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Raghavan S, Kim KS. Host immunomodulation strategies to combat pandemic-associated antimicrobial-resistant secondary bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 64:107308. [PMID: 39168417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of secondary bacterial infections has increased in recent decades owing to various viral pandemics. These infections further increase the morbidity and mortality rates associated with viral infections and remain a significant challenge in clinical practice. Intensive antibiotic therapy has mitigated the threat of such infections; however, overuse and misuse of antibiotics have resulted in poor outcomes, such as inducing the emergence of bacterial populations with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and reducing the therapeutic options for this crisis. Several antibiotic substitutes have been suggested and employed; however, they have certain limitations and novel alternatives are urgently required. This review highlights host immunomodulation as a promising strategy against secondary bacterial infections to overcome AMR. The definition and risk factors of secondary bacterial infections, features and limitations of currently available therapeutic strategies, host immune responses, and future perspectives for treating such infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimathi Raghavan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kwang-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea.
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Subbarayudu S, Namasivayam SKR, Arockiaraj J. Immunomodulation in Non-traditional Therapies for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Management. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:346. [PMID: 39240286 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a significant challenge in clinical settings due to its ability to evade conventional antibiotic treatments. This overview explores the potential of immunomodulatory strategies as alternative therapeutic approaches to combat MRSA infections. Traditional antibiotics are becoming less effective, necessitating innovative solutions that harness the body's immune system to enhance pathogen clearance. Recent advancements in immunotherapy, including the use of antimicrobial peptides, phage therapy, and mechanisms of immune cells, demonstrate promise in enhancing the body's ability to clear MRSA infections. However, the exact interactions between these therapies and immunomodulation are not fully understood, underscoring the need for further research. Hence, this review aims to provide a broad overview of the current understanding of non-traditional therapeutics and their impact on immune responses, which could lead to more effective MRSA treatment strategies. Additionally, combining immunomodulatory agents with existing antibiotics may improve outcomes, particularly for immunocompromised patients or those with chronic infections. As the landscape of antibiotic resistance evolves, the development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies could play a vital role in managing MRSA infections and reducing reliance on traditional antibiotics. Future research must focus on optimizing these approaches and validating their efficacy in diverse clinical populations to address the urgent need for effective MRSA management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthi Subbarayudu
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - S Karthick Raja Namasivayam
- Centre for Applied Research, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Höfmann S, Schmerling C, Stracke C, Niemeyer F, Schaller T, Snoep JL, Bräsen C, Siebers B. The archaeal family 3 polyphosphate kinase reveals a function of polyphosphate as energy buffer under low energy charge. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.28.610084. [PMID: 39257778 PMCID: PMC11383997 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.28.610084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate, a linear polymer of orthophosphate residues linked by phosphoanhydride bonds, occurs in all three domains of life and plays a diverse and prominent role in metabolism and cellular regulation. While the polyphosphate metabolism and its physiological significance have been well studied in bacteria and eukaryotes including human, there are only few studies in archaea available so far. In Crenarchaeota including members of Sulfolobaceae , the presence of polyphosphate and degradation via exopolyphosphatase has been reported and there is some evidence for a functional role in metal ion chelation, biofilm formation, adhesion and motility, however, the nature of the crenarchaeal polyphosphate kinase is still unknown. Here we used the crenarchaeal model organism Sulfolobus acidocaldarius to study the enzymes involved in polyphosphate synthesis. The two genes annotated as thymidylate kinase ( saci_2019 and saci_2020 ), localized downstream of the exopolyphosphatase, were identified as the missing polyphosphate kinase in S. acidocaldarius ( Sa PPK3). Thymidylate kinase activity was confirmed for Saci_0893. Notably Saci_2020 showed no polyphosphate kinase activity on its own but served as regulatory subunit (rPPK3) and was able to enhance polyphosphate kinase activity of the catalytically active subunit Saci_2019 (cPPK3). Heteromeric polyphosphate kinase activity is reversible and shows a clear preference for polyP-dependent nucleotide kinase activity, i.e. polyP-dependent formation of ATP from ADP (12.4 U/mg) and to a lower extent of GDP to GTP whereas AMP does not serve as substrate. PPK activity in the direction of ATP-dependent polyP synthesis is rather low (0.25 U/mg); GTP was not used as phosphoryl donor. A combined experimental modelling approach using quantitative 31 P NMR allowed to follow the reversible enzyme reaction for both ATP and polyP synthesis. PolyP synthesis was only observed when the ATP/ADP ratio was kept high, using an ATP recycling system. In absence of such a recycling system, all incubations with polyP and PPK would reach an equilibrium state with an ATP/ADP ratio between 3 and 4, independent of the initial conditions. Structural and sequence comparisons as well as phylogenetic analysis reveal that the S. acidocaldarius PPK is a member of a new PPK family, named PPK3, within the thymidylate kinase family of the P-loop kinase superfamily, clearly separated from PPK2. Our studies show that polyP, in addition to its function as phosphate storage, has a special importance for the energy homeostasis of S. acidocaldarius and due to its reversibility serves as energy buffer under low energy charge enabling a quick response to changes in cellular demand.
