1
|
Luo D, Li Q, Pang F, Zhang W, Li Y, Xing Y, Dong D. Commonalities and Specificities in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Responses to Aluminum Toxicity and Low Phosphorus Revealed by Transcriptomics and Targeted Metabolomics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9273. [PMID: 39273221 PMCID: PMC11395158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity and low phosphorus availability (LP) are the top two co-existing edaphic constraints limiting agriculture productivity in acid soils. Plants have evolved versatile mechanisms to cope with the two stresses alone or simultaneously. However, the specific and common molecular mechanisms, especially those involving flavonoids and carbohydrate metabolism, remain unclear. Laboratory studies were conducted on two wheat genotypes-Fielder (Al-tolerant and P-efficient) and Ardito (Al-sensitive and P-inefficient)-exposed to 50 μM Al and 2 μM Pi (LP) in hydroponic solutions. After 4 days of stress, wheat roots were analyzed using transcriptomics and targeted metabolomics techniques. In Fielder, a total of 2296 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under Al stress, with 1535 upregulated and 761 downregulated, and 3029 DEGs were identified under LP stress, with 1591 upregulated and 1438 downregulated. Similarly, 4404 DEGs were identified in Ardito under Al stress, with 3191 upregulated and 1213 downregulated, and 1430 DEGs were identified under LP stress, with 1176 upregulated and 254 downregulated. GO annotation analysis results showed that 4079 DEGs were annotated to the metabolic processes term. These DEGs were significantly enriched in the phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism pathways by performing the KEGG enrichment analysis. The targeted metabolome analysis detected 19 flavonoids and 15 carbohydrate components in Fielder and Ardito under Al and LP stresses. In Fielder, more responsive genes and metabolites were involved in flavonoid metabolism under LP than Al stress, whereas the opposite trend was observed in Ardito. In the carbohydrate metabolism pathway, the gene and metabolite expression levels were higher in Fielder than in Ardito. The combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed differences in flavonoid- and carbohydrate-related genes and metabolites between Fielder and Ardito under Al and LP stresses, which may contribute to Fielder's higher resistance to Al and LP. The results of this study lay a foundation for pyramiding genes and breeding multi-resistant varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daozhen Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qing Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Fei Pang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yangrui Li
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Yongxiu Xing
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Dengfeng Dong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bari S, Maity D, Mridha D, Roychowdhury T, Ghosh P, Roy P. Development of a bisphenol A based chemosensor for Al 3+ and its application in cell imaging and plant root imaging. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:5642-5651. [PMID: 39113546 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay01058b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A is a fluorophoric platform that is used to develop chemosensors for various species. Herein, we report a bisphenol A based Schiff-base molecule, 4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)bis(2-((E)-((2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)imino)methyl)phenol) (Me-H4L), as a selective chemosensor for Al3+. Among the several metal ions, it shows a significant increment in its fluorescence intensity (50 fold) at 535 nm in the presence of Al3+ ions. The enhanced fluorescence was attributed to the CHEFF mechanism and inhibition of CN isomerization. The limit of detection value of Me-H4L for Al3+ was determined to be 9.65 μM. Its quantum yield and lifetime increased considerably in the presence of the cation. Some theoretical calculations were performed to explain the interaction between Al3+ and the probe. Furthermore, Me-H4L was applied in cell imaging studies using animal cells and plant roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sibshankar Bari
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Dinesh Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Government General Degree College, Mangalkote, Purba Bardhaman-713132, India
| | - Deepanjan Mridha
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Tarit Roychowdhury
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Pritam Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Su C, Wang J, Feng J, Jiang S, Man F, Jiang L, Zhao M. OsAlR3 regulates aluminum tolerance through promoting the secretion of organic acids and the expression of antioxidant genes in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:618. [PMID: 38937693 PMCID: PMC11212236 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
In acidic soils, aluminum (Al) toxicity inhibits the growth and development of plant roots and affects nutrient and water absorption, leading to reduced yield and quality. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate and identify candidate genes for Al tolerance and elucidate their physiological and molecular mechanisms under Al stress. In this study, we identified a new gene OsAlR3 regulating Al tolerance, and analyzed its mechanism from physiological, transcriptional and metabolic levels. Compared with the WT, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content were significantly increased, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and citric acid (CA) content were significantly decreased in the osalr3 mutant lines when exposed to Al stress. Under Al stress, the osalr3 exhibited decreased expression of antioxidant-related genes and lower organic acid content compared with WT. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis showed the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway plays an important role in OsAlR3-mediated Al tolerance. Exogenous CA and oxalic acid (OA) could increase total root length and enhance the antioxidant capacity in the mutant lines under Al stress. Conclusively, we found a new gene OsAlR3 that positively regulates Al tolerance by promoting the chelation of Al ions through the secretion of organic acids, and increasing the expression of antioxidant genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Rice Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetic Improvement and High Quality and Efficiency Production of Northeast Japonica Rice in China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetic Improvement and High Quality and Efficiency Production of Northeast Japonica Rice in China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Rice Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetic Improvement and High Quality and Efficiency Production of Northeast Japonica Rice in China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Sixu Jiang
- Rice Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetic Improvement and High Quality and Efficiency Production of Northeast Japonica Rice in China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Fuyuan Man
- Rice Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetic Improvement and High Quality and Efficiency Production of Northeast Japonica Rice in China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- Rice Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetic Improvement and High Quality and Efficiency Production of Northeast Japonica Rice in China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Rice Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetic Improvement and High Quality and Efficiency Production of Northeast Japonica Rice in China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang F, Wang W, Yuan A, Li Q, Chu M, Jiang S, An Y. Investigating the involvement of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) StPHR1 gene in the combined stress response to phosphorus deficiency and aluminum toxicity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1413755. [PMID: 38974976 PMCID: PMC11225713 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1413755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus deficiency and aluminum toxicity in acidic soils are important factors that limit crop yield. To further explore this issue, we identified 18 members of the StPHR gene family in the potato genome in this study. Through bioinformatics analysis, we found that the StPHR1 gene, an important member of this family, exhibited high expression levels in potato roots, particularly under conditions of phosphorus deficiency and aluminum toxicity stress. This suggested that the StPHR1 gene may play a crucial regulatory role in potato's resistance to phosphorus deficiency and aluminum toxicity. To validate this hypothesis, we conducted a series of experiments on the StPHR1 gene, including subcellular localization, GUS staining for tissue expression, heterologous overexpression, yeast two-hybrid hybridization, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). The results demonstrated that the StPHR1 gene is highly conserved in plants and is localized in the nucleus of potato cells. The heterologous overexpression of the gene in Arabidopsis plants resulted in a growth phenotype that exhibited resistance to both aluminum toxicity and phosphorus deficiency. Moreover, the heterologous overexpressing plants showed reduced aluminum content in the root system compared to the control group. Furthermore, we also identified an interaction between StPHR1 and StALMT6. These results highlight the potential application of regulating the expression of the StPHR1 gene in potato production to enhance its adaptation to the dual stress of phosphorus deficiency and high aluminum toxicity in acidic soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Luban Street, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenlun Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Luban Street, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
| | - Anping Yuan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Luban Street, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Luban Street, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
| | - Moli Chu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources/College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Sixia Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Luban Street, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanlin An
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Luban Street, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou M, Huang C, Lin J, Yuan Y, Lin L, Zhou J, Li Z. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) priming alleviates acid-aluminum toxicity to roots of creeping bentgrass via enhancements in antioxidant defense and organic metabolites remodeling. PLANTA 2024; 260:33. [PMID: 38896325 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION γ-Aminobutyric acid alleviates acid-aluminum toxicity to roots associated with enhanced antioxidant metabolism as well as accumulation and transportation of citric and malic acids. Aluminum (Al) toxicity has become the main limiting factor for crop growth and development in acidic soils and is further being aggravated worldwide due to continuous industrial pollution. The current study was designed to examine effects of GABA priming on alleviating acid-Al toxicity in terms of root growth, antioxidant defense, citrate and malate metabolisms, and extensive metabolites remodeling in roots under acidic conditions. Thirty-seven-day-old creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) plants were used as test materials. Roots priming with or without 0.5 mM GABA