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Tan X, Cui J, Liu N, Wang X, Li H, Liu Y, Zhang W, Ma W, Lu D, Fan Y. Study on the immune-enhancing and inhabiting transmissible gastroenteritis virus effects of polysaccharides from Cimicifuga rhizoma. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106719. [PMID: 38810768 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Cimicifugae rhizoma is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine in China, and modern pharmacological research showed that it has obvious antiviral activity. Many polysaccharides have been proved to have immune enhancement and antiviral activity, but there are few studies on the biological activity of Cimicifuga rhizoma polysaccharide (CRP). The aim was to explore the character of CRP and its effects on improving immune activity and inhibiting transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). The monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, fourier transform infrared spectra and electron microscopy analysis of CRP was measured. The effect of CRP on immune activity in lymphocytes and RAW264.7 cells were studied by colorimetry, FITC-OVA fluorescent staining and ELISA. The effect of CRP on TGEV-infected PK-15 cells was determined using Real-time PCR, Hoechst fluorescence staining, trypan blue staining, acridine orange staining, Annexin V-FITC/PI fluorescent staining, DCFH-DA loading probe, and JC-1 staining. Network pharmacology was used to predict the targets of CRP in enhancing immunity and anti-TGEV, and molecular docking was used to further analyze the binding mode between CPR and core targets. The results showed that CRP was mainly composed of glucose and galactose, and its molecular weight was 64.28 kDa. The content of iNOS and NO in CRP group were significantly higher than the control group. CRP (125 and 62.5 μg/mL) could significantly enhance the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 cells, and imprive the content of IL-1β content compared with control group. 250 μg/mL of CRP possessed the significant inhibitory effect on TGEV, which could significantly reduce the apoptosis compared to TGVE group and inhibit the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential compared to TGVE group. The mRNA expression of TGEV N gene in CRP groups was significantly lower than TGEV group. PPI showed that the core targets of immune-enhancing were AKT1, MMP9, HSP90AA1, etc., and the core targets of TGE were CASP3, MMP9, EGFR, etc. Molecular docking show that CRP has binding potential with target. These results indicated that CRP possessed the better immune enhancement effect and anti-TGEV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Jing Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Nishang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Xingchen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Huicong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Yingqiu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Wuren Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China
| | - Dezhang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China.
| | - Yunpeng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, PR China.
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Anderson TK, Hoferle PJ, Chojnacki KJ, Lee K, Coon J, Kirchdoerfer R. An alphacoronavirus polymerase structure reveals conserved replication factor functions. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:5975-5986. [PMID: 38442273 PMCID: PMC11162792 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a diverse subfamily of viruses containing pathogens of humans and animals. This subfamily of viruses replicates their RNA genomes using a core polymerase complex composed of viral non-structural proteins: nsp7, nsp8 and nsp12. Most of our understanding of coronavirus molecular biology comes from betacoronaviruses like SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, the latter of which is the causative agent of COVID-19. In contrast, members of the alphacoronavirus genus are relatively understudied despite their importance in human and animal health. Here we have used cryo-electron microscopy to determine structures of the alphacoronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) core polymerase complex bound to RNA. One structure shows an unexpected nsp8 stoichiometry despite remaining bound to RNA. Biochemical analysis shows that the N-terminal extension of one nsp8 is not required for in vitro RNA synthesis for alpha- and betacoronaviruses. Our work demonstrates the importance of studying diverse coronaviruses in revealing aspects of coronavirus replication and identifying areas of conservation to be targeted by antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Anderson
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Peter J Hoferle
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kennan J Chojnacki
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kenneth W Lee
- Biomolecular Chemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Biomolecular Chemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Robert N Kirchdoerfer
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Kim JH, Park J, Lee DK, Kim WI, Lyoo YS, Park CK, Kim HR. Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus in Korean Pig Farms. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1698. [PMID: 38891745 PMCID: PMC11171391 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) is a member of the species Alphacoronavirus 1 within the genus Alphacoronavirus of the family Coronaviridae. A few studies have been conducted on the prevalence of PRCV since its first identification in 1997, but there have been no recent studies on the prevalence and genetic characterization of the virus in Korea. In this study, the seroprevalence of PRCV was determined in Korean pig farms using a commercially available TGEV/PRCV differential enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The farm-level seroprevalence of PRCV was determined to be 68.6% (48/70), similar to previous reports in Korea, suggesting that PRCV is still circulating in Korean pig herds nationwide. Among the 20 PRCV-seropositive farms tested in this study, PRCV RNAs were detected in 17 oral fluid samples (28.3%) from nine farms (45.0%), while TGEV RNAs were not detected in any sample. To investigate the genetic characteristics of Korean PRCV strains, genetic and phylogenetic analyses were conducted on PRCV spike gene sequences obtained in this study. The three Korean PRCV strains (KPRCV2401, KPRCV2402, and KPRCV2403) shared 98.5-100% homology with each other and 96.2-96.6% and 91.6-94.5% homology with European and American strains, respectively. A 224-amino acid deletion was found in the S gene of both Korean and European PRCVs but not in that of American PRCVs, suggesting a European origin for Korean PRCVs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Korean PRCVs are more closely related to European PRCVs than American PRCVs but clustered apart from both, suggesting that Korean PRCV has evolved independently since its emergence in Korean PRCVs. The results of this study will help expand knowledge on the epidemiology and molecular biology of PRCV currently circulating in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Han Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (Y.S.L.)
