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Chan AHP, Xu XS, Chin IL, Grant AJ, Lau K, Hu Y, Michael PL, Lam YT, Wise SG, Tan RP. Dapansutrile OLT1177 suppresses foreign body response inflammation while preserving vascularisation of implanted materials. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38973614 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00705k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Mitigating inflammation associated with the foreign body response (FBR) remains a significant challenge in enhancing the performance of implantable medical devices. Current anti-inflammatory approaches aim to suppress implant fibrosis, the major outcome of the FBR, but also inadvertently inhibit beneficial immune signalling necessary for tissue healing and vascularization. In a previous study, we demonstrated the feasibility of 'selective' immunosuppression targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome using the small molecule inhibitor MCC950, leading to reduced implant fibrosis without compromising healing and leading to enhanced vascularization. However, the clinical potential of MCC950 is severely limited due to its failure to pass Phase I clinical safety trials. This has triggered substantial efforts to develop safer analogues of NLRP3 inhibitors. Dapansutrile (OLT1177) is emerging as a leading candidate amongst current NLRP3 inhibitors, demonstrating both safety and effectiveness in a growing number of clinical indications and Phase 2 trials. While the anti-inflammatory effects of OLT1177 have been shown, validation of these effects in the context of implanted materials and the FBR have not yet been demonstrated. In this study, we show OLT1177 possesses beneficial effects on key cell types which drive FBR outcomes, including macrophages, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. Evaluation of OLT1177 in a 28 day subcutaneous implantation model showed OLT1177 reduced fibrotic capsule formation while promoting implant vascularization. Mechanistic studies revealed that this occurred through activation of early pro-angiogenic markers while suppressing late-stage anti-angiogenic markers. These findings establish OLT1177 as a promising therapeutic approach for mitigating implant fibrosis while supporting vascularisation, suggesting a highly promising selective immunosuppressive strategy for the FBR warranting further research to explore its optimal integration into medical materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H P Chan
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Xueying S Xu
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Ian L Chin
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Angus J Grant
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Kieran Lau
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Yunfei Hu
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Praveesuda L Michael
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Yuen Ting Lam
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Steven G Wise
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Richard P Tan
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Chooklin S, Chuklin S, Posivnych M, Krystopchuk S. Pathophysiological basis of hepatopulmonary syndrome. Gastroenterology 2024; 58:73-81. [DOI: 10.22141/2308-2097.58.1.2024.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Circulatory changes with increased blood flow and vasodilatation/vasoconstriction imbalance are an integral consequence of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension and can affect the pulmonary circulation with the development of vascular disorders, with hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) being the most common. HPS is a serious pulmonary complication of progressive liver disease, resulting in a poor clinical prognosis. Vascular tone decrease, monocytic infiltration of pulmonary vessels, formation of intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunts, dysfunction of alveolar type II cells, destruction of the endothelial glycocalyx are important in the pathogenesis of HPS. Abnormalities of pulmonary capillaries lead to hypoxemia caused by a violation of the ventilation/perfusion ratio, diffusion disorders, and the development of arteriovenous anastomoses. Infiltration of the pulmonary vessels by monocytes is one of the key factors of HPS. This migration is facilitated by the intestinal microbiota translocation into the portal bloodstream with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukins 1, 6), leading to the activation of monocytes. Monocytes located in the pulmonary circulation promote the vasodilation through the activation of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and thus NO production. This is also associated with endothelial dysfunction due to a decreased hepatic secretion of bone morphogenetic protein 9 and increased endothelin 1, endothelial overexpression of endothelin B receptors, and increased endothelial NO production. Proangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and placental growth factor play an important role in the proliferation of pulmonary capillaries. Circulation of tumor necrosis factor α, bile acids and monocyte infiltration in the pulmonary circulation lead to increased apoptosis of alveolar type II cells and decreased surfactant synthesis. Chronic inflammation in HPS disrupts the continuity of the endothelial glycocalyx layer. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge on the pathogenesis of HPS, summarizes many features of the disease based on the literature research in MEDLINE database on the PubMed platform.
