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Choi SH, Byambaragchaa M, Kim DJ, Lee JH, Kang MH, Min KS. Specific Signal Transduction of Constitutively Activating (D576G) and Inactivating (R476H) Mutants of Agonist-Stimulated Luteinizing Hormone Receptor in Eel. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119133. [PMID: 37298083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of signal transduction using inactivating (R476H) and activating (D576G) mutants of luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) of eel at the conserved regions of intracellular loops II and III, respectively, naturally occurring in mammalian LHR. The expression of D576G and R476H mutants was approximately 58% and 59%, respectively, on the cell surface compared to those of eel LHR-wild type (wt). In eel LHR-wt, cAMP production increased upon agonist stimulation. Cells expressing eel LHR-D576G, a highly conserved aspartic acid residue, exhibited a 5.8-fold increase in basal cAMP response; however, the maximal cAMP response by high-agonist stimulation was approximately 0.62-fold. Mutation of a highly conserved arginine residue in the second intracellular loop of eel LHR (LHR-R476H) completely impaired the cAMP response. The rate of loss in cell-surface expression of eel LHR-wt and D576G mutant was similar to the agonist recombinant (rec)-eel LH after 30 min. However, the mutants presented rates of loss higher than eel LHR-wt did upon rec-eCG treatment. Therefore, the activating mutant constitutively induced cAMP signaling. The inactivating mutation resulted in the loss of LHR expression on the cell surface and no cAMP signaling. These data provide valuable information regarding the structure-function relationship of LHR-LH complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hee Choi
- Animal BioScience, School of Animal Life Convergence, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Munkhzaya Byambaragchaa
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Jung Kim
- Aquaculture Industry Division, South Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Yeosu 59780, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyuk Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Animal BioScience, School of Animal Life Convergence, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
- Carbon-Neutral Resources Research Center, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
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Errico A, Vinco S, Ambrosini G, Dalla Pozza E, Marroncelli N, Zampieri N, Dando I. Mitochondrial Dynamics as Potential Modulators of Hormonal Therapy Effectiveness in Males. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040547. [PMID: 37106748 PMCID: PMC10135745 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide the incidence of andrological diseases is rising every year and, together with it, also the interest in them is increasing due to their strict association with disorders of the reproductive system, including impairment of male fertility, alterations of male hormones production, and/or sexual function. Prevention and early diagnosis of andrological dysfunctions have long been neglected, with the consequent increase in the incidence and prevalence of diseases otherwise easy to prevent and treat if diagnosed early. In this review, we report the latest evidence of the effect of andrological alterations on fertility potential in both young and adult patients, with a focus on the link between gonadotropins' mechanism of action and mitochondria. Indeed, mitochondria are highly dynamic cellular organelles that undergo rapid morphological adaptations, conditioning a multitude of aspects, including their size, shape, number, transport, cellular distribution, and, consequently, their function. Since the first step of steroidogenesis takes place in these organelles, we consider that mitochondria dynamics might have a possible role in a plethora of signaling cascades, including testosterone production. In addition, we also hypothesize a central role of mitochondria fission boost on the decreased response to the commonly administrated hormonal therapy used to treat urological disease in pediatric and adolescent patients as well as infertile adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Errico
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Vinco
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Ambrosini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Dalla Pozza
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy
| | - Nunzio Marroncelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Zampieri
- Department of Engineering and Innovation Medicine, Paediatric Fertility Lab, Woman and Child Hospital, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Dando
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy
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The N-Linked Glycosylation Site N191 Is Necessary for PKA Signal Transduction in Eel Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112792. [PMID: 36361582 PMCID: PMC9655291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) contains several N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular region. We conducted the present study to determine whether conserved glycosylated sites in eel FSHR are necessary for cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signal transduction. We used site-directed mutagenesis to induce four mutations (N120Q, N191Q, N272Q, and N288Q) in the N-linked glycosylation sites of eel FSHR. In the eel FSHR wild-type (wt), the cAMP response was gradually increased in a dose-dependent manner (0.01–1500 ng/mL), displaying a high response (approximately 57.5 nM/104 cells) at the Rmax level. Three mutants (N120Q, N272Q, and N288Q) showed a considerably decreased signal transduction as a result of high-ligand treatment, whereas one mutant (N191Q) exhibited a completely impaired signal transduction. The expression level of the N191Q mutant was only 9.2% relative to that of the eel FSHR-wt, indicating a negligible expression level. The expression levels of the N120Q and N272Q mutants were approximately 35.9% and 24% of the FSHG-wt, respectively. The N288Q mutant had an expression level similar to that of the eel FSHR-wt, despite the mostly impaired cAMP responsiveness. The loss of the cell surface agonist-receptor complexes was very rapid in the cells expressing eel FSHR-wt and FSHR-N288Q mutants. Specifically, the N191Q mutant was completely impaired by the loss of cell surface receptors, despite treatment with a high concentration of the agonist. Therefore, we suggest that the N191 site is necessary for cAMP signal transduction. This finding implies that the cAMP response, mediated by G proteins, is directly related to the loss of cell surface receptors as a result of high-agonist treatment.
