic principle of photodynamic therapy in glioma and the mechanism of tumour cell injury, and also analyses the advantages and disadvantages of the current application in glioma treatment, and clarifies the analysis of ideas to improve the tissue penetration ability of photosensitizers. It aims to provide a feasible direction for the improvement of photodynamic therapy for glioma and a reference for the clinical treatment of deep brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tao Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng City, Henan Province, P.R. China, 475000.
| | - Jun-Hui Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng City, Henan Province, P.R. China, 475004
| | - Kang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng City, Henan Province, P.R. China, 475000
| | - Shuang-Lei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng City, Henan Province, P.R. China, 475000
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D’Antonio DL, Marchetti S, Pignatelli P, Umme S, De Bellis D, Lanuti P, Piattelli A, Curia MC. Effect of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (5-ALA) in "ALADENT" Gel Formulation and Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) against Human Oral and Pancreatic Cancers. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1316. [PMID: 38927525 PMCID: PMC11201195 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous-cell and pancreatic carcinomas are aggressive cancers with a poor outcome. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) consists of the use of photosensitizer-induced cell and tissue damage that is activated by exposure to visible light. PDT selectively acts on cancer cells, which have an accumulation of photosensitizer superior to that of the normal surrounding tissues. 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induces the production of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), an endogenous photosensitizer activated in PDT. This study aimed to test the effect of a new gel containing 5% v/v 5-ALA (ALAD-PDT) on human oral CAL-27 and pancreatic CAPAN-2 cancer cell lines. The cell lines were incubated in low concentrations of ALAD-PDT (0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.40%, 0.75%, 1.0%) for 4 h or 8 h, and then irradiated for 7 min with 630 nm RED light. The cytotoxic effects of ALAD-PDT were measured using the MTS assay. Apoptosis, cell cycle, and ROS assays were performed using flow cytometry. PpIX accumulation was measured using a spectrofluorometer after 10 min and 24 and 48 h of treatment. The viability was extremely reduced at all concentrations, at 4 h for CAPAN-2 and at 8 h for CAL-27. ALAD-PDT induced marked apoptosis rates in both oral and pancreatic cancer cells. Elevated ROS production and appreciable levels of PpIX were detected in both cell lines. The use of ALA-PDT as a topical or intralesional therapy would permit the use of very low doses to achieve effective results and minimize side effects. ALAD-PDT has the potential to play a significant role in complex oral and pancreatic anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Lucia D’Antonio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.L.D.); (S.M.); (S.U.)
- Villa Serena Foundation for Research, Via Leonardo Petruzzi 42, 65013 Città Sant’Angelo, Italy
| | - Simona Marchetti
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.L.D.); (S.M.); (S.U.)
| | - Pamela Pignatelli
- COMDINAV DUE, Nave Cavour, Italian Navy, Stazione Navale Mar Grande, Viale Jonio, 74122 Taranto, Italy;
| | - Samia Umme
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.L.D.); (S.M.); (S.U.)
| | - Domenico De Bellis
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.D.B.); (P.L.)
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.D.B.); (P.L.)
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Adriano Piattelli
- School of Dentistry, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy;
- Facultad de Medicina, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Cristina Curia
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.L.D.); (S.M.); (S.U.)