for 3 days were cultivated in standard nutrient solution for 15 days as control or subjected to nutrient solution containing 5 mM AlCl3·6H2O for 15 days as acid-Al stress treatment. Roots were sampled for determinations of root characteristics, physiological and biochemical parameters, and metabolomics. GABA priming significantly alleviated acid-Al-induced root growth inhibition and oxidative damage, despite it promoted the accumulation of Al in roots. Analysis of metabolomics showed that GABA priming significantly increased accumulations of organic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, and other metabolites in roots under acid-Al stress. In addition, GABA priming also significantly up-regulated key genes related to accumulation and transportation of malic and citric acids in roots under acid-Al stress. GABA-regulated metabolites participated in tricarboxylic acid cycle, GABA shunt, antioxidant defense system, and lipid metabolism, which played positive roles in reactive oxygen species scavenging, energy conversion, osmotic adjustment, and Al ion chelation in roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 61130, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 61130, China
| | - Junnan Lin
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 61130, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 61130, China
| | - Long Lin
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 61130, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhou
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 61130, China
| | - Zhou Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 61130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luo D, Usman M, Pang F, Zhang W, Qin Y, Li Q, Li Y, Xing Y, Dong D. Comparative transcriptomic and physiological analyses unravel wheat source root adaptation to phosphorous deficiency. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11050. [PMID: 38745054 PMCID: PMC11094128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a crucial macronutrient for plant growth and development. Basic metabolic processes regulate growth; however, the molecular detail of these pathways under low phosphorous (LP) in wheat is still unclear. This study aims to elucidate the varied regulatory pathways responses to LP stress in wheat genotypes. Phenotypic, physiological, and transcriptome analyses were conducted on Fielder (P efficient) and Ardito (P inefficient) wheat genotypes after four days of normal phosphorous (NP) and LP stress. In response to LP, Fielder outperformed Ardito, displaying higher chlorophyll content-SPAD values (13%), plant height (45%), stem diameter (12%), shoot dry weight (42%), and root biomass (75%). Root structure analysis revealed that Fielder had greater total root length (50%), surface area (56%), volume (15%), and diameter (4%) than Ardito under LP. These findings highlight Fielder's superior performance and adaptation to LP stress. Transcriptome analysis of wheat genotype roots identified 3029 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Fielder and 1430 in Ardito, highlighting LP-induced changes. Key DEGs include acid phosphatases (PAPs), phosphate transporters (PHT1 and PHO1), SPX, and transcription factors (MYB, bHLH, and WRKY). KEGG enrichment analysis revealed key pathways like plant hormones signal transduction, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and carbohydrate biosynthesis metabolism. This study unveils crucial genes and the intricate regulatory process in wheat's response to LP stress, offering genetic insights for enhancing plant P utilization efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daozhen Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Fei Pang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Qing Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yangrui Li
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Yongxiu Xing
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Dengfeng Dong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Parra-Almuna L, Pontigo S, Ruiz A, González F, Ferrol N, Mora MDLL, Cartes P. Dissecting the Roles of Phosphorus Use Efficiency, Organic Acid Anions, and Aluminum-Responsive Genes under Aluminum Toxicity and Phosphorus Deficiency in Ryegrass Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:929. [PMID: 38611459 PMCID: PMC11013041 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity and phosphorus (P) deficiency are widely recognized as major constraints to agricultural productivity in acidic soils. Under this scenario, the development of ryegrass plants with enhanced P use efficiency and Al resistance is a promising approach by which to maintain pasture production. In this study, we assessed the contribution of growth traits, P efficiency, organic acid anion (OA) exudation, and the expression of Al-responsive genes in improving tolerance to concurrent low-P and Al stress in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Ryegrass plants were hydroponically grown under optimal (0.1 mM) or low-P (0.01 mM) conditions for 21 days, and further supplied with Al (0 and 0.2 mM) for 3 h, 24 h and 7 days. Accordingly, higher Al accumulation in the roots and lower Al translocation to the shoots were found in ryegrass exposed to both stresses. Aluminum toxicity and P limitation did not change the OA exudation pattern exhibited by roots. However, an improvement in the root growth traits and P accumulation was found, suggesting an enhancement in Al tolerance and P efficiency under combined Al and low-P stress. Al-responsive genes were highly upregulated by Al stress and P limitation, and also closely related to P utilization efficiency. Overall, our results provide evidence of the specific strategies used by ryegrass to co-adapt to multiple stresses in acid soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Parra-Almuna
- Center of Plant Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (L.P.-A.); (S.P.)