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Song M, Wang Y, Annex BH, Popel AS. Experiment-based computational model predicts that IL-6 classic and trans-signaling exhibit similar potency in inducing downstream signaling in endothelial cells. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2023; 9:45. [PMID: 37735165 PMCID: PMC10514195 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-023-00308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokine mediated responses are important in the development of many diseases that are associated with angiogenesis. Targeting angiogenesis as a prominent strategy has shown limited effects in many contexts such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. One potential reason for the unsuccessful outcome is the mutual dependent role between inflammation and angiogenesis. Inflammation-based therapies primarily target inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) in T cells, macrophages, cancer cells, and muscle cells, and there is a limited understanding of how these cytokines act on endothelial cells. Thus, we focus on one of the major inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, mediated intracellular signaling in endothelial cells by developing a detailed computational model. Our model quantitatively characterized the effects of IL-6 classic and trans-signaling in activating the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling to phosphorylate STAT3, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt, respectively. We applied the trained and validated experiment-based computational model to characterize the dynamics of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), Akt (pAkt), and ERK (pERK) in response to IL-6 classic and/or trans-signaling. The model predicts that IL-6 classic and trans-signaling induced responses are IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) dose-dependent. Also, IL-6 classic and trans-signaling showed similar potency in inducing downstream signaling; however, trans-signaling induces stronger downstream responses and plays a dominant role in the overall effects from IL-6 due to the in vitro experimental setting of abundant sIL-6R. In addition, both IL-6 and sIL-6R levels regulate signaling strength. Moreover, our model identifies the influential species and kinetic parameters that specifically modulate the downstream inflammatory and/or angiogenic signals, pSTAT3, pAkt, and pERK responses. Overall, the model predicts the effects of IL-6 classic and/or trans-signaling stimulation quantitatively and provides a framework for analyzing and integrating experimental data. More broadly, this model can be utilized to identify potential targets that influence IL-6 mediated signaling in endothelial cells and to study their effects quantitatively in modulating STAT3, Akt, and ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Youli Wang
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Brian H Annex
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Aleksander S Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Wu J, Ma W, Qiu Z, Zhou Z. Roles and mechanism of IL-11 in vascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1171697. [PMID: 37304948 PMCID: PMC10250654 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1171697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, effective treatment strategies that can reduce the risk of vascular diseases are urgently needed. The relationship between Interleukin-11 (IL-11) and development of vascular diseases has gained increasing attention. IL-11, a target for therapeutic research, was initially thought to participate in stimulating platelet production. Additional research concluded that IL-11 is effective in treating several vascular diseases. However, the function and mechanism of IL-11 in these diseases remain unknown. This review summarizes IL-11 expression, function, and signal transduction mechanism. This study also focuses on the role of IL-11 in coronary artery disease, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, aortic disease, and other vascular diseases and its potential as a therapeutic target. Consequently, this study provides new insight into the clinical diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenrui Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihua Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihua Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Song M, Wang Y, Annex BH, Popel AS. Experiment-based Computational Model Predicts that IL-6 Trans-Signaling Plays a Dominant Role in IL-6 mediated signaling in Endothelial Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.03.526721. [PMID: 36778489 PMCID: PMC9915676 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.03.526721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokine mediated responses are important in the development of many diseases that are associated with angiogenesis. Targeting angiogenesis as a prominent strategy has shown limited effects in many contexts such as peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and cancer. One potential reason for the unsuccessful outcome is the mutual dependent role between inflammation and angiogenesis. Inflammation-based therapies primarily target inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) in T cells, macrophages, cancer cells, muscle cells, and there is a limited understanding of how these cytokines act on endothelial cells. Thus, we focus on one of the major inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, mediated intracellular signaling in endothelial cells by developing a detailed computational model. Our model quantitatively characterized the effects of IL-6 classic and trans-signaling in activating the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling to phosphorylate STAT3, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt, respectively. We applied the trained and validated experiment-based computational model to characterize the dynamics of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), Akt (pAkt), and extracellular regulated kinase (pERK) in response to IL-6 classic and/or trans-signaling. The model predicts that IL-6 classic and trans-signaling induced responses are IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) dose-dependent. Also, IL-6 trans-signaling induces stronger downstream signaling and plays a dominant role in the overall effects from IL-6. In addition, both IL-6 and sIL-6R levels regulate signaling strength. Moreover, our model identifies the influential species and kinetic parameters that specifically modulate the pSTAT3, pAkt, and pERK responses, which represent potential targets for inflammatory cytokine mediated signaling and angiogenesis-based therapies. Overall, the model predicts the effects of IL-6 classic and/or trans-signaling stimulation quantitatively and provides a framework for analyzing and integrating experimental data. More broadly, this model can be utilized to identify targets that influence inflammatory cytokine mediated signaling in endothelial cells and to study the effects of angiogenesis- and inflammation-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21205