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Chen M, Liu H, Hong B, Xiao Y, Qian Y. MIF as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for triple-negative breast cancer that correlates with the polarization of M2 macrophages. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23696. [PMID: 38787620 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400578r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in antitumor immunity. However, the role of MIF in influencing the tumor microenvironment (TME) and prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains to be elucidated. Using R, we analyzed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of 41 567 cells from 10 TNBC tumor samples and spatial transcriptomic data from two patients. Relationships between MIF expression and immune cell infiltration, clinicopathological stage, and survival prognosis were determined using samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and validated in a clinical cohort using immunohistochemistry. Analysis of scRNA-seq data revealed that MIF secreted by epithelial cells in TNBC patients could regulate the polarization of macrophages into the M2 phenotype, which plays a key role in modulating the TME. Spatial transcriptomic data also showed that epithelial cells (tumor cells) and MIF were proximally located. Analysis of TCGA samples confirmed that tumor tissues of patients with high MIF expression were enriched with M2 macrophages and showed a higher T stage. High MIF expression was significantly associated with poor patient prognosis. Immunohistochemical staining showed high MIF expression was associated with younger patients and worse clinicopathological staging. MIF secreted by epithelial cells may represent a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of TNBC and may promote TNBC invasion by remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongsen Liu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yufei Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Ma Q, Ye S, Liu H, Zhao Y, Zhang W. The emerging role and mechanism of HMGA2 in breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:259. [PMID: 38753081 PMCID: PMC11098884 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
High mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) is a member of the non-histone chromosomal high mobility group (HMG) protein family, which participate in embryonic development and other biological processes. HMGA2 overexpression is associated with breast cancer (BC) cell growth, proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Furthermore, HMGA2 expression is positively associated with poor prognosis of patients with BC, and inhibiting HMGA2 signaling can stimulate BC cell progression and metastasis. In this review, we focus on HMGA2 expression changes in BC tissues and multiple BC cell lines. Wnt/β-catenin, STAT3, CNN6, and TRAIL-R2 proteins are upstream mediators of HMGA2 that can induce BC invasion and metastasis. Moreover, microRNAs (miRNAs) can suppress BC cell growth, invasion, and metastasis by inhibiting HMGA2 expression. Furthermore, long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) and circular RNAs (CircRNAs) mainly regulate HMGA2 mRNA and protein expression levels by sponging miRNAs, thereby promoting BC development. Additionally, certain small molecule inhibitors can suppress BC drug resistance by reducing HMGA2 expression. Finally, we summarize findings demonstrating that HMGA2 siRNA and HMGA2 siRNA-loaded nanoliposomes can suppress BC progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University /West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sisi Ye
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University /West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Liu
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University /West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University /West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Emergency Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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7
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Zhong J, Tang Y. Research progress on the role of reactive oxygen species in the initiation, development and treatment of breast cancer. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 188:1-18. [PMID: 38387519 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
According to international cancer data, breast cancer (BC) is the leading type of cancer in women. Although significant progress has been made in treating BC, metastasis and drug resistance continue to be the primary causes of mortality for many patients. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in vivo: normal levels can maintain the body's normal physiological function; however, high levels of ROS below the toxicity threshold can lead to mtDNA damage, activation of proto-oncogenes, and inhibition of tumor suppressor genes, which are important causes of BC. Differences in the production and regulation of ROS in different BC subtypes have important implications for the development and treatment of BC. ROS can also serve as an important intracellular signal transduction factor by affecting the antioxidant system, activating MAPK and PI3K/AKT, and other signal pathways to regulate cell cycle and change the relationship between cells and the activity of metalloproteinases, which significantly impacts the metastasis of BC. Hypoxia in the BC microenvironment increases ROS production levels, thereby inducing the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and forming "ROS- HIF-1α-ROS" cycle that exacerbates BC development. Many anti-BC therapies generate sufficient toxic ROS to promote cancer cell apoptosis, but because the basal level of ROS in BC cells exceeds that of normal cells, this leads to up-regulation of the antioxidant system, drug efflux, and apoptosis inhibition, rendering BC cells resistant to the drug. ROS crosstalks with tumor vessels and stromal cells in the microenvironment, increasing invasiveness and drug resistance in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhong
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, No.1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Tang
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, No.1, Section 1, Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China.
