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Khan M, Hussain A, Yun BW, Mun BG. Melatonin: The Multifaceted Molecule in Plant Growth and Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6799. [PMID: 38928504 PMCID: PMC11203645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MEL), a hormone primarily known for its role in regulating sleep and circadian rhythms in animals, has emerged as a multifaceted molecule in plants. Recent research has shed light on its diverse functions in plant growth and defense mechanisms. This review explores the intricate roles of MEL in plant growth and defense responses. MEL is involved in plant growth owing to its influence on hormone regulation. MEL promotes root elongation and lateral root formation and enhances photosynthesis, thereby promoting overall plant growth and productivity. Additionally, MEL is implicated in regulating the circadian rhythm of plants, affecting key physiological processes that influence plant growth patterns. MEL also exhibits antioxidant properties and scavenges reactive oxygen species, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. Furthermore, it activates defense pathways against various biotic stressors. MEL also enhances the production of secondary metabolites that contribute to plant resistance against environmental changes. MEL's ability to modulate plant response to abiotic stresses has also been extensively studied. It regulates stomatal closure, conserves water, and enhances stress tolerance by activating stress-responsive genes and modulating signaling pathways. Moreover, MEL and nitric oxide cooperate in stress responses, antioxidant defense, and plant growth. Understanding the mechanisms underlying MEL's actions in plants will provide new insights into the development of innovative strategies for enhancing crop productivity, improving stress tolerance, and combating plant diseases. Further research in this area will deepen our knowledge of MEL's intricate functions and its potential applications in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza Khan
- Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Adil Hussain
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Department of Entomology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Mun
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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Gao Y, Wang X, Hou X, Chen J. Evolution and Analysis of Caffeic Acid Transferase (COMT) in Seed Plants. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:1953-1976. [PMID: 37801144 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Caffeic acid transferase (COMT) is a key enzyme in the lignin and melatonin synthesis pathways and plays an important role in plant growth and development. All seed plants have two characteristics: they have vascular tissues, phloem, and xylem, and they can produce and reproduce seeds. In order to understand the distribution and evolution of COMTs in seed plants, we performed physicochemical property analysis, subcellular localization, phylogenetic analysis, conserved motif analysis, and protein interaction network analysis of 44 COMT homologs from 26 seed plants through in silico. The results showed that in seed plants, the structure of COMT genes tends to be stable in different plant taxa, while the relationship between the chromosomal positions of different COMT genes in the same plant was more intricate. The conserved distribution of COMT in seed plants reflected its highly specialized function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou Y, Bai YH, Han FX, Chen X, Wu FS, Liu Q, Ma WZ, Zhang YQ. Transcriptome sequencing and metabolome analysis reveal the molecular mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza in response to drought stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:446. [PMID: 38778268 PMCID: PMC11112794 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza is commonly used as a Chinese herbal medicine to treat different cardiovascular and cerebrovascular illnesses due to its active ingredients. Environmental conditions, especially drought stress, can affect the yield and quality of S. miltiorrhiza. However, moderate drought stress could improve the quality of S. miltiorrhiza without significantly reducing the yield, and the mechanism of this initial drought resistance is still unclear. In our study, transcriptome and metabolome analyses of S. miltiorrhiza under different drought treatment groups (CK, A, B, and C groups) were conducted to reveal the basis for its drought tolerance. We discovered that the leaves of S. miltiorrhiza under different drought treatment groups had no obvious shrinkage, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities dramatically increased, indicating that our drought treatment methods were moderate, and the leaves of S. miltiorrhiza began to initiate drought resistance. The morphology of root tissue had no significant change under different drought treatment groups, and the contents of four tanshinones significantly enhanced. In all, 5213, 6611, and 5241 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were shared in the A, B, and C groups compared with the CK group, respectively. The results of KEGG and co-expression analysis showed that the DEGs involved in plant-pathogen interactions, the MAPK signaling pathway, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction responded to drought stress and were strongly correlated with tanshinone biosynthesis. Furthermore, the results of metabolism analysis indicated that 67, 72, and 92 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), including fumarate, ferulic acid, xanthohumol, and phytocassanes, which were primarily involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and diterpenoid biosynthesis pathways, were detected in these groups. These discoveries provide valuable information on the molecular mechanisms by which S. miltiorrhiza responds to drought stress and will facilitate the development of drought-resistant and high-quality S. miltiorrhiza production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Hong Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Feng-Xia Han
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xue Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wu
- Shandong Provincial Center of Forest and Grass, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Jinan, China.
