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Quadri M, Palazzo E. The Role of the Neurotrophin Network in Skin Squamous Cell Cancer and the Novel Use of the Zebrafish System. JID INNOVATIONS 2024; 4:100295. [PMID: 39100386 PMCID: PMC11296245 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2024.100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most prevalent form of skin cancer. An increasing number of cSCCs are associated with dysregulation of key molecules that control skin homeostasis. These observations have increased interest in the role of neurotrophins and their receptors in the pathogenesis of cSCC. They have been demonstrated to have a considerable impact on the aggressiveness potential of skin cancer by both in vitro and in vivo models. In this context, mouse models are classically used to dissect proliferation versus differentiation balance, but they have some limitations in terms of time, space, and costs. Recently, zebrafish models have been implemented as a new tool to obtain information regarding the invasive capacity and metastasis of neoplastic cells. By xenotransplantation technique, cSCC cells from a patient's biopsy or cell line can be successfully characterized, with or without the presence of genetic manipulation or treatments. In addition, the evaluation of the immune microenvironment contributes to potentially identifying connections and homologies with humans. In this review, we retrace the role of the neurotrophin network in healthy and pathological skin, particularly in cSCC. We review how zebrafish models can be important tools for studying cSCC development, growth, and potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Quadri
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Palazzo
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Liu Z, Zhang D, Chen S. Unveiling the gastric microbiota: implications for gastric carcinogenesis, immune responses, and clinical prospects. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:118. [PMID: 38641815 PMCID: PMC11027554 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing has ushered in a paradigm shift in gastric microbiota, breaking the stereotype that the stomach is hostile to microorganisms beyond H. pylori. Recent attention directed toward the composition and functionality of this 'community' has shed light on its potential relevance in cancer. The microbial composition in the stomach of health displays host specificity which changes throughout a person's lifespan and is subject to both external and internal factors. Distinctive alterations in gastric microbiome signature are discernible at different stages of gastric precancerous lesions and malignancy. The robust microbes that dominate in gastric malignant tissue are intricately implicated in gastric cancer susceptibility, carcinogenesis, and the modulation of immunosurveillance and immune escape. These revelations offer fresh avenues for utilizing gastric microbiota as predictive biomarkers in clinical settings. Furthermore, inter-individual microbiota variations partially account for differential responses to cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize current literature on the influence of the gastric microbiota on gastric carcinogenesis, anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy, providing insights into potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Bhattacharjee A, Sahoo OS, Sarkar A, Bhattacharya S, Chowdhury R, Kar S, Mukherjee O. Infiltration to infection: key virulence players of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity. Infection 2024; 52:345-384. [PMID: 38270780 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to comprehensively review the multifaceted factors underlying the successful colonization and infection process of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a prominent Gram-negative pathogen in humans. The focus is on elucidating the functions, mechanisms, genetic regulation, and potential cross-interactions of these elements. METHODS Employing a literature review approach, this study examines the intricate interactions between H. pylori and its host. It delves into virulence factors like VacA, CagA, DupA, Urease, along with phase variable genes, such as babA, babC, hopZ, etc., giving insights about the bacterial perspective of the infection The association of these factors with the infection has also been added in the form of statistical data via Funnel and Forest plots, citing the potential of the virulence and also adding an aspect of geographical biasness to the virulence factors. The biochemical characteristics and clinical relevance of these factors and their effects on host cells are individually examined, both comprehensively and statistically. RESULTS H. pylori is a Gram-negative, spiral bacterium that successfully colonises the stomach of more than half of the world's population, causing peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, MALT lymphoma, and other gastro-duodenal disorders. The clinical outcomes of H. pylori infection are influenced by a complex interplay between virulence factors and phase variable genes produced by the infecting strain and the host genetic background. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of all the major virulence factors has also been appended. CONCLUSION This study illuminates the diverse elements contributing to H. pylori's colonization and infection. The interplay between virulence factors, phase variable genes, and host genetics determines the outcome of the infection. Despite biochemical insights into many factors, their comprehensive regulation remains an understudied area. By offering a panoramic view of these factors and their functions, this study enhances understanding of the bacterium's perspective, i.e. H. pylori's journey from infiltration to successful establishment within the host's stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghyadeep Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
- Department of Microbiology, Kingston College of Science, Beruanpukuria, Barasat, West Bengal, 700219, India
| | - Om Saswat Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Ahana Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Saurabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12272, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rukhsana Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, RKM Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Samarjit Kar
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Oindrilla Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
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Travaglione S, Carlini F, Maroccia Z, Fabbri A. Special Issue "Bacterial Toxins and Cancer". Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2128. [PMID: 38396805 PMCID: PMC10889233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection is a major contributor to the development of cancer, with more than 15% of new cancer diagnoses estimated to be caused by infection [...].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alessia Fabbri
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.T.); (F.C.); (Z.M.)