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Aebisher D, Przygórzewska A, Myśliwiec A, Dynarowicz K, Krupka-Olek M, Bożek A, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Bartusik-Aebisher D. Current Photodynamic Therapy for Glioma Treatment: An Update. Biomedicines 2024; 12:375. [PMID: 38397977 PMCID: PMC10886821 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on the development of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of brain tumors has shown promise in the treatment of this highly aggressive form of brain cancer. Analysis of both in vivo studies and clinical studies shows that photodynamic therapy can provide significant benefits, such as an improved median rate of survival. The use of photodynamic therapy is characterized by relatively few side effects, which is a significant advantage compared to conventional treatment methods such as often-used brain tumor surgery, advanced radiotherapy, and classic chemotherapy. Continued research in this area could bring significant advances, influencing future standards of treatment for this difficult and deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Przygórzewska
- English Division Science Club, Medical College of the Rzeszów University, 35-025 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Angelika Myśliwiec
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Magdalena Krupka-Olek
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology and Allergology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 10, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (M.K.-O.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrzej Bożek
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology and Allergology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 10, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (M.K.-O.); (A.B.)
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the Rzeszów University, 35-025 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Jing HH, Shati AA, Alfaifi MY, Elbehairi SEI, Sasidharan S. The future of plant based green carbon dots as cancer Nanomedicine: From current progress to future Perspectives and beyond. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00048-1. [PMID: 38320729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of carbon dots (CDs) as anticancer agents had sparked a transformation in cancer research and treatment strategies. These fluorescent CDs, initially introduced in the early 2000 s, possess exceptional biocompatibility, tunable fluorescence, and surface modification capabilities, positioning them as promising tools in biomedical applications. AIM OF REVIEW The review encapsulates the transformative trajectory of green CDs as future anticancer nanomedicine, poised to redefine the strategies employed in the ongoing fight against cancer. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The versatility of CDs was rooted in their various synthesis approaches and sustainable strategies, enabling their adaptability for diverse therapeutic uses. In vitro studies had showcased CDs' selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells while sparing healthy counterparts, forming the basis for targeted therapeutic potential. This selectivity had been attributed to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which opened avenues for targeted interventions. The role of CDs in combination therapies, synergizing with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted approaches was then investigated to heighten their anticancer efficacy. Notably, in vivo studies highlight CDs' remarkable biocompatibility and minimal side effects, endorsing their translational promise. Integration with conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy amplified the versatility and effectiveness of CDs. The exploration of CDs' applications in photo-induced treatments further solidified their significance, positioning them as photosensitizers (PS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal agents (PA) in photothermal therapy (PTT). In PDT, CDs triggered the generation of ROS upon light exposure, facilitating cancer cell elimination, while in PTT, they induced localized hyperthermia within cancer cells, enhancing therapeutic outcomes. In vitro and in vivo investigations validated CDs' efficacy in PDT and PTT, affirming their potential for integration into combination therapies. Looking ahead, the future of CDs in anticancer treatment encompasses bioavailability, biocompatibility, synergistic treatments, tumor targeting, artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics integration, personalized medicine, and clinical translation. This transformative odyssey of CDs as future anticancer agents is poised to redefine the paradigm of cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hui Jing
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Ali A Shati
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alfaifi
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Serag Eldin I Elbehairi
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia; Cell Culture Lab, Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA Holding Company), 51 Wezaret El-Zeraa St., Agouza, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia.