- Swine Medical Corporation, Sunjin Bridge Lab, Icheon 17332, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyun Park
- Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (D.-K.L.); (C.-K.P.)
- DIVA Bio Incorporation, Daegu 41519, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Lee
- Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (D.-K.L.); (C.-K.P.)
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young S. Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (Y.S.L.)
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (D.-K.L.); (C.-K.P.)
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (D.-K.L.); (C.-K.P.)
- DIVA Bio Incorporation, Daegu 41519, Republic of Korea
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Tang Q, Lan T, Zhou C, Gao J, Wu L, Wei H, Li W, Tang Z, Tang W, Diao H, Xu Y, Peng X, Pang J, Zhao X, Sun Z. Nutrition strategies to control post-weaning diarrhea of piglets: From the perspective of feeds. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:297-311. [PMID: 38800731 PMCID: PMC11127239 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) is a globally significant threat to the swine industry. Historically, antibiotics as well as high doses of zinc oxide and copper sulfate have been commonly used to control PWD. However, the development of bacterial resistance and environmental pollution have created an interest in alternative strategies. In recent years, the research surrounding these alternative strategies and the mechanisms of piglet diarrhea has been continually updated. Mechanically, diarrhea in piglets is a result of an imbalance in intestinal fluid and electrolyte absorption and secretion. In general, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and diarrheal viruses are known to cause an imbalance in the absorption and secretion of intestinal fluids and electrolytes in piglets, resulting in diarrhea when Cl- secretion-driven fluid secretion surpasses absorptive capacity. From a perspective of feedstuffs, factors that contribute to imbalances in fluid absorption and secretion in the intestines of weaned piglets include high levels of crude protein (CP), stimulation by certain antigenic proteins, high acid-binding capacity (ABC), and contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON) in the diet. In response, efforts to reduce CP levels in diets, select feedstuffs with lower ABC values, and process feedstuffs using physical, chemical, and biological approaches are important strategies for alleviating PWD in piglets. Additionally, the diet supplementation with additives such as vitamins and natural products can also play a role in reducing the diarrhea incidence in weaned piglets. Here, we examine the mechanisms of absorption and secretion of intestinal fluids and electrolytes in piglets, summarize nutritional strategies to control PWD in piglets from the perspective of feeds, and provide new insights towards future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tianyi Lan
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chengyu Zhou
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jingchun Gao
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liuting Wu
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haiyang Wei
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenxue Li
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Hui Diao
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yetong Xu
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xie Peng
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaman Pang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Yibin Academy of Southwest University, Yibin 644005, China
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5
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Zhu H, Wang G, Liu X, Wu W, Yu T, Zhang W, Liu X, Cheng G, Wei L, Ni L, Peng Z, Li X, Xu D, Qian P, Chen P. Establishment and application of a quadruplex real-time RT-qPCR assay for differentiation of TGEV, PEDV, PDCoV, and PoRVA. Microb Pathog 2024; 191:106646. [PMID: 38631414 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Porcine viral diarrhea is a common ailment in clinical settings, causing significant economic losses to the swine industry. Notable culprits behind porcine viral diarrhea encompass transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and porcine rotavirus-A (PoRVA). Co-infections involving the viruses are a common occurrence in clinical settings, thereby amplifying the complexities associated with differential diagnosis. As a consequence, it is therefore necessary to develop a method that can detect and differentiate all four porcine diarrhea viruses (TGEV, PEDV, PDCoV, and PoRVA) with a high sensitivity and specificity. Presently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the go-to method for pathogen detection. In comparison to conventional PCR, TaqMan real-time PCR offers heightened