| | - Wen-Zhe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Yong-Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
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Ameen M, Zafar A, Mahmood A, Zia MA, Kamran K, Javaid MM, Yasin M, Khan BA. Melatonin as a master regulatory hormone for genetic responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana: a comprehensive review. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23248. [PMID: 38310885 DOI: 10.1071/fp23248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin is a naturally occurring biologically active amine produced by plants, animals and microbes. This review explores the biosynthesis of melatonin in plants, with a particular focus on its diverse roles in Arabidopsis thaliana , a model species. Melatonin affects abiotic and biotic stress resistance in A. thaliana . Exogenous and endogenous melatonin is addressed in association with various conditions, including cold stress, high light stress, intense heat and infection with Botrytis cinerea or Pseudomonas , as well as in seed germination and lateral root formation. Furthermore, melatonin confers stress resistance in Arabidopsis by initiating the antioxidant system, remedying photosynthesis suppression, regulating transcription factors involved with stress resistance (CBF, DREB, ZAT, CAMTA, WRKY33, MYC2, TGA) and other stress-related hormones (abscisic acid, auxin, ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid). This article additionally addresses other precursors, metabolic components, expression of genes (COR , CBF , SNAT , ASMT , PIN , PR1 , PDF1.2 and HSFA ) and proteins (JAZ, NPR1) associated with melatonin and reducing both biological and environmental stressors. Furthermore, the future perspective of melatonin rich agri-crops is explored to enhance plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, maximise crop productivity and enhance nutritional worth, which may help improve food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muaz Ameen
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Asma Zafar
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Athar Mahmood
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Anjum Zia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Kamran
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mansoor Javaid
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Ahmad Khan
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
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Mishra S, Sharma A, Srivastava AK. Ascorbic acid: a metabolite switch for designing stress-smart crops. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38163756 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2286428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Plant growth and productivity are continually being challenged by a diverse array of abiotic stresses, including: water scarcity, extreme temperatures, heavy metal exposure, and soil salinity. A common theme in these stresses is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which disrupts cellular redox homeostasis causing oxidative damage. Ascorbic acid (AsA), commonly known as vitamin C, is an essential nutrient for humans, and also plays a crucial role in the plant kingdom. AsA is synthesized by plants through the d-mannose/l-galactose pathway that functions as a powerful antioxidant and protects plant cells from ROS generated during photosynthesis. AsA controls several key physiological processes, including: photosynthesis, respiration, and carbohydrate metabolism, either by acting as a co-factor for metabolic enzymes or by regulating cellular redox-status. AsA's multi-functionality uniquely positions it to integrate and recalibrate redox-responsive transcriptional/metabolic circuits and essential biological processes, in accordance to developmental and environmental cues. In recognition of this, we present a systematic overview of current evidence highlighting AsA as a central metabolite-switch in plants. Further, a comprehensive overview of genetic manipulation of genes involved in AsA metabolism has been provided along with the bottlenecks and future research directions, that could serve as a framework for designing "stress-smart" crops in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Mishra
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Ankush Sharma