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Nagarajan A, Scoggin K, Adams LG, Threadgill D, Andrews-Polymenis H. Identification of a genetic region linked to tolerance to MRSA infection using Collaborative Cross mice. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011378. [PMID: 39178306 PMCID: PMC11407622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonizes humans asymptomatically but can also cause opportunistic infections, ranging from mild skin infections to severe life-threatening conditions. Resistance and tolerance are two ways a host can survive an infection. Resistance is limiting the pathogen burden, while tolerance is limiting the health impact of a given pathogen burden. In previous work, we established that collaborative cross (CC) mouse line CC061 is highly susceptible to Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection (MRSA, USA300), while CC024 is tolerant. To identify host genes involved in tolerance after S. aureus infection, we crossed CC061 mice and CC024 mice to generate F1 and F2 populations. Survival after MRSA infection in the F1 and F2 generations was 65% and 55% and followed a complex dominant inheritance pattern for the CC024 increased survival phenotype. Colonization in F2 animals was more extreme than in their parents, suggesting successful segregation of genetic factors. We identified a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) peak on chromosome 7 for survival and weight change after infection. In this QTL, the WSB/EiJ (WSB) allele was present in CC024 mice and contributed to their MRSA tolerant phenotype. Two genes, C5ar1 and C5ar2, have high-impact variants in this region. C5ar1 and C5ar2 are receptors for the complement factor C5a, an anaphylatoxin that can trigger a massive immune response by binding to these receptors. We hypothesize that C5a may have altered binding to variant receptors in CC024 mice, reducing damage caused by the cytokine storm and resulting in the ability to tolerate a higher pathogen burden and longer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravindh Nagarajan
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kristin Scoggin
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - L Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - David Threadgill
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Helene Andrews-Polymenis
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Bernhardt GV, Bernhardt K, Shivappa P, Pinto JRT. Immunoinformatic prediction to identify Staphylococcus aureus peptides that bind to CD8+ T-cells as potential vaccine candidates. Vet World 2024; 17:1413-1422. [PMID: 39077442 PMCID: PMC11283606 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1413-1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Staphylococcus aureus, with its diverse virulence factors and immune response evasion mechanisms, presents a formidable challenge as an opportunistic pathogen. Developing an effective vaccine against S. aureus has proven elusive despite extensive efforts. Autologous Staphylococcus lysate (ASL) treatment has proven effective in triggering an immune response against bovine mastitis. Peptides that stimulate the immune response can be the subject of further research. The study aimed to use immunoinformatics tools to identify epitopes on S. aureus surface and secretory proteins that can bind to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) and CD8+ T-cells. This method aids in discovering prospective vaccine candidates and elucidating the rationale behind ASL therapy's efficacy. Materials and Methods Proteins were identified using both literature search and the National Center for Biotechnology Information search engine Entrez. Self and non-self peptides, allergenicity predictions, epitope locations, and physicochemical characteristics were determined using sequence alignment, AllerTOP, SVMTriP, and Protein-Sol tools. Hex was employed for simulating the docking interactions between S. aureus proteins and the MHC I + CD8+ T-cells complex. The binding sites of S. aureus proteins were assessed using Computer Atlas of Surface Topography of Proteins (CASTp) while docked with MHC I and CD8+ T-cells. Results Nine potential S. aureus peptides and their corresponding epitopes were identified in this study, stimulating cytotoxic T-cell mediated immunity. The peptides were analyzed for similarity with self-antigens and allergenicity. 1d20, 2noj, 1n67, 1nu7, 1amx, and 2b71, non-self and stable, are potential elicitors of the cytotoxic T-cell response. The energy values from docking simulations of peptide-MHC I complexes with the CD8+ and T-cell receptor (TCR) indicate the stability and strength of the formed complexes. These peptides - 2noj, 1d20, 1n67, 2b71, 1nu7, 1yn3, 1amx, 2gi9, and 1edk - demonstrated robust MHC I binding, as evidenced by their low binding energies. Peptide 2gi9 exhibited the lowest energy value, followed by 2noj, 1nu7, 1n67, and 1d20, when docked with MHC I and CD8 + TCR, suggesting a highly stable complex. CASTp analysis indicated substantial binding pockets in the docked complexes, with peptide 1d20 showing the highest values for area and volume, suggesting its potential as an effective elicitor of immunological responses. These peptides - 2noj, 2gi9, 1d20, and 1n67 - stand out for vaccine development and T-cell activation against S. aureus. Conclusion This study sheds light on the design and development of S. aureus vaccines, highlighting the significance of employing computational methods in conjunction with experimental verification. The significance of T-cell responses in combating S. aureus infections is emphasized by this study. More experiments are needed to confirm the effectiveness of these vaccine candidates and discover their possible medical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grisilda Vidya Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kavitha Bernhardt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Physiology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja Shivappa