sensitivity, superior specificity, and enhanced accuracy. This study aimed to develop a quadruplex real-time RT-qPCR assay, utilizing TaqMan probes, for the distinctive detection of TGEV, PEDV, PDCoV, and PoRVA. The quadruplex real-time RT-qPCR assay, as devised in this study, exhibited the capacity to avoid the detection of unrelated pathogens and demonstrated commendable specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility, boasting a limit of detection (LOD) of 27 copies/μL. In a comparative analysis involving 5483 clinical samples, the results from the commercial RT-qPCR kit and the quadruplex RT-qPCR for TGEV, PEDV, PDCoV, and PoRVA detection were entirely consistent. Following sample collection from October to March in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, we assessed the prevalence of TGEV, PEDV, PDCoV, and PoRVA in piglet diarrhea samples, revealing positive detection rates of 0.2 % (11/5483), 8.82 % (485/5483), 1.22 % (67/5483), and 4.94 % (271/5483), respectively. The co-infection rates of PEDV/PoRVA, PEDV/PDCoV, TGEV/PED/PoRVA, and PDCoV/PoRVA were 0.39 %, 0.11 %, 0.01 %, and 0.03 %, respectively, with no detection of other co-infections, as determined by the quadruplex real-time RT-qPCR. This research not only established a valuable tool for the simultaneous differentiation of TGEV, PEDV, PDCoV, and PoRVA in practical applications but also provided crucial insights into the prevalence of these viral pathogens causing diarrhea in Guangxi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hechao Zhu
- Guangxi Yangxiang Co., LTD, Guigang, 537100, China; National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Geng Wang
- Guangxi Yangxiang Co., LTD, Guigang, 537100, China
| | - Xiangzu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; College of Animal Science & Technology, Collegel of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Wenqing Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; College of Animal Science & Technology, Collegel of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Teng Yu
- Guangxi Yangxiang Co., LTD, Guigang, 537100, China
| | | | - Xiangdong Liu
- Guangxi Yangxiang Co., LTD, Guigang, 537100, China; College of Animal Science & Technology, Collegel of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Guofu Cheng
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Collegel of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Liuqing Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lumei Ni
- Guangxi Yangxiang Co., LTD, Guigang, 537100, China
| | - Zhong Peng
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Collegel of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Collegel of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Dequan Xu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Collegel of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; College of Animal Science & Technology, Collegel of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Pin Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Collegel of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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Zhang T, Yao J, Yang Z, Wang J, Yang K, Yao L. Re-emergence of severe acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) in Henan, central China, 2023. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110049. [PMID: 38493699 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) was first detected in Guangdong province of China in 2017. And yet from May 2021 to Jun 2023, there were no SADS-CoV outbreaks. In this study, we reported the recent outbreak of SADS-CoV in China on Jun 2023. Phylogenetic analysis showed the novel strain was derived from the ongoing transmission and evolution of SADS-CoV in China, rather than a separate cross-species transmission from bats. Also, the novel strain was found to participate in a recombant event as a minor parent and a missing base in the genome was discovered indicating an novel evolutionary pathway. Through virulence assays in piglets, we further determined that novel strain (SADS-CoV/HNNY/2023) was a highly virulent SADS-CoV strain with typical clinical symptoms: acute diarrhea, vomiting, rapid weight loss. Therefore, the re-emergence of SADS-CoV strains should be brought to people's attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, School of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473000, China
| | - Jiale Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, School of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473000, China
| | - Zhuan Yang
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, School of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473000, China
| | - Jucai Wang
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Kankan Yang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, School of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473000, China.