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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Imran M, Mpovo CL, Aaqil Khan M, Shaffique S, Ninson D, Bilal S, Khan M, Kwon EH, Kang SM, Yun BW, Lee IJ. Synergistic Effect of Melatonin and Lysinibacillus fusiformis L. (PLT16) to Mitigate Drought Stress via Regulation of Hormonal, Antioxidants System, and Physio-Molecular Responses in Soybean Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8489. [PMID: 37239837 PMCID: PMC10218646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought is one of the most detrimental factors that causes significant effects on crop development and yield. However, the negative effects of drought stress may be alleviated with the aid of exogenous melatonin (MET) and the use of plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). The present investigation aimed to validate the effects of co-inoculation of MET and Lysinibacillus fusiformis on hormonal, antioxidant, and physio-molecular regulation in soybean plants to reduce the effects of drought stress. Therefore, ten randomly selected isolates were subjected to various plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) traits and a polyethylene-glycol (PEG)-resistance test. Among these, PLT16 tested positive for the production of exopolysaccharide (EPS), siderophore, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), along with higher PEG tolerance, in vitro IAA, and organic-acid production. Therefore, PLT16 was further used in combination with MET to visualize the role in drought-stress mitigation in soybean plant. Furthermore, drought stress significantly damages photosynthesis, enhances ROS production, and reduces water stats, hormonal signaling and antioxidant enzymes, and plant growth and development. However, the co-application of MET and PLT16 enhanced plant growth and development and improved photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) under both normal conditions and drought stress. This may be because hydrogen-peroxide (H2O2), superoxide-anion (O2-), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were reduced and antioxidant activities were enhanced to maintain redox homeostasis and reduce the abscisic-acid (ABA) level and its biosynthesis gene NCED3 while improving the synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) to mitigate drought stress and balance the stomata activity to maintain the relative water states. This may be possible due to a significant increase in endo-melatonin content, regulation of organic acids, and enhancement of nutrient uptake (calcium, potassium, and magnesium) by co-inoculated PLT16 and MET under normal conditions and drought stress. In addition, co-inoculated PLT16 and MET modulated the relative expression of DREB2 and TFs bZIP while enhancing the expression level of ERD1 under drought stress. In conclusion, the current study found that the combined application of melatonin and Lysinibacillus fusiformis inoculation increased plant growth and could be used to regulate plant function during drought stress as an eco-friendly and low-cost approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Biosafety Division, National Institute of Agriculture Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Clems Luzolo Mpovo
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Aaqil Khan
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 24830, Pakistan
| | - Shifa Shaffique
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Ninson
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Saqib Bilal
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Murtaza Khan
- Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hae Kwon
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mo Kang
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Lee K, Back K. Human Naa50 Shows Serotonin N-Acetyltransferase Activity, and Its Overexpression Enhances Melatonin Biosynthesis, Resulting in Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Rice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020319. [PMID: 36829878 PMCID: PMC9952165 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A new clade of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT), the penultimate enzyme in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway, has been reported in the archaeon Thermoplasma volcanium. The closest homolog of archaea SNAT in human was an N-alpha-acetyltransferase50 (Naa50). To determine whether human Naa50 (hNaa50) shows SNAT enzyme activity, we chemically synthesized and expressed the hNaa50 gene in Escherichia coli, followed by Ni2+ affinity purification. Purified recombinant hNaa50 showed SNAT activity (Km and Vmax values of 986 μM and 1800 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively). To assess its in vivo function, hNaa50 was overexpressed in rice (hNaa50-OE). The transgenic rice plants produced more melatonin than nontransgenic wild-type rice, indicating that hNaa50 is functionally coupled with melatonin biosynthesis. Due to its overproduction of melatonin, hNaa50-OE had a higher tolerance against osmotic stress than the wild type. Enhanced expression of the chaperone genes BIP1 and CNX in hNaa50-OE plants was responsible for the increased tolerance. It is concluded that hNaa50 harbors serotonin N-acetyltransferase enzyme activity in addition to its initial N-alpha-acetyltransferase, suggesting the bifunctionality of the hNaa50 enzyme toward serotonin and protein substrates. Consequently, ectopic overexpression of hNaa50 in rice enhanced melatonin synthesis, indicating that hNaa50 is in fact involved in melatonin biosynthesis.