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Merlin JPJ, Crous A, Abrahamse H. Nano-phototherapy: Favorable prospects for cancer treatment. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1930. [PMID: 37752098 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based phototherapies have drawn interest in the fight against cancer because of its noninvasiveness, high flexibility, and precision in terms of cancer targeting and drug delivery based on its surface properties and size. Phototherapy has made remarkable development in recent decades. Approaches to phototherapy, which utilize nanomaterials or nanotechnology have emerged to contribute to advances around nanotechnologies in medicine, particularly for cancers. A brief overviews of the development of photodynamic therapy as well as its mechanism in cancer treatment is provided. We emphasize the design of novel nanoparticles utilized in photodynamic therapy while summarizing the representative progress during the recent years. Finally, to forecast important future research in this area, we examine the viability and promise of photodynamic therapy systems based on nanoparticles in clinical anticancer treatment applications and briefly make mention of the elimination of all reactive metabolites pertaining to nano formulations inside living organisms providing insight into clinical mechanistic processes. Future developments and therapeutic prospects for photodynamic treatments are anticipated. Our viewpoints might encourage scientists to create more potent phototherapy-based cancer therapeutic modalities. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Jose Merlin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anine Crous
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Chen S, Cao R, Xiang L, Li Z, Chen H, Zhang J, Feng X. Research progress in nucleus-targeted tumor therapy. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6436-6456. [PMID: 37609783 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01116j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus is considered the most important organelle in the cell as it plays a central role in controlling cell reproduction, metabolism, and the cell cycle. The successful delivery of drugs into the nucleus can achieve excellent therapeutic effects, which reveals the potential of nucleus-targeted therapy in precision medicine. However, the transportation of therapeutics into the nucleus remains a significant challenge due to various biological barriers. Herein, we summarize the recent progress in the nucleus-targeted drug delivery system (NDDS). The structures of the nucleus and nuclear envelope are first described in order to understand the mechanisms by which drugs cross the nuclear envelope. Then, various drug delivery strategies based on the mechanisms and their applications are discussed. Finally, the challenges and solutions in the field of nucleus-targeted drug delivery are raised for developing a more efficient NDDS and promoting its clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Rumeng Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Ling Xiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Ziyi Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Jiumeng Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Xuli Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China.
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12
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Moloudi K, Sarbadhikary P, Abrahamse H, George BP. Understanding the Photodynamic Therapy Induced Bystander and Abscopal Effects: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1434. [PMID: 37507972 PMCID: PMC10376621 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved minimally/non-invasive treatment modality that has been used to treat various conditions, including cancer. The bystander and abscopal effects are two well-documented significant reactions involved in imparting long-term systemic effects in the field of radiobiology. The PDT-induced generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and immune responses is majorly involved in eliciting the bystander and abscopal effects. However, the results in this regard are unsatisfactory and unpredictable due to several poorly elucidated underlying mechanisms and other factors such as the type of cancer being treated, the irradiation dose applied, the treatment regimen employed, and many others. Therefore, in this review, we attempted to summarize the current knowledge regarding the non-targeted effects of PDT. The review is based on research published in the Web of Science, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar databases up to June 2023. We have highlighted the current challenges and prospects in relation to obtaining clinically relevant robust, reproducible, and long-lasting antitumor effects, which may offer a clinically viable treatment against tumor recurrence and metastasis. The effectiveness of both targeted and untargeted PDT responses and their outcomes in clinics could be improved with more research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kave Moloudi
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Paromita Sarbadhikary