| | - Sofía Pontigo
- Center of Plant Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (L.P.-A.); (S.P.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Antonieta Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Felipe González
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Nuria Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain;
| | - María de la Luz Mora
- Center of Plant Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (L.P.-A.); (S.P.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Paula Cartes
- Center of Plant Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (L.P.-A.); (S.P.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang F, Jiang S, Li Q, Song Z, Yang Y, Yu S, Nie Z, Chu M, An Y. Identification of the ALMT gene family in the potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) and analysis of the function of StALMT6/ 10 in response to aluminum toxicity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1274260. [PMID: 38053773 PMCID: PMC10694233 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1274260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Aluminum (Al)-activated malate transporters (ALMTs) play an important role in the response to Al toxicity, maintenance of ion homeostasis balance, mineral nutrient distribution, and fruit quality development in plants. However, the function of the StALMT gene family in potato remains unknown. Methods and results In this study, 14 StALMT genes were identified from the potato genome, unevenly distributed on seven different chromosomes. Collinearity and synteny analyses of ALMT genes showed that potatoes had 6 and 22 orthologous gene pairs with Arabidopsis and tomatoes, respectively, and more than one syntenic gene pair was identified for some StALMT gene family members. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results showed differential expression levels of StALMT gene family members in different tissues of the potato. Interestingly, StALMT1, StALMT6, StALMT8, StALMT10, and StALMT12 had higher expression in the root of the potato cultivar Qingshu No. 9. After being subjected to Al3+ stress for 24 h, the expression of StALMT6 and StALMT10 in roots was evidently increased, displaying their decisive role in Al3+ toxicity. Discussion In addition, overexpression of StALMT6 and StALMT10 in Arabidopsis enhanced its tolerance to Al toxicity. These results indicate that StALMT6 and StALMT10 impart Al3+ resistance in the potato, establishing the foundation for further studies of the biological functions of these genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
| | - Sixia Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhiying Song
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
| | - Shirui Yu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
| | - Zongyue Nie
- Agriculture Science Institute of Bijie, Bijie, Guizhou, China
| | - Moli Chu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources/College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yanlin An
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bento RA, de Novais CB, Saggin-Júnior OJ, de Oliveira LA, Sampaio PDTB. Pioneer Tree Bellucia imperialis (Melastomataceae) from Central Amazon with Seedlings Highly Dependent on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050540. [PMID: 37233251 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bellucia imperialis is one of the most abundant pioneer tree species in anthropized areas of the Central Amazon, and has ecological importance for the environmental resilience of phosphorus (P)-depleted areas. Thus, we investigated whether B. imperialis depends on symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to grow and establish under the edaphic stresses of low nutrient content and low surface moisture retention capacity of the substrate. We tried three AMF inoculation treatments: (1) CON-no mycorrhizae; (2) MIX-with AMF from pure collection cultures, and (3) NAT-with native AMF, combined with five doses of P via a nutrient solution. All CON treatment seedlings died without AMF, showing the high mycorrhizal dependence of B. imperialis. Increasing P doses significantly decreased the leaf area and shoot and root biomass growth for both the NAT and MIX treatments. Increasing P doses did not affect spore number or mycorrhizal colonization, but decreased the diversity of AMF communities. Some species of the AMF community showed plasticity, enabling them to withstand shortages of and excess P. B. imperialis was shown to be sensitive to excess P, promiscuous, dependent on AMF, and tolerant of scarce nutritional resources, highlighting the need to inoculate seedlings to reforest impacted areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Aparecido Bento