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Melatonin Enhances Drought Tolerance in Rice Seedlings by Modulating Antioxidant Systems, Osmoregulation, and Corresponding Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012075. [PMID: 36292930 PMCID: PMC9603070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice is the third largest food crop in the world, especially in Asia. Its production in various regions is affected to different degrees by drought stress. Melatonin (MT), a novel growth regulator, plays an essential role in enhancing stress resistance in crops. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism by which melatonin helps mitigate drought damage in rice remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, rice seedlings pretreated with melatonin (200 μM) were stressed with drought (water potential of −0.5 MPa). These rice seedlings were subsequently examined for their phenotypes and physiological and molecular properties, including metabolite contents, enzyme activities, and the corresponding gene expression levels. The findings demonstrated that drought stress induced an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS, e.g., O2− and H2O2) in rice seedlings. However, the melatonin application significantly reduced LOX activity and the MDA and ROS contents (O2− production rate and H2O2 content), with a decrease of 29.35%, 47.23%, and (45.54% and 49.33%), respectively. It activated the expression of ALM1, OsPOX1, OsCATC, and OsAPX2, which increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), respectively. Meanwhile, the melatonin pretreatment enhanced the proline, fructose, and sucrose content by inducing OsP5CS, OsSUS7, and OsSPS1 gene expression levels. Moreover, the melatonin pretreatment considerably up-regulated the expression levels of the melatonin synthesis genes TDC2 and ASMT1 under drought stress by 7-fold and 5-fold, approximately. These improvements were reflected by an increase in the relative water content (RWC) and the root-shoot ratio in the drought-stressed rice seedlings that received a melatonin application. Consequently, melatonin considerably reduced the adverse effects of drought stress on rice seedlings and improved rice’s ability to tolerate drought by primarily boosting endogenous antioxidant enzymes and osmoregulation abilities.
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Li R, Zheng W, Yang R, Hu Q, Ma L, Zhang H. OsSGT1 promotes melatonin-ameliorated seed tolerance to chromium stress by affecting the OsABI5-OsAPX1 transcriptional module in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:151-171. [PMID: 35942609 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) pollution threatens plant development and growth. Application of melatonin (Mel) is emerging as an effective ally to resist stress, but how Mel ameliorates seed germination upon exposure to heavy metals is poorly understood. Here, we found (i) that seed priming with Mel considerably alleviated Cr stress during rice (Oryza sativa) seed germination and (ii) that germination performance was significantly improved in suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1 (OsSGT1) overexpression lines, while mutations of OsSGT1 and/or abscisic acid-insensitive 5 (OsABI5) noticeably abrogated such Mel-induced tolerance to Cr. Complementation assays suggested that the restored expression of OsSGT1 could not rescue the weak germination of sgt1-1abi5 under Cr stress, even upon Mel priming, but the expression of OsABI5 driven by the promoter of OsSGT1 significantly restored the Mel-ameliorated germination and the expression of ascorbate peroxidase 1 (OsAPX1) in sgt1-1abi5. Further analysis indicated that OsABI5 directly regulated the transcriptional expression of OsAPX1, whose encoding products promoted H2 O2 scavenging to maintain redox homeostasis, which is essential for germination. Collectively, this work demonstrates that OsSGT1 regulates OsABI5 to target OsAPX1, mediating the stimulatory effects of Mel on germination of Cr-stressed seeds, which provides a guide for the application of Mel in rice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Li
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenying Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifang Yang
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Qunwen Hu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangyong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, People's Republic of China
| | - Huali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, People's Republic of China
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Hwang OJ, Back K. Functional Characterization of Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase, a Pivotal Gene in Antioxidant Melatonin Biosynthesis from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081531. [PMID: 36009250 PMCID: PMC9405056 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) is a pivotal enzyme in melatonin biosynthesis that catalyzes the conversion of serotonin to N-acetylserotonin. Homologs of animal AANAT genes are present in animals, but not in plants. An AANAT homolog was found in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, but not other green algae. The characteristics of C. reinhardtii AANAT (CrAANAT) are unclear. Here, full-length CrAANAT was chemically synthesized and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant CrAANAT exhibited AANAT activity with a Km of 247 μM and Vmax of 325 pmol/min/mg protein with serotonin as the substrate. CrAANAT was localized to the cytoplasm in tobacco leaf cells. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing CrAANAT (CrAANAT-OE) exhibited increased melatonin production. CrAANAT-OE plants showed a longer seed length and larger second leaf angle than wild-type plants, indicative of the involvement of brassinosteroids (BRs). As expected, BR biosynthesis- and signaling-related genes such as D2, DWARF4, DWARF11, and BZR1 were upregulated in CrAANAT-OE plants. Therefore, an increased endogenous melatonin level by ectopic overexpression of CrAANAT seems to be closely associated with BR biosynthesis, thereby influencing seed size.