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7
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Duan Y, Li H, Huang S, Li Y, Chen S, Xie L. Phloretin inhibits transmissible gastroenteritis virus proliferation via multiple mechanisms. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38814698 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), an enteropathogenic coronavirus, has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry, with 100% mortality in piglets aged 2 weeks and intestinal injury in pigs of other ages. However, there is still a shortage of safe and effective anti-TGEV drugs in clinics. In this study, phloretin, a naturally occurring dihydrochalcone glycoside, was identified as a potent antagonist of TGEV. Specifically, we found phloretin effectively inhibited TGEV proliferation in PK-15 cells, dose-dependently reducing the expression of TGEV N protein, mRNA, and virus titer. The anti-TGEV activity of phloretin was furthermore refined to target the internalization and replication stages. Moreover, we also found that phloretin could decrease the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines induced by TGEV infection. In addition, we expanded the potential key targets associated with the anti-TGEV effect of phloretin to AR, CDK2, INS, ESR1, ESR2, EGFR, PGR, PPARG, PRKACA, and MAPK14 with the help of network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques. Furthermore, resistant viruses have been selected by culturing TGEV with increasing concentrations of phloretin. Resistance mutations were reproducibly mapped to the residue (S242) of main protease (Mpro). Molecular docking analysis showed that the mutation (S242F) significantly disrupted phloretin binding to Mpro, suggesting Mpro might be a potent target of phloretin. In summary, our findings indicate that phloretin is a promising drug candidate for combating TGEV, which may be helpful for developing pharmacotherapies for TGEV and other coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Renal Disease Occurrence and Intervention, Medical School, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, PR China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Haichuan Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Center of Applied Biotechnology, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yaoming Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shuyi Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Lilan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Renal Disease Occurrence and Intervention, Medical School, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, PR China
- Center of Applied Biotechnology, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, PR China
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8
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Duan X, Li H, Tan X, Liu N, Wang X, Zhang W, Liu Y, Ma W, Wu Y, Ma L, Fan Y. Polygonum cillinerve polysaccharide inhibits transmissible gastroenteritis virus by regulating microRNA-181. Vet J 2024; 304:106083. [PMID: 38365083 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is an important pathogen capable of altering the expression profile of cellular miRNA. In this study, the potential of Polygonum cillinerve polysaccharide (PCP) to treat TGEV-infected piglets was evaluated through in vivo experiments. High-throughput sequencing technology was employed to identify 9 up-regulated and 17 down-regulated miRNAs during PCP-mediated inhibition of TGEV infection in PK15 cells. Additionally, miR-181 was found to be associated with target genes of key proteins in the apoptosis pathway. PK15 cells were treated with various concentrations of PCP following transfection with miR-181 mimic or inhibitor. Real-time PCR assessed the impact on TGEV replication, while electron microscopy (TEM) and Hoechst fluorescence staining evaluated cellular functionality. Western blot analysis was utilized to assess the expression of key signaling factors-cytochrome C (cyt C), caspase 9, and P53-in the apoptotic signaling pathway. The results showed that compared with the control group, 250 μg/mL PCP significantly inhibited TGEV gRNA replication and gene N expression (P < 0.01). Microscopic examination revealed uniform cell morphology and fewer floating cells in PCP-treated groups (250 and 125 μg/mL). TEM analysis showed no typical virus structure in the 250 μg/mL PCP group, and apoptosis staining indicated a significant reduction in apoptotic cells at this concentration. Furthermore, PCP may inhibit TGEV-induced apoptosis via the Caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway following miR-181 transfection. These findings provide a theoretical basis for further exploration into the mechanism of PCP's anti-TGEV properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, PR China; Agricultural Management Department, Sichuan Xuanhan Vocational Secondary School, Xuanhan 636350, PR China
| | - Huicong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Xuewen Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Nishang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Xingchen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Yingqiu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Wuren Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Yi Wu
- Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Lin Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
| | - Yunpeng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, PR China.