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Forest Sciences (PPG-CFT) at the National Research Institute of Amazonas (INPA), Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazonas (IFAM), Manaus 69086-475, Brazil
| | - Cândido Barreto de Novais
- Department of Soil at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Orivaldo José Saggin-Júnior
- Laboratory of Mycorrhiza of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation-Embrapa Agrobiology, Seropédica 23891-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Ecology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms from the Amazon, Tropical Forestry of the National Research Institute of Amazonas (INPA), Manaus 69060-001, Brazil
| | - Paulo de Tarso Barbosa Sampaio
- Laboratory of Ecology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms from the Amazon, Tropical Forestry of the National Research Institute of Amazonas (INPA), Manaus 69060-001, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
He Q, Jin J, Li P, Zhu H, Wang Z, Fan W, Yang JL. Involvement of SlSTOP1 regulated SlFDH expression in aluminum tolerance by reducing NAD + to NADH in the tomato root apex. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:387-401. [PMID: 36471650 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Formate dehydrogenase (FDH; EC 1.2.1.2.) has been implicated in plant responses to a variety of stresses, including aluminum (Al) stress in acidic soils. However, the role of this enzyme in Al tolerance is not yet fully understood, and how FDH gene expression is regulated is unknown. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) SlFDH gene. SlFDH encodes a mitochondria-localized FDH with Km values of 2.087 mm formate and 29.1 μm NAD+ . Al induced the expression of SlFDH in tomato root tips, but other metals did not, as determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. CRISPR/Cas9-generated SlFDH knockout lines were more sensitive to Al stress and formate than wild-type plants. Formate failed to induce SlFDH expression in the tomato root apex, but NAD+ accumulated in response to Al stress. Co-expression network analysis and interaction analysis between genomic DNA and transcription factors (TFs) using PlantRegMap identified seven TFs that might regulate SlFDH expression. One of these TFs, SlSTOP1, positively regulated SlFDH expression by directly binding to its promoter, as demonstrated by a dual-luciferase reporter assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The Al-induced expression of SlFDH was completely abolished in Slstop1 mutants, indicating that SlSTOP1 is a core regulator of SlFDH expression under Al stress. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that SlFDH plays a role in Al tolerance and reveal the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of SlFDH expression in response to Al stress in tomato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianfeng Jin
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huihui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Wei Fan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jian Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu H, Zhu R, Shu K, Lv W, Wang S, Wang C. Aluminum stress signaling, response, and adaptive mechanisms in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2057060. [PMID: 35467484 PMCID: PMC9045826 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2057060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over 40% of arable land in the world is acidic. Al stress has become a global agricultural problem affecting plant growth and limiting crop production in acidic soils. Plants have evolved different regulatory mechanisms of adaptation to exogenous environmental challenges, such as Al stress, by altering their growth patterns. In the past decades, several key genes involved in plant response to Al stress and the mechanism of Al detoxification have been revealed. However, the signaling pathways of plant response to Al stress and the regulatory mechanism of plant Al tolerance remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarized the findings of recent studies on the plant Al tolerance mechanism and the molecular regulation mechanism of phytohormones in response to Al stress. This review improves our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of plants in response to Al stress and provides a reference for the breeding of Al-tolerant crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Kai Shu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weixiang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Song Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Chengliang Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Lab. of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hajiboland R, Panda CK, Lastochkina O, Gavassi MA, Habermann G, Pereira JF. Aluminum Toxicity in Plants: Present and Future. JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00344-022-10866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