- Department of Biochemistry, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Janita Rita Trinita Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Ahator SD, Hegstad K, Lentz CS, Johannessen M. Deciphering Staphylococcus aureus-host dynamics using dual activity-based protein profiling of ATP-interacting proteins. mSystems 2024; 9:e0017924. [PMID: 38656122 PMCID: PMC11097646 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00179-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The utilization of ATP within cells plays a fundamental role in cellular processes that are essential for the regulation of host-pathogen dynamics and the subsequent immune response. This study focuses on ATP-binding proteins to dissect the complex interplay between Staphylococcus aureus and human cells, particularly macrophages (THP-1) and keratinocytes (HaCaT), during an intracellular infection. A snapshot of the various protein activity and function is provided using a desthiobiotin-ATP probe, which targets ATP-interacting proteins. In S. aureus, we observe enrichment in pathways required for nutrient acquisition, biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids, and energy metabolism when located inside human cells. Additionally, the direct profiling of the protein activity revealed specific adaptations of S. aureus to the keratinocytes and macrophages. Mapping the differentially activated proteins to biochemical pathways in the human cells with intracellular bacteria revealed cell-type-specific adaptations to bacterial challenges where THP-1 cells prioritized immune defenses, autophagic cell death, and inflammation. In contrast, HaCaT cells emphasized barrier integrity and immune activation. We also observe bacterial modulation of host processes and metabolic shifts. These findings offer valuable insights into the dynamics of S. aureus-host cell interactions, shedding light on modulating host immune responses to S. aureus, which could involve developing immunomodulatory therapies. IMPORTANCE This study uses a chemoproteomic approach to target active ATP-interacting proteins and examines the dynamic proteomic interactions between Staphylococcus aureus and human cell lines THP-1 and HaCaT. It uncovers the distinct responses of macrophages and keratinocytes during bacterial infection. S. aureus demonstrated a tailored response to the intracellular environment of each cell type and adaptation during exposure to professional and non-professional phagocytes. It also highlights strategies employed by S. aureus to persist within host cells. This study offers significant insights into the human cell response to S. aureus infection, illuminating the complex proteomic shifts that underlie the defense mechanisms of macrophages and keratinocytes. Notably, the study underscores the nuanced interplay between the host's metabolic reprogramming and immune strategy, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for enhancing host defense and inhibiting bacterial survival. The findings enhance our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and can inform the development of targeted therapies against S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Dela Ahator
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristin Hegstad
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christian S. Lentz
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Bashabsheh RH, AL-Fawares O, Natsheh I, Bdeir R, Al-Khreshieh RO, Bashabsheh HH. Staphylococcus aureus epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and application of nano-therapeutics as a promising approach to combat methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:209-231. [PMID: 38006316 PMCID: PMC11221481 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2285187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium and one of the most prevalent infectious disease-related causes of morbidity and mortality in adults. This pathogen can trigger a broad spectrum of diseases, from sepsis and pneumonia to severe skin infections that can be fatal. In this review, we will provide an overview of S. aureus and discuss the extensive literature on epidemiology, transmission, genetic diversity, evolution and antibiotic resistance strains, particularly methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). While many different virulence factors that S. aureus produces have been investigated as therapeutic targets, this review examines recent nanotechnology approaches, which employ materials with atomic or molecular dimensions and are being used to diagnose, treat, or eliminate the activity of S. aureus. Finally, having a deeper understanding and clearer grasp of the roles and contributions of S. aureus determinants, antibiotic resistance, and nanotechnology will aid us in developing anti-virulence strategies to combat the growing scarcity of effective antibiotics against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad H.F. Bashabsheh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - O’la AL-Fawares