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9
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Baek JH, Lee YM, Vu ND, Kim MH, Zhao J, Le VP, Cho JH, Park JE. A multiplex real-time RT-qPCR assay for simultaneous detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine deltacoronavirus, and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus. Arch Virol 2024; 169:82. [PMID: 38520595 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) cause intestinal diseases with similar manifestations in suckling piglets. In this study, we developed a multiplex real-time PCR for differential diagnosis of PEDV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV. The assay demonstrated high specificity with a detection limit of 5 copies/µl for each virus. The assay specifically detected PEDV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV and excluded all other swine pathogens circulating in pigs. Furthermore, the assay exhibited satisfactory performance in analyzing clinical samples. The data indicate that the newly developed multiplex real-time PCR method can be applied for differential diagnosis of porcine enteric coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Baek
- Molecular Diagnostics Team, Genes Laboratories, 388, Dunchon-daero, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13403, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Min Lee
- Molecular Diagnostics Team, Genes Laboratories, 388, Dunchon-daero, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13403, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Duong Vu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Min-Hui Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Van Phan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Joo Hyuk Cho
- Molecular Diagnostics Team, Genes Laboratories, 388, Dunchon-daero, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13403, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Li Z, Chen Y, Li L, Xue M, Feng L. Different Infectivity of Swine Enteric Coronaviruses in Cells of Various Species. Pathogens 2024; 13:174. [PMID: 38392912 PMCID: PMC10891669 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine enteric coronaviruses (SECoVs), including porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), have caused high mortality in piglets and, therefore, pose serious threats to the pork industry. Coronaviruses exhibit a trend of interspecies transmission, and understanding the host range of SECoVs is crucial for improving our ability to predict and control future epidemics. Here, the replication of PDCoV, TGEV, and PEDV in cells from different host species was compared by measuring viral genomic RNA transcription and protein synthesis. We demonstrated that PDCoV had a higher efficiency in infecting human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549), Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells (MDBK), Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK), and chicken embryonic fibroblast cells (DF-1) than PEDV and TGEV. Moreover, trypsin can enhance the infectivity of PDCoV to MDCK cells that are nonsusceptible to TGEV. Additionally, structural analyses of the receptor ectodomain indicate that PDCoV S1 engages Aminopeptidase N (APN) via domain II, which is highly conserved among animal species of different vertebrates. Our findings provide a basis for understanding the interspecies transmission potential of these three porcine coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mei Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
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11
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Zhu W, Xiao L, Yuan R, Lin Y, Wang T, Wen Z, Ding L, Wang K. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification combined with gold nanoparticles assisted electrochemical impedance for the sensitive and efficient porcine delta coronavirus detection. Talanta 2024; 266:125109. [PMID: 37633037 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV) has caused huge economic losses in the global pig industry. How to realize the sensitive and efficient detection for it is a difficult problem that need to be resolved. In this work, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) detection platform for PDCoV based on nucleic acid level was constructed by combining the advantages of efficient amplification for LAMP and sensitive detection for EIS. Referring to a 159 bp fragment of PDCoV N gene (Genbank:KY078891, 641 bp-799 bp), primers (HS-FIP、BIP、F3、B3) were designed to screened and sulfhydryl groups were activated, and then loop-mediated isothermal amplification was carried out. Subsequently, gold nanoparticles were loaded on indium tin oxide glass by electrodeposition technology, and the amplified products were connected to the electrode surface through the formation of Au-S bonds. According to the difference of charge transfer resistance after double-stranded DNA was connected on the electrode surface, the detection platform can achieve valid detection of PDCoV in the concentration range of 102-107 copies/μL, the limit of detection is 28 copies/μL, and can be used for practical analysis of pig small intestine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Zhu
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Liting Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Ruishuang Yuan
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Yuhang Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Tianshuo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Zuorui Wen
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Lijun Ding
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China.