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Blassan P George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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Thapa Magar TB, Lee J, Lee JH, Jeon J, Gurung P, Lim J, Kim YW. Novel Chlorin e6-Curcumin Derivatives as a Potential Photosensitizer: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Activity. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1577. [PMID: 37376026 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel series of chlorin e6-curcumin derivatives were designed and synthesized. All the synthesized compounds 16, 17, 18, and 19 were tested for their photodynamic treatment (PDT) efficacy against human pancreatic cancer cell lines: AsPC-1, MIA-PaCa-2, and PANC-1. The cellular uptake study was performed in the aforementioned cell lines using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). 17, among the synthesized compounds with IC50 values of 0.27, 0.42, and 0.21 µM against AsPC-1, MIA PaCa-2, and PANC-1 cell lines, respectively, demonstrated excellent cellular internalization capability and exhibited higher phototoxicity relative to the parent Ce6. The quantitative analyses using Annexin V-PI staining revealed that the 17-PDT-induced apoptosis was dose-dependent. In pancreatic cell lines, 17 reduced the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, and increased the pro-apoptotic protein, cytochrome C, which indicates the activation of intrinsic apoptosis, the primary cause of cancer cell death. Structure-activity relationship studies have shown that the incorporation of additional methyl ester moiety and conjugation to the enone moiety of curcumin enhances cellular uptake and PDT efficacy. Moreover, in vivo PDT testing in melanoma mouse models revealed that 17-PDT greatly reduced tumor growth. Therefore, 17 might be an effective photosensitizer for PDT anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jusuk Lee
- A&J Science Co., Ltd., Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Jeon
- Dongsung Cancer Center, Dongsung Biopharmaceutical, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Pallavi Gurung
- Dongsung Cancer Center, Dongsung Biopharmaceutical, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Junmo Lim
- Dongsung Cancer Center, Dongsung Biopharmaceutical, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Wan Kim
- Dongsung Cancer Center, Dongsung Biopharmaceutical, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
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14
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Vadarevu H, Sorinolu AJ, Munir M, Vivero-Escoto JL. Autophagy Regulation Using Multimodal Chlorin e6-Loaded Polysilsesquioxane Nanoparticles to Improve Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051548. [PMID: 37242794 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising anticancer noninvasive technique that relies on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Unfortunately, PDT still has many limitations, including the resistance developed by cancer cells to the cytotoxic effect of ROS. Autophagy, which is a stress response mechanism, has been reported as a cellular pathway that reduces cell death following PDT. Recent studies have demonstrated that PDT in combination with other therapies can eliminate anticancer resistance. However, combination therapy is usually challenged by the differences in the pharmacokinetics of the drugs. Nanomaterials are excellent delivery systems for the efficient codelivery of two or more therapeutic agents. In this work, we report on the use of polysilsesquioxane (PSilQ) nanoparticles for the codelivery of chlorin-e6 (Ce6) and an autophagy inhibitor for early- or late-stage autophagy. Our results, obtained from a reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation assay and apoptosis and autophagy flux analyses, demonstrate that the reduced autophagy flux mediated by the combination approach afforded an increase in the phototherapeutic efficacy of Ce6-PSilQ nanoparticles. We envision that the promising results in the use of multimodal Ce6-PSilQ material as a codelivery system against cancer pave the way for its future application with other clinically relevant combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemapriyadarshini Vadarevu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- Nanoscale Science Program, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Adeola Julian Sorinolu
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Mariya Munir
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Juan L Vivero-Escoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- Nanoscale Science Program, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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15
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Photodynamic Therapy of Aluminum Phthalocyanine Tetra Sodium 2-Mercaptoacetate Linked to PEGylated Copper-Gold Bimetallic Nanoparticles on Colon Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031902. [PMID: 36768224 PMCID: PMC9915188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports for the first time on the synthesis, characterization, and photodynamic therapy efficacy of the novel aluminium (III) chloride 2(3), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-tetrakis-(sodium 2-mercaptoacetate) phthalocyanine (AlClPcTS41) when alone and when conjugated to PEGylated copper-gold bimetallic nanoparticles (PEG-CuAuNPs) as photosensitizers on colon cancer cells (Caco-2). The novel AlClPcTS41 was covalently linked to the PEG-CuAuNPs via an amide bond to form AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs. The amide bond was successfully confirmed using FTIR while the crystal structures were studied using XRD. The morphological and size variations of the PEG-CuAuNPs and AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs were studied using TEM, while the hydrodynamic sizes and polydispersity of the particles were confirmed using DLS. The ground state electron absorption spectra were also studied and confirmed the typical absorption of metallated phthalocyanines and their nanoparticle conjugates. Subsequently, the subcellular uptake, cellular proliferation, and PDT anti-tumor effect of AlClPcTS41, PEG-CuAuNPs, and AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs were investigated within in vitro Caco-2 cells. The designed AlClPcTS41 and AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs demonstrated significant ROS generation abilities that led to the PDT effect with a significantly decreased viable cell population after PDT treatment. These results demonstrate that the novel AlClPcTS41 and AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs had remarkable PDT effects against Caco-2 cells and may trigger apoptosis cell death pathway, indicating the potential of the AlClPcTS41 and AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs in enhancing the cytotoxic effect of PDT treatment.