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Iyad Natsheh
- Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Roba Bdeir
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Rozan O. Al-Khreshieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
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8
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Kurz H, Lehmberg K, Farmand S. Inborn errors of immunity with susceptibility to S. aureus infections. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1389650. [PMID: 38720948 PMCID: PMC11078099 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1389650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a significant human pathogen, in particular in patients with an underlying medical condition. It is equipped with a large variety of virulence factors enabling both colonization and invasive disease. The spectrum of manifestation is broad, ranging from superficial skin infections to life-threatening conditions like pneumonia and sepsis. As a major cause of healthcare-associated infections, there is a great need in understanding staphylococcal immunity and defense mechanisms. Patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) frequently present with pathological infection susceptibility, however, not all of them are prone to S. aureus infection. Thus, enhanced frequency or severity of S. aureus infections can serve as a clinical indicator of a specific underlying immunological impairment. In addition, the analysis of immunological functions in patients with susceptibility to S. aureus provides a unique opportunity of understanding the complex interplay between staphylococcal virulence and host immune predisposition. While the importance of quantitatively and qualitatively normal neutrophils is widely known, less awareness exists about the role of specific cytokines such as functional interleukin (IL)-6 signaling. This review categorizes well-known IEI in light of their susceptibility to S. aureus and discusses the relevant associated pathomechanisms. Understanding host-pathogen-interactions in S. aureus infections in susceptible individuals can pave the way for more effective management and preventive treatment options. Moreover, these insights might help to identify patients who should be screened for an underlying IEI. Ultimately, enhanced understanding of pathogenesis and immune responses in S. aureus infections may also be of relevance for the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kurz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Lehmberg
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susan Farmand
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Wang W, Gu Y, Ou Y, Zhou J, Liu B, Zuo H, Du Y, Wang Y, Tang T, Zou Q, Zuo Q. Human monoclonal antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus A protein identified by high-throughput single-cell sequencing of phase I clinical volunteers' B cells. Clin Immunol 2023; 257:109843. [PMID: 37981106 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, poses a significant threat through infections in both community and hospital settings. To address this challenge, we conducted a phase I clinical trial study involving a recombinant Staphylococcus aureus vaccine. Utilizing peripheral blood lymphocytes from 64 subjects, we isolated antigen-specific memory B cells for subsequent single-cell sequencing. Among the 676 identified antigen-binding IgG1+ clones, we selected the top 10 antibody strains for construction within expression vectors. Successful expression and purification of these monoclonal antibodies led to the discovery of a highly expressed human antibody, designated as IgG-6. This antibody specifically targets the pentameric form of the Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SpA5). In vivo assessments revealed that IgG-6 provided prophylactic protection against MRSA252 infection. This study underscores the potential of human antibodies as an innovative strategy against Staphylococcus aureus infections, offering a promising avenue for further research and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- WenHao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - YaRu Gu
- College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - YangXue Ou
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - JinRui Zhou
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610083, PR China
| | - BiXia Liu
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610083, PR China
| | - HouYi Zuo
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - YeXiang Du
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- 953th Hospital, Shigatse Branch, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 857000 Shigatse, China
| | - TengQian Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| | - QuanMing Zou
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| | - QianFei Zuo
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
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10