| | - Youli Wang
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA 30912
| | - Brian H. Annex
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA 30912
| | - Aleksander S. Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21205
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D'Onofrio N, Prattichizzo F, Marfella R, Sardu C, Martino E, Scisciola L, Marfella L, Grotta RL, Frigé C, Paolisso G, Ceriello A, Balestrieri ML. SIRT3 mediates the effects of PCSK9 inhibitors on inflammation, autophagy, and oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Theranostics 2023; 13:531-542. [PMID: 36632236 PMCID: PMC9830434 DOI: 10.7150/thno.80289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors (i) are a class of lipid-lowering drugs suggested to hold a plethora of beneficial effects independent of their LDL cholesterol-lowering properties. However, the mechanism underlying such observations is debated. Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (TeloHAEC) were pre-treated with 100 µg/mL of the PCSK9i evolocumab and then exposed to 20 ng/mL of IL-6, a major driver of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), in both naïve state and after siRNA-mediated suppression of the NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3 (SIRT3). Inflammation, autophagy, and oxidative stress were assessed through Western Blots, ELISAs, and/or immunofluorescence coupled by flow cytometry. To explore the human relevance of the findings, we also evaluated the expression of IL-6, SIRT3, IL-1β, the ratio LC3B II/I, and PCSK9 within the plaques of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (n=277), testing possible correlations between these proteins. Results: PCSK9i improved a range of phenotypes including the activation of inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and autophagy. Indeed, treatment with PCSK9i was able to counteract the IL-6 induced increase in inflammasome activation, the accrual of autophagic cells, and mitochondrial ROS accumulation. Of note, silencing of SIRT3 reverted the beneficial effects observed with PCSK9i treatment on all these phenomena. In atheroma specimens, the expression of PCSK9 was inversely related to that of SIRT3 while positively correlating with IL-6, IL-1β, and the ratio LC3B II/I. Conclusions: Overall, these data suggest that PCSK9i bear intrinsic anti-inflammatory, anti-autophagic, and antioxidant properties in endothelial cells, and that these pleiotropic effects might be mediated, at least in part, by SIRT3. These results provide an additional mechanism supporting the emerging knowledge relative to the benefit of PCSK9i on CVD beyond LDL-lowering and uncover SIRT3 as a putative mediator of such pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia D'Onofrio
- Department of Precision Medicine, the University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Marfella
- Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122, Naples, Italy
| | - Celestino Sardu
- Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Martino
- Department of Precision Medicine, the University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Italy
| | - Lucia Scisciola
- Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenza Marfella
- Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Frigé
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Paolisso
- Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Ceriello
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy.,✉ Corresponding authors: Maria Luisa Balestrieri, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy. E-mail: ; Antonio Ceriello, IRCCS MultiMedica, PST, Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy. E-mail:
| | - Maria Luisa Balestrieri
- Department of Precision Medicine, the University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Italy.,✉ Corresponding authors: Maria Luisa Balestrieri, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy. E-mail: ; Antonio Ceriello, IRCCS MultiMedica, PST, Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy. E-mail:
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Li L, Cook C, Liu Y, Li J, Jiang J, Li S. Endothelial glycocalyx in hepatopulmonary syndrome: An indispensable player mediating vascular changes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039618. [PMID: 36618396 PMCID: PMC9815560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious pulmonary vascular complication that causes respiratory insufficiency in patients with chronic liver diseases. HPS is characterized by two central pathogenic features-intrapulmonary vascular dilatation (IPVD) and angiogenesis. Endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) is a gel-like layer covering the luminal surface of blood vessels which is involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including controlling vascular tone and angiogenesis. In terms of lung disorders, it has been well established that eGCX contributes to dysregulated vascular contraction and impaired blood-gas barrier and fluid clearance, and thus might underlie the pathogenesis of HPS. Additionally, pharmacological interventions targeting eGCX are dramatically on the rise. In this review, we aim to elucidate the potential role of eGCX in IPVD and angiogenesis and describe the possible degradation-reconstitution equilibrium of eGCX during HPS through a highlight of recent literature. These studies strongly underscore the therapeutic rationale in targeting eGCX for the treatment of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Shaomin Li,
| | - Christopher Cook
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yale Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiantao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Shaomin Li,
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Advances in Endothelial Cell Biology: From Knowledge to Control. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126403. [PMID: 35742847 PMCID: PMC9224320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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