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Identification and Functional Analysis of the Caffeic Acid O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Gene Family in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158491. [PMID: 35955626 PMCID: PMC9369235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) is one of the core enzymes involved in lignin synthesis. However, there is no systematic study on the rice COMT gene family. We identified 33 COMT genes containing the methyltransferase-2 domain in the rice genome using bioinformatic methods and divided them into Group I (a and b) and Group II. Motifs, conserved domains, gene structure and SNPs density are related to the classification of OsCOMTs. The tandem phenomenon plays a key role in the expansion of OsCOMTs. The expression levels of fourteen and thirteen OsCOMTs increased or decreased under salt stress and drought stress, respectively. OsCOMTs showed higher expression levels in the stem. The lignin content of rice was measured in five stages; combined with the expression analysis of OsCOMTs and multiple sequence alignment, we found that OsCOMT8, OsCOMT9 and OsCOMT15 play a key role in the synthesis of lignin. Targeted miRNAs and gene ontology annotation revealed that OsCOMTs were involved in abiotic stress responses. Our study contributes to the analysis of the biological function of OsCOMTs, which may provide information for future rice breeding and editing of the rice genome.
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Li R, Wu L, Shao Y, Hu Q, Zhang H. Melatonin alleviates copper stress to promote rice seed germination and seedling growth via crosstalk among various defensive response pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 179:65-77. [PMID: 35316694 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) contamination dramatically affects crop growth and thus threatens crop production; while applications of melatonin (MT) serve as an effective way to tolerate Cu stress for plant development, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown in rice. Here, we found that Cu toxicity remarkably decreased germination rates and seedling growth compared to the untreated control (CK), while seed priming with a solution of 100 μM MT significantly alleviated the adverse effects on Cu-stressed seeds. In addition, the MT treatment decreased the accumulation of Cu in seedlings at 7 days after imbibition (DAI), possibly through enhanced Cu sequestration, and improved reserve mobilization through the promoted activity of α-amylase and protease in seeds under Cu stress. Interestingly, gibberellin (GA) synthesis was restored to or even exceeded the CK levels in the MT presoaking treatment, while the abscisic acid (ABA) content decreased compared to those of the Cu-stressed seeds, suggesting crosstalk between MT and other phytohormones, e.g., GA and ABA. More importantly, MT pretreatment also significantly promoted the growth of postgermination seedlings. This was largely ascribed to the MT-ameliorated antioxidant system, which consequently reduced the accumulation of Cu stress-induced oxidative products, e.g., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide (O2·_). Collectively, these results demonstrate that seed priming with MT could greatly mitigate the adverse effects of Cu stress on seed germination and subsequent postgermination growth through crosstalk among various defensive response pathways. This study provides vital guidance for applications of MT in agronomic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Li
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Liquan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Yafang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, PR China
| | - Qunwen Hu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Huali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, PR China.
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