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Zhang S, Yang H, Wang M, Mantovani D, Yang K, Witte F, Tan L, Yue B, Qu X. Immunomodulatory biomaterials against bacterial infections: Progress, challenges, and future perspectives. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100503. [PMID: 37732016 PMCID: PMC10507240 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Even with the use of multiple antibiotic treatment strategies, 4.95 million people died from drug-resistant bacterial infections in 2019. By 2050, the number of deaths will reach 10 million annually. The increasing mortality may be partly due to bacterial heterogeneity in the infection microenvironment, such as drug-resistant bacteria, biofilms, persister cells, intracellular bacteria, and small colony variants. In addition, the complexity of the immune microenvironment at different stages of infection makes biomaterials with direct antimicrobial activity unsatisfactory for the long-term treatment of chronic bacterial infections. The increasing mortality may be partly attributed to the biomaterials failing to modulate the active antimicrobial action of immune cells. Therefore, there is an urgent need for effective alternatives to treat bacterial infections. Accordingly, the development of immunomodulatory antimicrobial biomaterials has recently received considerable interest; however, a comprehensive review of their research progress is lacking. In this review, we focus mainly on the research progress and future perspectives of immunomodulatory antimicrobial biomaterials used at different stages of infection. First, we describe the characteristics of the immune microenvironment in the acute and chronic phases of bacterial infections. Then, we highlight the immunomodulatory strategies for antimicrobial biomaterials at different stages of infection and their corresponding advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, we discuss biomaterial-mediated bacterial vaccines' potential applications and challenges for activating innate and adaptive immune memory. This review will serve as a reference for future studies to develop next-generation immunomodulatory biomaterials and accelerate their translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Hongtao Yang
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Minqi Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ke Yang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Frank Witte
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charite Medical University, Assmannshauser Strasse 4–6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lili Tan
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bing Yue
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
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11
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Tătaru AM, Canciu A, Tertiș M, Cristea C, Cernat A. Staphylococcus aureus - Review on potential targets for sensors development. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 153:108492. [PMID: 37413820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is accountable for a wide variety of clinical disease with a high rate of morbidity and mortality around the globe. It has a leading place into the ESKAPE group that includes six pathogens and exhibit multidrug resistance and are the major cause of healthcare associated infections: Enterococcus faecium, S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. A critical overview regarding the development of sensors for both S. aureus and his, more dangerous alter ego, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was presented focusing on the bacteria targets starting with the detection of the whole cell, up to specific wall components, toxins or other virulence factors. The literature data was systematically assessed having in sight the design of the sensing platforms, the analytical performances, and possible courses of action to be implemented in real practice as point-of-care (POC) devices. Moreover, a distinct section was dedicated to commercially available devices and out of the box approaches, namely the use of bacteriophages as an alternative to antimicrobial therapy and as sensors modifiers. The reviewed sensors and devices were discussed in terms of their suitability for different biosensing applications, in early screening of contamination regarding food analysis, environmental monitoring and in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Tătaru
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Canciu
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Tertiș
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cecilia Cristea
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Andreea Cernat
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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12
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Assouma FF, Sina H, Dossou AD, Socohou A, Hounsou MC, Avogbe PH, Boya B, Mousse W, Adjanohoun A, Baba-Moussa L. Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Pathogenic Staphylococcus Species from Urinary Tract Infection Patients in Benin. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:6364128. [PMID: 37223336 PMCID: PMC10202603 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6364128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococci can cause urinary tract infections (UTIs). These UTIs are among the significant causes of antibiotic resistance and the spread of antibiotic-resistant diseases. The current study is aimed at establishing a resistance profile and determining the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus strains isolated from UTI samples collected in Benin. For this purpose, urine samples (one hundred and seventy) that were collected from clinics and hospitals showed UTI in patients admitted/visited in Benin. The biochemical assay method was used to identify Staphylococcus spp., and the disk diffusion method tested the antimicrobial susceptibility. The biofilm formation ability of the isolates of Staphylococcus spp. was investigated by the colorimetric method. The presence of mecA, edinB, edinC, cna, bbp, and ebp genes was examined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that Staphylococcus species were identified in 15.29% of all infected individuals and that 58% of these strains formed biofilms. Most Staphylococcus strains (80.76%) were isolated in female samples, and the age group below 30 years appeared to be the most affected, with a rate of 50%. All Staphylococcus strains isolated were 100% resistant to penicillin and oxacillin. The lowest resistance rates were seen with ciprofloxacin (30.8%), gentamicin, and amikacin (26.90%). Amikacin was the best antibiotic against Staphylococcus strains isolated from UTIs. The isolates carried mecA (42.31%), bbp (19.23%), and ebp (26.92%) genes in varying proportions. This study provides new information on the risks posed to the population by the overuse of antibiotics. In addition, it will play an essential role in restoring people's public health and controlling the spread of antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections in Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funkè F. Assouma
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Haziz Sina
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | | | - Akim Socohou
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Milka C. Hounsou
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Patrice H. Avogbe
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Bawa Boya
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Wassiyath Mousse
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Adolphe Adjanohoun
- National Agronomic Research Institute of Benin, 01, BP 884 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Lamine Baba-Moussa
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
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13
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Bats Are Carriers of Antimicrobial-Resistant Staphylococcaceae in Their Skin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020331. [PMID: 36830242 PMCID: PMC9952117 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats have emerged as potential carriers of zoonotic viruses and bacteria, including antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Staphylococcaceae has been isolated from their gut and nasopharynx, but there is little information about Staphylococcaceae on bat skin. Therefore, this study aimed to decipher the Staphylococci species in bat skin and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile. One hundred and forty-seven skin swabs were collected from bats during the spring and summer of 2021 and 2022. Bats were captured in different areas of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil, according to the degree of anthropization: Area 1 (Forested), Area 2 (Rural), Area 3 (Residential-A), Area 4 (Slum-- up to two floors), Area 5 (Residential-B-condo buildings), and Area 6 (Industrial). Swabs were kept in peptone water broth at 37 °C for 12 h when bacterial growth was streaked in Mannitol salt agar and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The disc-diffusion test evaluated antimicrobial susceptibility. Staphylococcaceae were isolated from 42.8% of bats, mostly from young, from the rural area, and during summer. M. sciuri was the most frequent species; S. aureus was also isolated. About 95% of isolates were resistant to at least one drug, and most strains were penicillin resistant. Eight isolates were methicillin resistant, and the mecA gene was detected in one isolate (S. haemolyticus). Antimicrobial resistance is a One Health issue that is not evaluated enough in bats. The results indicate that bats are carriers of clinically meaningful S. aureus and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Finally, the results suggest that we should intensify action plans to control the spread of resistant bacteria.
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14
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Spicer SK, Gaddy JA, Townsend SD. Recent advances on human milk oligosaccharide antimicrobial activity. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 71:102202. [PMID: 36063785 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, human health has been enhanced by antimicrobial development. Following the deployment of the first antibiotics in the 1940s, bacterial resistance evolved and has increasingly outmaneuvered even the most promising antimicrobial agents. Accordingly, increased interest has been placed on alternative methods to circumvent antimicrobial resistance evolution. In the enclosed short review, we discuss the antimicrobial properties of human breast milk with a special emphasis on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). We recount studies across gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens, highlighting the usage of HMOs in promoting human health and wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina K Spicer
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Steven D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States.