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Byambaragchaa M, Joo HE, Kim SG, Kim YJ, Park GE, Min KS. Signal Transduction of C-Terminal Phosphorylation Regions for Equine Luteinizing Hormone/Chorionic Gonadotropin Receptor (eLH/CGR). Dev Reprod 2022; 26:1-12. [PMID: 35528321 PMCID: PMC9042392 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2022.26.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the signal transduction of phosphorylation sites
at the carboxyl (C)-terminal region of equine luteinizing hormone/chorionic
gonadotropin receptor (eLH/ CGR). The eLH/CGR has a large extracellular domain
of glycoprotein hormone receptors within the G protein-coupled receptors. We
constructed a mutant (eLH/CGR-t656) of eLH/ CGR, in which the C-terminal
cytoplasmic tail was truncated at the Phe656 residue, through polymerase chain
reaction. The eLH/CGR-t656 removed 14 potential phosphorylation sites in the
intracellular C-terminal region. The plasmids were transfected into Chinese
hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 and PathHunter Parental cells expressing
β-arrestin, and agonist-induced cAMP responsiveness was analyzed. In
CHO-K1 cells, those expressing eLH/CGR-t656 were lower than those expressing
eLH/CGR wild-type (eLH/CGR-wt). The EC50 of the eLH/ CGR-t656 mutant
was approximately 72.2% of the expression observed in eLH/CGR-wt. The maximal
response in eLH/CGR-t656 also decreased to approximately 43% of that observed in
eLH/CGR-wt. However, in PathHunter Parental cells, cAMP activity and maximal
response of the eLH/CGR-t656 mutant were approximately 173.5% and 100.8%,
respectively, of that of eLH/CGR-wt. These results provide evidence that the
signal transduction of C-terminal phosphorylation in eLH/CGR plays a pivotal
role in CHO-K1 cells. The cAMP level was recovered in PathHunter Parental cells
expressing β-arrestin. We suggest that the signal transduction of the
C-terminal region phosphorylation sites is remarkably different depending on the
cells expressing β-arrestin in CHO-K1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyo-Eun Joo
- Division of Animal Science, School of Animal Life Convergence Sciences, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Sang-Gwon Kim
- Division of Animal Science, School of Animal Life Convergence Sciences, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Yean-Ji Kim
- Division of Animal Science, School of Animal Life Convergence Sciences, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Gyeong-Eun Park
- Division of Animal Science, School of Animal Life Convergence Sciences, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea.,Division of Animal Science, School of Animal Life Convergence Sciences, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
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Activating and inactivating mutations of the human, rat, equine and eel luteinizing hormone/ chorionic gonadotropin receptors (LH/CGRs). JOURNAL OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.12750/jarb.36.4.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Bakhtyukov AA, Derkach KV, Sorokoumov VN, Stepochkina AM, Romanova IV, Morina IY, Zakharova IO, Bayunova LV, Shpakov AO. The Effects of Separate and Combined Treatment of Male Rats with Type 2 Diabetes with Metformin and Orthosteric and Allosteric Agonists of Luteinizing Hormone Receptor on Steroidogenesis and Spermatogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:198. [PMID: 35008624 PMCID: PMC8745465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis are impaired. Metformin and the agonists of luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)-receptor (LH/hCG-R) (hCG, low-molecular-weight allosteric LH/hCG-R-agonists) can be used to restore them. The aim was to study effectiveness of separate and combined administration of metformin, hCG and 5-amino-N-tert-butyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)-4-(3-(nicotinamido)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide (TP3) on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in male rats with T2DM. hCG (15 IU/rat/day) and TP3 (15 mg/kg/day) were injected in the last five days of five-week metformin treatment (120 mg/kg/day). Metformin improved testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis and restored LH/hCG-R-expression. Compared to control, in T2DM, hCG stimulated steroidogenesis and StAR-gene expression less effectively and, after five-day administration, reduced LH/hCG-R-expression, while TP3 effects changed weaker. In co-administration of metformin and LH/hCG-R-agonists, on the first day, stimulating effects of LH/hCG-R-agonists on testosterone levels and hCG-stimulated expression of StAR- and CYP17A1-genes were increased, but on the 3-5th day, they disappeared. This was due to reduced LH/hCG-R-gene expression and increased aromatase-catalyzed estradiol production. With co-administration, LH/hCG-R-agonists did not contribute to improving spermatogenesis, induced by metformin. Thus, in T2DM, metformin and LH/hCG-R-agonists restore steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, with metformin being more effective in restoring spermatogenesis, and their co-administration improves LH/hCG-R-agonist-stimulating testicular steroidogenesis in acute but not chronic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Bakhtyukov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Kira V. Derkach