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12
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Zhao DD, Gai YD, Li C, Fu ZZ, Yin DQ, Xie M, Dai JY, Wang XX, Li YX, Wu GF, Feng Y, Hu JM, Lin SM, Yang JC. Dietary taurine effect on intestinal barrier function, colonic microbiota and metabolites in weanling piglets induced by LPS. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1259133. [PMID: 38188568 PMCID: PMC10770862 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1259133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea in piglets is one of the most important diseases and a significant cause of death in piglets. Preliminary studies have confirmed that taurine reduces the rate and index of diarrhea in piglets induced by LPS. However, there is still a lack of relevant information on the specific target and mechanism of action of taurine. Therefore, we investigated the effects of taurine on the growth and barrier functions of the intestine, microbiota composition, and metabolite composition of piglets induced by LPS. Eighteen male weaned piglets were randomly divided into the CON group (basal diet + standard saline injection), LPS group (basal diet + LPS-intraperitoneal injection), and TAU + LPS group (basal diet + 0.3% taurine + LPS-intraperitoneal injection). The results show that taurine significantly increased the ADG and decreased the F/G (p < 0.05) compared with the group of CON. The group of TAU + LPS significantly improved colonic villous damage (p < 0.05). The expression of ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-1 genes and proteins were markedly up-regulated (p < 0.05). Based on 16s rRNA sequencing analysis, the relative abundance of Lactobacilluscae and Firmicutes in the colon was significantly higher in the LPS + TAU group compared to the LPS group (p < 0.05). Four metabolites were significantly higher and one metabolite was significantly lower in the TAU + LPS group compared to the LPS group (p < 0.01). The above results show that LPS disrupts intestinal microorganisms and metabolites in weaned piglets and affects intestinal barrier function. Preventive addition of taurine enhances beneficial microbiota, modulates intestinal metabolites, and strengthens the intestinal mechanical barrier. Therefore, taurine can be used as a feed additive to prevent intestinal damage by regulating intestinal microorganisms and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye-dan Gai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zi-zheng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - De-Qi Yin
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxin Xie
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jing-yuan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin-xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan-xi Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gao-feng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian-min Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu-mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian-cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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13
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He H, Wang W, Li L, Zhang X, Shi H, Chen J, Shi D, Xue M, Feng L. Activation of the NLRP1 Inflammasome and Its Role in Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus Infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0058923. [PMID: 37255428 PMCID: PMC10308917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00589-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome pathway is a critical early response mechanism of the host that detects pathogens, initiates the production of inflammatory cytokines, and recruits effector cells to the infection site. Nonetheless, the mechanism of inflammasome activation in coronavirus infection and its biological functions in host defense remain unclear. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus, is a significant pathogen that mainly infects piglets and causes intestinal inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration. Here, we investigated the mechanism of inflammasome activation in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) infected with TGEV. We observed a substantial increase in interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 levels in both IECs and TGEV-infected porcine intestinal tissues. Furthermore, TGEV infection resulted in increased activation of caspase-1 and the NLRP1 (NOD-like receptor [NLR]-containing pyrin domain [PYD]) inflammasome. Our findings revealed that TGEV infection impeded the interaction between porcine NLRP1 (pNLRP1) and porcine dipeptidyl peptidases 9 (pDPP9), yet it did not reduce the expression of pDPP9. Importantly, the ZU5 domain, not the function-to-find domain (FIIND) reported in human NLRP1, was identified as the minimal domain of pNLRP1 for pDPP9 binding. In addition, the robust type I IFN expression induced by TGEV infection also upregulated pNLRP1 expression and pNLRP1 itself acts as an interferon-stimulated gene to counteract TGEV infection. Our data demonstrate that pNLRP1 has antiviral capabilities against coronavirus infection, which highlights its potential as a novel therapeutic target for coronavirus antiviral therapy. IMPORTANCE Coronavirus primarily targets the epithelial cells of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, leading to damage in both humans and animals. NLRP1 is a direct sensor for RNA virus infection which is highly expressed in epithelial barrier tissues. However, until recently, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its activation in coronavirus infection and subsequent downstream events remained unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the alphacoronavirus TGEV induces the production of IL-1β and IL-18 and upregulates the expression of pNLRP1. Furthermore, we found that pNLRP1 can serve as an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) to inhibit the infection of enterovirus TGEV. Our research highlights the crucial role of NLRP1 as a regulator of innate immunity in TGEV infection and shows that it may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenzhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mei Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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14