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16
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[Natural melanin-based nanoparticles with photothermal/photodynamic activities induce ovarian cancer cell death]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:1681-1688. [PMID: 36504061 PMCID: PMC9742781 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the physicochemical characteristics of natural melanin-like nanoparticles (PDA NPs) and their synergistic anti-tumor efficacy with photothermal and photodynamic (PTT/PDT) therapy. METHODS The chemically synthesized PDA NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential analysis, and their photothermal and photodynamic properties were assessed with near-infrared excitation light (NIR). The antitumor efficacy of free PDA or PDA combined with NIR irradiation (0.7 and 1.0 W/cm2) was evaluated in ovarian cancer cells using flow cytometry, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), and Transwell assay and in a mouse model bearing subcutaneous ovarian cancer xenograft. RESULTS The synthesized PDA NPs showed a spherical morphology with diameters around 100 nm and a zeta potential of -20 mV. Upon NIR irradiation at 0.7 and 1.0 W/cm2, the particles underwent temperature changes (ΔT) of about 15 and 30 ℃, respectively, and produced a large amount of singlet oxygen, demonstrating their excellent PTT/PDT properties. In ovarian cancer cells, treatment with PDA NPs alone did not induce obvious changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production or mitochondrial membrane potential (MTP), but when combined with NIR irradiation, these particles caused a significant increase of ROS and a reduction of MTP (P < 0.001), and such changes were more prominent with high power NIR (P < 0.01). PDA NPs alone showed no obvious cytotoxicity, but the combination of PDA with NIR irradiation produced potent killing effect on ovarian cancer cells (P < 0.001), and the effect was much stronger with a high power irradiation (P < 0.001). While PDA alone showed no inhibitory effect on tumor cell metastasis, the combined treatment with PDA and NIR irradiation, especially at a high power, significantly suppressed invasion and migration of ovarian cancer cells (P < 0.001). In the tumor-bearing mouse model, the combined treatment, but not PDA alone, produced a significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION PDA NPs combined with NIR has a strong anti-tumor effect, suggesting a potential new therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancer.
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17
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Bonsall S, Hubbard S, Jithin U, Anslow J, Todd D, Rowding C, Filarowski T, Duly G, Wilson R, Porter J, Turega S, Haywood-Small S. Water-Soluble Truncated Fatty Acid-Porphyrin Conjugates Provide Photo-Sensitizer Activity for Photodynamic Therapy in Malignant Mesothelioma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5446. [PMID: 36358864 PMCID: PMC9654571 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials evaluating intrapleural photodynamic therapy (PDT) are ongoing for mesothelioma. Several issues still hinder the development of PDT, such as those related to the inherent properties of photosensitizers. Herein, we report the synthesis, photophysical, and photobiological properties of three porphyrin-based photosensitizers conjugated to truncated fatty acids (C5SHU to C7SHU). Our photosensitizers exhibited excellent water solubility and high PDT efficiency in mesothelioma. As expected, absorption spectroscopy confirmed an increased aggregation as a consequence of extending the fatty acid chain length. In vitro PDT activity was studied using human mesothelioma cell lines (biphasic MSTO-211H cells and epithelioid NCI-H28 cells) alongside a non-malignant mesothelial cell line (MET-5A). The PDT effect of these photosensitizers was initially assessed using the colorimetric WST-8 cell viability assay and the mode of cell death was determined via flow cytometry of Annexin V-FITC/PI-stained cells. Photosensitizers appeared to selectively localize within the non-nuclear compartments of cells before exhibiting high phototoxicity. Both apoptosis and necrosis were induced at 24 and 48 h. As our pentanoic acid-derivatized porphyrin (C5SHU) induced the largest anti-tumor effect in this study, we put this forward as an anti-tumor drug candidate in PDT and photo-imaging diagnosis in mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Haywood-Small
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
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18