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15
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Rodrigues RA, Pizauro LJL, Varani ADM, de Almeida CC, Silva SR, Cardozo MV, MacInnes JI, Kropinski AM, Melo PDC, Ávila FA. Comparative genomics study of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cattle and humans reveals virulence patterns exclusively associated with bovine clinical mastitis strains. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1033675. [PMID: 36419431 PMCID: PMC9676464 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1033675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes nosocomial and intramammary infections in humans and cattle, respectively. A large number of virulence factors are thought to play important roles in the pathogenesis of this bacterium. Currently, genome-wide and data-analysis studies are being used to better understand its epidemiology. In this study, we conducted a genome wide comparison and phylogenomic analyses of S. aureus to find specific virulence patterns associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis strains in cattle and compare them with those of human origin. The presence/absence of key virulence factors such as adhesin, biofilm, antimicrobial resistance, and toxin genes, as well as the phylogeny and sequence type of the isolates were evaluated. A total of 248 genomes (27 clinical mastitis, 43 subclinical mastitis, 21 milk, 53 skin-related abscesses, 49 skin infections, and 55 pus from cellulitis) isolated from 32 countries were evaluated. We found that the cflA, fnbA, ebpS, spa, sdrC, coa, emp, vWF, atl, sasH, sasA, and sasF adhesion genes, as well as the aur, hglA, hglB, and hglC toxin genes were highly associated in clinical mastitis strains. The strains had diverse genetic origins (72 protein A and 48 sequence types with ST97, ST8 and ST152 being frequent in isolates from clinical mastitis, abscess, and skin infection, respectively). Further, our phylogenomic analyses suggested that zoonotic and/or zooanthroponotic transmission may have occurred. These findings contribute to a better understanding of S. aureus epidemiology and the relationships between adhesion mechanisms, biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, and toxins and could aid in the development of improved vaccines and strain genotyping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romário Alves Rodrigues
- Department of Reproduction Pathology and One Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas José Luduverio Pizauro
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Mello Varani
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Chioda de Almeida
- Department of Reproduction Pathology and One Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saura Rodrigues Silva
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marita Vedovelli Cardozo
- Laboratory of Microorganism Physiology, Minas Gerais State University, Passos, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Janet I. MacInnes
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Kropinski
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Poliana de Castro Melo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antonio Ávila
- Department of Reproduction Pathology and One Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Host–Pathogen Interaction 3.0. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112811. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms can interact with plants, animals and humans in many different ways, e [...]
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17
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Lu Y, Cai WJ, Ren Z, Han P. The Role of Staphylococcal Biofilm on the Surface of Implants in Orthopedic Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1909. [PMID: 36296183 PMCID: PMC9612000 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advanced implant sterilization and aseptic surgical techniques, implant-associated infection remains a major challenge for orthopedic surgeries. The subject of bacterial biofilms is receiving increasing attention, probably as a result of the wide acknowledgement of the ubiquity of biofilms in the clinical environment, as well as the extreme difficulty in eradicating them. Biofilm can be defined as a structured microbial community of cells that are attached to a substratum and embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that they have produced. Biofilm development has been proposed as occurring in a multi-step process: (i) attachment and adherence, (ii) accumulation/maturation due to cellular aggregation and EPS production, and (iii) biofilm detachment (also called dispersal) of bacterial cells. In all these stages, characteristic proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous compounds are expressed, and their expression is strictly controlled. Bacterial biofilm formation around implants shelters the bacteria and encourages the persistence of infection, which could lead to implant failure and osteomyelitis. These complications need to be treated by major revision surgeries and extended antibiotic therapies, which could lead to high treatment costs and even increase mortality. Effective preventive and therapeutic measures to reduce risks for implant-associated infections are thus in urgent need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pei Han
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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