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Canato E, Grigoletto A, Zanotto I, Tedeschini T, Campara B, Quaglio G, Toffoli G, Mandracchia D, Dinarello A, Tiso N, Argenton F, Sayaf K, Guido M, Gabbia D, De Martin S, Pasut G. Anti-HER2 Super Stealth Immunoliposomes for Targeted-Chemotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301650. [PMID: 37590033 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes play an important role in the field of drug delivery by virtue of their biocompatibility and versatility as carriers. Stealth liposomes, obtained by surface decoration with hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules, represent an important turning point in liposome technology, leading to significant improvements in the pharmacokinetic profile compared to naked liposomes. Nevertheless, the generation of effective targeted liposomes-a central issue for cancer therapy-has faced several difficulties and clinical phase failures. Active targeting remains a challenge for liposomes. In this direction, a new Super Stealth Immunoliposomes (SSIL2) composed of a PEG-bi-phospholipids derivative is designed that stabilizes the polymer shielding over the liposomes. Furthermore, its counterpart, conjugated to the fragment antigen-binding of trastuzumab (Fab'TRZ -PEG-bi-phospholipids), is firmly anchored on the liposomes surface and correctly orients outward the targeting moiety. Throughout this study, the performances of SSIL2 are evaluated and compared to classic stealth liposomes and stealth immunoliposomes in vitro in a panel of cell lines and in vivo studies in zebrafish larvae and rodent models. Overall, SSIL2 shows superior in vitro and in vivo outcomes, both in terms of safety and anticancer efficacy, thus representing a step forward in targeted cancer therapy, and valuable for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Canato
- Department Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Antonella Grigoletto
- Department Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanotto
- Department Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Tommaso Tedeschini
- Department Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Benedetta Campara
- Department Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Giovanna Quaglio
- Department Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini n. 2, Aviano, 33081, Italy
| | - Delia Mandracchia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Alberto Dinarello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Francesco Argenton
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Katia Sayaf
- Department Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Maria Guido
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padua, 35128, Italy
- Department of Pathology, Azienda ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, 31100, Italy
| | - Daniela Gabbia
- Department Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Sara De Martin
- Department Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pasut
- Department Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, Padova, 35131, Italy
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Quadri M, Tiso N, Musmeci F, Morasso MI, Brooks SR, Bonetti LR, Panini R, Lotti R, Marconi A, Pincelli C, Palazzo E. CD271 activation prevents low to high-risk progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and improves therapy outcomes. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:167. [PMID: 37443031 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most prevalent form of skin cancer, showing a rapid increasing incidence worldwide. Although most cSCC can be cured by surgery, a sizeable number of cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, with local invasion and distant metastatic lesions. In the skin, neurotrophins (NTs) and their receptors (CD271 and Trk) form a complex network regulating epidermal homeostasis. Recently, several works suggested a significant implication of NT receptors in cancer. However, CD271 functions in epithelial tumors are controversial and its precise role in cSCC is still to be defined. METHODS Spheroids from cSCC patients with low-risk (In situ or Well-Differentiated cSCC) or high-risk tumors (Moderately/Poorly Differentiated cSCC), were established to explore histological features, proliferation, invasion abilities, and molecular pathways modulated in response to CD271 overexpression or activation in vitro. The effect of CD271 activities on the response to therapeutics was also investigated. The impact on the metastatic process and inflammation was explored in vivo and in vitro, by using zebrafish xenograft and 2D/3D models. RESULTS Our data proved that CD271 is upregulated in Well-Differentiated tumors as compared to the more aggressive Moderately/Poorly Differentiated cSCC, both in vivo and in vitro. We demonstrated that CD271 activities reduce proliferation and malignancy marker expression in patient-derived cSCC spheroids at each tumor grade, by increasing neoplastic cell differentiation. CD271 overexpression significantly increases cSCC spheroid mass density, while it reduces their weight and diameter, and promotes a major fold-enrichment in differentiation and keratinization genes. Moreover, both CD271 overexpression and activation decrease cSCC cell invasiveness in vitro. A significant inhibition of the metastatic process by CD271 was observed in a newly established zebrafish cSCC model. We found that the recruitment of leucocytes by CD271-overexpressing cells directly correlates with tumor killing and this finding was further highlighted by monocyte infiltration in a THP-1-SCC13 3D model. Finally, CD271 activity synergizes with Trk receptor inhibition, by reducing spheroid viability, and significantly improves the outcome of photodynamic therapy (PTD) or chemotherapy in spheroids and zebrafish. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that CD271 could prevent the switch between low to high-risk cSCC tumors. Because CD271 contributes to maintaining active differentiative paths and favors the response to therapies, it might be a promising target for future pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Quadri
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Maria I Morasso
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen R Brooks
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luca Reggiani Bonetti
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Rossana Panini
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberta Lotti
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marconi
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Pincelli
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Palazzo
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.