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Do TTA, Wicaksono K, Soendoro A, Imae T, Garcia-Celma MJ, Grijalvo S. Complexation Nanoarchitectonics of Carbon Dots with Doxorubicin toward Photodynamic Anti-Cancer Therapy. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040219. [PMID: 36412860 PMCID: PMC9680231 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (Cdots) are known as photosensitizers in which the nitrogen doping is able to improve the oxygen-photosensitization performance and singlet-oxygen generation. Herein, the characteristics of nanoconjugates of nitrogen-doped Cdots and doxorubicin were compared with the property of nitrogen-doped Cdots alone. The investigation was performed for the evaluation of pH-dependent zeta potential, quantum yield, photosensitization efficiency and singlet-oxygen generation, besides spectroscopy (UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectra) and cytotoxicity on cancer model (HeLa cells). Encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, and drug release without and with light irradiation were also carried out. These investigations were always pursued under the comparison among different nitrogen amounts (ethylenediamine/citric acid = 1-5) in Cdots, and some characteristics strongly depended on nitrogen amounts in Cdots. For instance, surface charge, UV-visible absorbance, emission intensity, quantum yield, photosensitization efficiency and singlet-oxygen generation were most effective at ethylenediamine/citric acid = 4. Moreover, strong conjugation of DOX to Cdots via π-π stacking and electrostatic interactions resulted in a high carrier efficiency and an effective drug loading and release. The results suggested that nitrogen-doped Cdots can be considered promising candidates to be used in a combination therapy involving photodynamic and anticancer strategies under the mutual effect with DOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Thi Anh Do
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Kukuh Wicaksono
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Andree Soendoro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Toyoko Imae
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - María José Garcia-Celma
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical-Chemistry, IN2UB, R+D Associated Unit to CSIC, Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Grijalvo
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Gallaga-González U, Morales-Avila E, Torres-García E, Estrada JA, Díaz-Sánchez LE, Izquierdo G, Aranda-Lara L, Isaac-Olivé K. Photoactivation of Chemotherapeutic Agents with Cerenkov Radiation for Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:23591-23604. [PMID: 35847323 PMCID: PMC9280781 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov radiation (CR) can be used as an internal light source in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methotrexate (MTX) and paclitaxel (PTX), chemotherapeutic agents with wide clinical use, have characteristics of photosensitizers (PS). This work evaluates the possibility of photoexciting MTX and PTX with CR from 18F-FDG to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) capable of inducing cytotoxicity. PTX did not produce ROS when excited by CR from 18F-FDG, so it is not useful for PDT. In contrast, MTX produces 1O2 (detected by ABMA) in amounts sufficient to significantly decrease the viability of the T47D cells. MTX solutions of 100 nM combined with 18F-FDG activities of 50 (1.85 MBq) and 100 μCi (3.7 MBq) produced a significant decrease in cell viability to (50.09 ± 4.95) and (47.96 ± 11.19)%, respectively, compared to MTX (66.29 ± 5.92)% and 18F-FDG (91.35 ± 7.00% for 50 μCi and 99.43 ± 11.03% for 100 μCi) alone. Using the CellRox Green reagent, the intracellular production of ROS was confirmed as the main mechanism of cytotoxicity. The results confirm the therapeutic potential of photoactivation with CR and the synergy of the combined treatment with chemotherapy + photodynamic therapy (CMT + PDT). The combination of chemotherapeutic agents with PS properties and β-emitting radiopharmaceuticals, previously approved for clinical use, will make it possible to shorten the evaluation stages of new CMT + PDT systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Gallaga-González
- Laboratorio
de Investigación Teranóstica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, 50180 Estado de México, México
| | - Enrique Morales-Avila
- Laboratorio
de Toxicología y Farmacia,
Facultad de Química, Universidad
Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, 50120 Estado de México, México
| | - Eugenio Torres-García
- Laboratorio
de Dosimetría y Simulación Monte Carlo, Facultad de
Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del
Estado de México, Toluca, 50180 Estado de México, México
| | - José A. Estrada
- Laboratorio
de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, 50180 Estado de México, México
| | - Luis Enrique Díaz-Sánchez
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma
del Estado de México, Toluca, 50120 Estado de México, México
| | - German Izquierdo
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma
del Estado de México, Toluca, 50120 Estado de México, México
| | - Liliana Aranda-Lara