|
13
|
Li W, Ullah S, Xu Y, Bai T, Ye S, Jiang W, Yang M. Effects of Elevated Aluminum Concentration and Distribution on Root Damage, Cell Wall Polysaccharides, and Nutrient Uptake in Different Tolerant Eucalyptus Clones. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13438. [PMID: 36362232 PMCID: PMC9657315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Aluminized acidic soil can damage Eucalyptus roots and limit tree growth, hindering the productivity of Eucalyptus plantations. At present, the negative impacts of elevated aluminum (Al) on the cell morphology and cell wall properties of Eucalyptus root tip are still unclear. In order to investigate the responses of two different tolerant clones, Eucalyptus urophylla (G4) and Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla (G9), to Al toxicity, seedling roots were treated hydroponically with an Al solution, and the polysaccharide content in the root tip cell wall and the characteristics of programmed cell death were studied. The results show that the distribution of Al was similar in both clones, although G9 was found to be more tolerant to Al toxicity than G4. The Al3+ uptake of pectin in root tip cell walls was significantly higher in G4 than in G9. The root tip in G4 was obviously damaged, enlarged, thickened, and shorter; the root crown cells were cracked and fluffy; and the cell elongation area was squeezed. The lower cell wall polysaccharide content and PME activity may result in fewer carboxylic groups in the root tip cell wall to serve as Al-binding sites, which may explain the stronger Al resistance of G9 than G4. The uptake of nitrogen and potassium in G4 was significantly reduced after aluminum application and was lower than in G9. Al-resistant Eucalyptus clones may have synergistic pleiotropic effects in resisting high aluminum-low phosphorus stress, and maintaining higher nitrogen and potassium levels in roots may be an important mechanism for effectively alleviating Al toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wannian Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Saif Ullah
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Tiandao Bai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shaoming Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Weixin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu YX, Lei YS, Huang SX, Zhang J, Wan ZY, Zhu XT, Jin SH. Combined de novo transcriptomic and physiological analyses reveal RyALS3-mediated aluminum tolerance in Rhododendron yunnanense Franch. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:951003. [PMID: 36035662 PMCID: PMC9399778 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.951003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rhododendron (Ericaceae) not only has ornamental value, but also has great medicinal and edible values. Many Rhododendron species are native to acid soils where aluminum (Al) toxicity limits plant productivity and species distribution. However, it remains unknown how Rhododendron adapts to acid soils. Here, we investigated the physiological and molecular mechanisms of Al tolerance in Rhododendron yunnanense Franch. We found that the shoots of R. yunnanense Franch did not accumulate Al after exposure of seedlings to 50 μM Al for 7 days but predominantly accumulated in roots, suggesting that root Al immobilization contributes to its high Al tolerance. Whole-genome de novo transcriptome analysis was carried out for R. yunnanense Franch root apex in response to 6 h of 50 μM Al stress. A total of 443,639 unigenes were identified, among which 1,354 and 3,413 were up- and down-regulated, respectively, by 6 h of 50 μM Al treatment. Both Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses revealed that genes involved in "ribosome" and "cytoskeleton" are overrepresented. Additionally, we identified Al-tolerance homologous genes including a tonoplast-localized ABC transporter RyALS3; 1. Overexpression of RyALS3; 1 in tobacco plants confers transgenic plants higher Al tolerance. However, root Al content was not different between wild-type plants and transgenic plants, suggesting that RyALS3; 1 is responsible for Al compartmentalization within vacuoles. Taken together, integrative transcriptome, physiological, and molecular analyses revealed that high Al tolerance in R. yunnanense Franch is associated with ALS3; 1-mediated Al immobilization in roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Xu