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Fu HW, Lai YC. The Role of Helicobacter pylori Neutrophil-Activating Protein in the Pathogenesis of H. pylori and Beyond: From a Virulence Factor to Therapeutic Targets and Therapeutic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010091. [PMID: 36613542 PMCID: PMC9820732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP), a major virulence factor of H. pylori, plays a role in bacterial protection and host inflammation. HP-NAP activates a variety of innate immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells, to induce their pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory activities. This protein also induces T-helper type 1 (Th1) immune response and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, supporting that HP-NAP is able to promote gastric inflammation by activation of adaptive immune responses. Thus, HP-NAP is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation. The inflammatory responses triggered by HP-NAP are mediated by a PTX-sensitive G protein-coupled receptor and Toll-like receptor 2. Drugs designed to block the interactions between HP-NAP and its receptors could alleviate the inflammation in gastric mucosa caused by H. pylori infection. In addition, HP-NAP acts as a promising therapeutic agent for vaccine development, allergy treatment, and cancer immunotherapy. The high antigenicity of HP-NAP makes this protein a component of vaccines against H. pylori infection. Due to its immunomodulatory activity to stimulate the Th1-inducing ability of dendritic cells, enhance Th1 immune response and CTL activity, and suppress Th2-mediated allergic responses, HP-NAP could also act as an adjuvant in vaccines, a drug candidate against allergic diseases, and an immunotherapeutic agent for cancer. This review highlights the role of HP-NAP in the pathogenesis of H. pylori and the potential for this protein to be a therapeutic target in the treatment of H. pylori infection and therapeutic agents against H. pylori-associated diseases, allergies, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wen Fu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-574-2485
| | - Yu-Chang Lai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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8
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Liu P, Yang F, Zhang L, Hu Y, Chen B, Wang J, Su L, Wu M, Chen W. Emerging role of different DNA methyltransferases in the pathogenesis of cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:958146. [PMID: 36091786 PMCID: PMC9453300 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.958146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is one of the most essential epigenetic mechanisms to regulate gene expression. DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) play a vital role in DNA methylation in the genome. In mammals, DNMTs act with some elements to regulate the dynamic DNA methylation patterns of embryonic and adult cells. Conversely, the aberrant function of DNMTs is frequently the hallmark in judging cancer, including total hypomethylation and partial hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), which improve the malignancy of tumors, aggravate the ailment for patients, and significantly exacerbate the difficulty of cancer therapy. Since DNA methylation is reversible, currently, DNMTs are viewed as an important epigenetic target for drug development. However, the impression of DNMTs on cancers is still controversial, and therapeutic methods targeting DNMTs remain under exploration. This review mainly summarizes the relationship between the main DNMTs and cancers as well as regulatory mechanisms and clinical applications of DNMTs in cancer and highlights several forthcoming strategies for targeting DNMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Liu
- Department of Human Resources, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fan Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bangjie Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianpeng Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mingyue Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, China
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Codolo G, Coletta S, D’Elios MM, de Bernard M. HP-NAP of Helicobacter pylori: The Power of the Immunomodulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:944139. [PMID: 35844568 PMCID: PMC9277015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.944139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The miniferritin HP-NAP of Helicobacter pylori was originally described as a neutrophil-activating protein because of the capacity to activate neutrophils to generate oxygen radicals and adhere to endothelia. Currently, the main feature for which HP-NAP is known is the ability to promote Th1 responses and revert the immune suppressive profile of macrophages. In this review, we discuss the immune modulating properties of the protein regarding the H. pylori infection and the evidence that support the potential clinical application of HP-NAP in allergy and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Codolo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Coletta
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Milco D’Elios
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marina de Bernard, ; Mario Milco D’Elios,
| | - Marina de Bernard
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marina de Bernard, ; Mario Milco D’Elios,
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