- Laboratorio
de Investigación Teranóstica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, 50180 Estado de México, México
| | - Keila Isaac-Olivé
- Laboratorio
de Investigación Teranóstica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, 50180 Estado de México, México
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20
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Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of chloroaluminium phthalocyanine incorporated in poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102850. [PMID: 35395414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of nanotechnology has been widely used in biomedical science, which consists of orthopedic implants, tissue engineering, cancer therapy and drug elution from nanoparticle systems, such as poly-caprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, which stand out mainly for their biocompatibility, being considered as effective carriers for photosensitizing drugs (PS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) protocols. METHODS This manuscript describes the synthesis and characterization of PCL nanoparticles for controlled release of the drug chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) as a photosensitizer for application in PDT. The PCL-ClAlPc nanoparticles were developed by the nanoprecipitation process. The structure and morphology of the nanoparticles were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The size of nanomaterials was studied using the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method. Photophysical and photochemical characterizations were performed. Subsequently, photobiological studies were also used to characterize the system. RESULTS The nanoparticles had an average diameter of 384.7 ± 138.6 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.153. SEM analysis revealed that the system formed a spherical shape typical of these delivery systems. Charging efficiency was 82.1% ± 1.2%. The phthalocyanine-loaded PCL nanoparticles maintained their photophysical behavior after encapsulation. Cell viability was determined after the dark toxicity test, and it was possible to observe that there was no evidence of toxicity in the dark, for all concentrations tested. The assay also revealed that adenocarcinoma cells treated with free ClAlPc and in the nanoformulation showed 100% cell death when subjected to PDT protocols. The intracellular location of the photosensitizer indicated a high potential for accumulation in the cytoplasm and nucleus. CONCLUSIONS From the photophysical, photochemical and photobiological analyzes obtained, it was possible to observe that the development of PCL nanoparticles encapsulated with ClAlPc, by the nanoprecipitation method was adequate and that the in vivo release study is efficient to reduce the release rate and attenuate the burst of PS loaded on PCL nanoparticles. The results reinforce that the use of this system as drug delivery systems is useful in PDT protocols.
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21
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Matlou GG, Abrahamse H. Hybrid Inorganic-Organic Core-Shell Nanodrug Systems in Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1773. [PMID: 34834188 PMCID: PMC8625656 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid inorganic-organic core-shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) are an emerging paradigm of nanodrug carriers in the targeted photodynamic therapy (TPDT) of cancer. Typically, metallic cores and organic polymer shells are used due to their submicron sizes and high surface to volume ratio of the metallic nanoparticles (NPs), combined with enhances solubility, stability, and absorption sites of the organic polymer shell. As such, the high loading capacity of therapeutic agents such as cancer specific ligands and photosensitizer (PS) agents is achieved with desired colloidal stability, drug circulation, and subcellular localization of the PS agents at the cancer site. This review highlights the synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and applications of hybrid inorganic-organic CSNPs as loading platforms of therapeutic agents for use in TPDT. In addition, cell death pathways and the mechanisms of action that hybrid inorganic-organic core-shell nanodrug systems follow in TPDT are also reviewed. Nanodrug systems with cancer specific properties are able to localize within the solid tumor through the enhanced permeability effect (EPR) and bind with affinity to receptors on the cancer cell surfaces, thus improving the efficacy of short-lived cytotoxic singlet oxygen. This ability by nanodrug systems together with their mechanism of action during cell death forms the core basis of this review and will be discussed with an overview of successful strategies that have been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa;
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