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Si F, Song S, Yu R, Li Z, Wei W, Wu C. Coronavirus accessory protein ORF3 biology and its contribution to viral behavior and pathogenesis. iScience 2023; 26:106280. [PMID: 36945252 PMCID: PMC9972675 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is classified in the genus Alphacoronavirus, family Coronaviridae that encodes the only accessory protein, ORF3 protein. However, how ORF3 contributes to viral pathogenicity, adaptability, and replication is obscure. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and identify gaps in many aspects of ORF3 protein in PEDV, with emphasis on its unique biological features, including membrane topology, Golgi retention mechanism, potential intrinsic disordered property, functional motifs, protein glycosylation, and codon usage phenotypes related to genetic evolution and gene expression. In addition, we propose intriguing questions related to ORF3 protein that we hope to stimulate further studies and encourage collaboration among virologists worldwide to provide constructive knowledge about the unique characteristics and biological functions of ORF3 protein, by which their potential role in clarifying viral behavior and pathogenesis can be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Song
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Ruisong Yu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Wenqiang Wei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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15
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Wang X, Wang X, Zhang J, Shan Q, Zhu Y, Xu C, Wang J. Prediction and Verification of Curcumin as a Potential Drug for Inhibition of PDCoV Replication in LLC-PK1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065870. [PMID: 36982944 PMCID: PMC10058215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus (CoV) that causes lethal watery diarrhea in neonatal pigs and poses economic and public health burdens. Currently, there are no effective antiviral agents against PDCoV. Curcumin is the active ingredient extracted from the rhizome of turmeric, which has a potential pharmacological value because it exhibits antiviral properties against several viruses. Here, we described the antiviral effect of curcumin against PDCoV. At first, the potential relationships between the active ingredients and the diarrhea-related targets were predicted through a network pharmacology analysis. Twenty-three nodes and 38 edges were obtained using a PPI analysis of eight compound-targets. The action target genes were closely related to the inflammatory and immune related signaling pathways, such as the TNF signaling pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, and so on. Moreover, IL-6, NR3C2, BCHE and PTGS2 were identified as the most likely targets of curcumin by binding energy and 3D protein-ligand complex analysis. Furthermore, curcumin inhibited PDCoV replication in LLC-PK1 cells at the time of infection in a dose-dependent way. In poly (I:C) pretreated LLC-PK1 cells, PDCoV reduced IFN-β production via the RIG-I pathway to evade the host's antiviral innate immune response. Meanwhile, curcumin inhibited PDCoV-induced IFN-β secretion by inhibiting the RIG-I pathway and reduced inflammation by inhibiting IRF3 or NF-κB protein expression. Our study provides a potential strategy for the use of curcumin in preventing diarrhea caused by PDCoV in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiang Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaohong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiufeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
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16
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Anderson TK, Hoferle PJ, Lee KW, Coon JJ, Kirchdoerfer RN. An alphacoronavirus polymerase structure reveals conserved co-factor functions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.15.532841. [PMID: 36993498 PMCID: PMC10055115 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.15.532841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a diverse subfamily of viruses containing pathogens of humans and animals. This subfamily of viruses replicates their RNA genomes using a core polymerase complex composed of viral non-structural proteins: nsp7, nsp8 and nsp12. Most of our understanding of coronavirus molecular biology comes from the betacoronaviruses like SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, the latter of which is the causative agent of COVID-19. In contrast, members of the alphacoronavirus genus are relatively understudied despite their importance in human and animal health. Here we have used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structure of the alphacoronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) core polymerase complex bound to RNA. Our structure shows an unexpected nsp8 stoichiometry in comparison to other published coronavirus polymerase structures. Biochemical analysis shows that the N-terminal extension of one nsp8 is not required for in vitro RNA synthesis for alpha and betacoronaviruses as previously hypothesized. Our work shows the importance of studying diverse coronaviruses to reveal aspects of coronavirus replication while also identifying areas of conservation to be targeted by antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K. Anderson
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Peter J. Hoferle
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Kenneth W. Lee
- Biomolecular Chemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Biomolecular Chemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Robert N. Kirchdoerfer
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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17