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
| | - Yun-Sheng Lei
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, China
| | | | - Jing Zhang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, China
| | - Zi-Yun Wan
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, China
| | - Xiang-Tao Zhu
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, China
| | - Song-Heng Jin
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, China
- The Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Genome-Wide Identification and Characterisation of Wheat MATE Genes Reveals Their Roles in Aluminium Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084418. [PMID: 35457236 PMCID: PMC9030646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Multidrug and toxin efflux (MATE) gene family plays crucial roles in plant growth and development and response to adverse stresses. This work investigated the structural and evolutionary characteristics, expression profiling and potential functions involved in aluminium (Al) tolerance from a genome-wide level. In total, 211 wheat MATE genes were identified, which were classified into four subfamilies and unevenly distributed on chromosomes. Duplication analysis showed that fragments and tandem repeats played the main roles in the amplification of TaMATEs, and Type II functional disproportionation had a leading role in the differentiation of TaMATEs. TaMATEs had abundant Al resistance and environmental stress-related elements, and generally had a high expression level in roots and leaves and in response to Al stress. The 3D structure prediction by AlphaFold and molecular docking showed that six TaMATE proteins localised in the plasmalemma could combine with citrate via amino acids in the citrate exuding motif and other sites, and then transport citrate to soil to form citrate aluminium. Meanwhile, citrate aluminium formed in root cells might be transported to leaves by TaMATEs to deposit in vacuoles, thereby alleviating Al toxicity.
Collapse
|
16
|
Jin JF, Zhu HH, He QY, Li PF, Fan W, Xu JM, Yang JL, Chen WW. The Tomato Transcription Factor SlNAC063 Is Required for Aluminum Tolerance by Regulating SlAAE3-1 Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:826954. [PMID: 35371150 PMCID: PMC8965521 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.826954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity constitutes one of the major limiting factors of plant growth and development on acid soils, which comprises approximately 50% of potentially arable lands worldwide. When suffering Al toxicity, plants reprogram the transcription of genes, which activates physiological and metabolic pathways to deal with the toxicity. Here, we report the role of a NAM, ATAF1, 2 and CUC2 (NAC) transcription factor (TF) in tomato Al tolerance. Among 53 NAC TFs in tomatoes, SlNAC063 was most abundantly expressed in root apex and significantly induced by Al stress. Furthermore, the expression of SlNAC063 was not induced by other metals. Meanwhile, the SlNAC063 protein was localized at the nucleus and has transcriptional activation potentials in yeast. By constructing CRISPR/Cas9 knockout mutants, we found that slnac063 mutants displayed increased sensitivity to Al compared to wild-type plants. However, the mutants accumulated even less Al than wild-type (WT) plants, suggesting that internal tolerance mechanisms but not external exclusion mechanisms are implicated in SlNAC063-mediated Al tolerance in tomatoes. Further comparative RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that only 45 Al-responsive genes were positively regulated by SlNAC063, although the expression of thousands of genes (1,557 upregulated and 636 downregulated) was found to be affected in slnac063 mutants in the absence of Al stress. The kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that SlNAC063-mediated Al-responsive genes were enriched in "phenylpropanoid metabolism," "fatty acid metabolism," and "dicarboxylate metabolism," indicating that SlNAC063 regulates metabolisms in response to Al stress. Quantitative real-time (RT)-PCR analysis showed that the expression of SlAAE3-1 was repressed by SlNAC063 in the absence of Al. However, the expression of SlAAE3-1 was dependent on SlNAC063 in the presence of Al stress. Taken together, our results demonstrate that a NAC TF SlNAC063 is involved in tomato Al tolerance by regulating the expression of genes involved in metabolism, and SlNAC063 is required for Al-induced expression of SlAAE3-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ji Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Li Yang,
| | - Wei Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Wei Wei Chen,
| |
Collapse
|