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Viktor N. Sorokoumov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna M. Stepochkina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Irina V. Romanova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Irina Yu. Morina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Irina O. Zakharova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Liubov V. Bayunova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Alexander O. Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
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Byambaragchaa M, Choi SH, Joo HE, Kim SG, Kim YJ, Park GE, Kang MH, Min KS. Specific Biological Activity of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG) Glycosylation Sites in Cells Expressing Equine Luteinizing Hormone/CG (eLH/CG) Receptor. Dev Reprod 2021; 25:199-211. [PMID: 35141446 PMCID: PMC8807129 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2021.25.4.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), produced by the endometrial cups of the
placenta after the first trimester, is a specific glycoprotein that displays
dual luteinizing hormone (LH)-like and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-like
effects in non-equid species. However, in equidaes, eCG exhibits only LH-like
activity. To identify the specific biological functions of glycosylated sites in
eCG, we constructed the following site mutants of N- and O-linked glycosylation:
eCGβ/αΔ56, substitution of α-subunit56
N-linked glycosylation site; eCGβ-D/α, deletion of the O-linked
glycosylation sites at the β-subunit, and
eCGβ-D/αΔ56, double mutant. We produced recombinant eCG
(rec-eCG) proteins in Chinese hamster ovary suspension (CHO-S) cells. We
examined the biological activity of rec-eCG proteins in CHO-K1 cells expressing
the eLH/CG receptor and found that signal transduction activities of
deglycosylated mutants remarkably decreased. The EC50 levels of
eCGβ/αΔ56, eCGβ-D/α, and
eCGβ-D/αΔ56 mutants decreased by 2.1-, 5.6-, and 3.4-fold,
respectively, compared to that of wild-type eCG. The Rmax values of the mutants
were 56%-80% those of wild-type eCG (141.9 nmol/104 cells). Our
results indicate that the biological activity of eCG is greatly affected by the
removal of N- and O-linked glycosylation sites in cells expressing eLH/CGR.
These results provide important information on rec-eCG in the regulation of
specific glycosylation sites and improve our understanding of the specific
biological activity of rec-eCG glycosylation sites in equidaes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Hee Choi
- Animal Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Hyo-Eun Joo
- Dept. of Animal Life Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Sang-Gwon Kim
- Dept. of Animal Life Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Yean-Ji Kim
- Dept. of Animal Life Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Gyeong-Eun Park
- Dept. of Animal Life Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Myung-Hwa Kang
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea.,Animal Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea.,Dept. of Animal Life Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
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Byambaragchaa M, Choi SH, Kim DW, Min KS. Cell-Surface Loss of Constitutive Activating and Inactivating Mutants of Eel Luteinizing Hormone Receptors. Dev Reprod 2021; 25:225-234. [PMID: 35141448 PMCID: PMC8807125 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2021.25.4.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of cell surface receptor loss by two constitutively activating mutants (designated L469R, and D590Y) and two inactivating mutants (D417N and Y558F) of the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) in the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, known to naturally occur in human LHR transmembrane domains. We investigated cell surface receptor loss using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in HEK 293 cells. The expression level of wild-type eel LHR was considered to be 100%, and the expression levels of L469R and D417N were 97% and 101%, respectively, whereas the expression levels of D590Y and Y558F slightly increased to approximately 110% and 106%, respectively. The constitutively activating mutants L469R and D590Y exhibited a decrease in cell surface loss in a manner similar to that of wild-type eel LHR. The rates of loss of cell surface agonist-receptor complexes were observed to be very rapid (2.6-6.2 min) in both the wild-type eel LHR and activating mutants. However, cell surface receptor loss in the cells expressing inactivating mutants D417N and Y558F was slightly observed in the cells expressing inactivating mutants D417N and Y558F, despite treatment with a high concentration of agonist. These results provide important information on LHR function in fish and the regulation of mutations of highly conserved amino acids in glycoprotein hormone receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Hee Choi
- School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea.,School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
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