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Zhou H, Shi K, Long F, Zhao K, Feng S, Yin Y, Xiong C, Qu S, Lu W, Li Z. A Quadruplex qRT-PCR for Differential Detection of Four Porcine Enteric Coronaviruses. Vet Sci 2022; 9:634. [PMID: 36423083 PMCID: PMC9695440 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) are four identified porcine enteric coronaviruses. Pigs infected with these viruses show similar manifestations of diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. Here, a quadruplex real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was established for the differential detection of PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV from swine fecal samples. The assay showed extreme specificity, high sensitivity, and excellent reproducibility, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 121 copies/μL (final reaction concentration of 12.1 copies/μL) for each virus. The 3236 clinical fecal samples from Guangxi province in China collected between October 2020 and October 2022 were evaluated by the quadruplex qRT-PCR, and the positive rates of PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV were 18.26% (591/3236), 0.46% (15/3236), 13.16% (426/3236), and 0.15% (5/3236), respectively. The samples were also evaluated by the multiplex qRT-PCR reported previously by other scientists, and the compliance rate between the two methods was more than 99%. This illustrated that the developed quadruplex qRT-PCR assay can provide an accurate method for the differential detection of four porcine enteric coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Kang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Chenyong Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Sujie Qu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
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DNAJA3 Interacts with PEDV S1 Protein and Inhibits Virus Replication by Affecting Virus Adsorption to Host Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112413. [PMID: 36366511 PMCID: PMC9696540 DOI: 10.3390/v14112413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes huge economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. DNAJA3, a member of the Hsp40 family proteins, is known to play an important role in the replication of several viruses. However, it remains unknown if it interacts with PEDV. We found that DNAJA3 interacted with PEDV S1, initially with yeast two-hybrid screening and later with Co-IP, GST pull-down, and confocal imaging. Further experiments showed the functional relationship between DNAJA3 and PEDV in the infected IPEC-J2 cells. DNAJA3 overexpression significantly inhibited PEDV replication while its knockdown had the opposite effect, suggesting that it is a negative regulator of PEDV replication. In addition, DNAJA3 expression could be downregulated by PEDV infection possibly as the viral strategy to evade the suppressive role of DNAJA3. By gene silencing and overexpression, we were able to show that DNAJA3 inhibited PEDV adsorption to IPEC-J2 cells but did not affect virus invasion. In conclusion, our study provides clear evidence that DNAJA3 mediates PEDV adsorption to host cells and plays an antiviral role in IPEC-J2 cells.
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Host–Pathogen Interaction 3.0. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112811. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms can interact with plants, animals and humans in many different ways, e [...]
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Hou W, Wang S, Wu H, Xue L, Wang B, Wang S, Wang H. Small GTPase-a Key Role in Host Cell for Coronavirus Infection and a Potential Target for Coronavirus Vaccine Adjuvant Discovery. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092044. [PMID: 36146850 PMCID: PMC9504349 DOI: 10.3390/v14092044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases are signaling molecules in regulating key cellular processes (e.g., cell differentiation, proliferation, and motility) as well as subcellular events (e.g., vesicle trafficking), making them key participants, especially in a great array of coronavirus infection processes. In this review, we discuss the role of small GTPases in the coronavirus life cycle, especially pre-entry, endocytosis, intracellular traffic, replication, and egress from the host cell. Furthermore, we also suggest the molecules that have potent adjuvant activity by targeting small GTPases. These studies provide deep insights and references to understand the pathogenesis of coronavirus as well as to propose the potential of small GTPases as targets for adjuvant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Sibei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Heqiong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Linli Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Single Molecule Nanometry Laboratory (Sinmolab), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Correspondence:
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Yan Q, Wu K, Zeng W, Yu S, Li Y, Sun Y, Liu X, Ruan Y, Huang J, Ding H, Yi L, Zhao M, Chen J, Fan S. Historical Evolutionary Dynamics and Phylogeography Analysis of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus and Porcine Deltacoronavirus: Findings from 59 Suspected Swine Viral Samples from China. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179786. [PMID: 36077190 PMCID: PMC9456201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 21st century, humans have experienced three coronavirus pandemics, all of which were transmitted to humans via animals. Recent studies have found that porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) can infect humans, so swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) may cause harm through cross-species transmission. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and PDCoV have caused tremendous damage and loss to the pig industry around the world. Therefore, we analyzed the genome sequence data of these two SeCoVs by evolutionary dynamics and phylogeography, revealing the genetic diversity and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analysis showed that TGEV could be divided into two different genotypes, and PDCoV could be divided into four main lineages. Based on the analysis results inferred by phylogeography, we inferred that TGEV might originate from America, PDCoV might originate from Asia, and different migration events had different migration rates. In addition, we also identified positive selection sites of spike protein in TGEV and PDCoV, indicating that the above sites play an essential role in promoting membrane fusion to achieve adaptive evolution. In a word, TGEV and PDCoV are the past and future of SeCoV, and the relatively smooth transmission rate of TGEV and the increasing transmission events of PDCoV are their respective transmission characteristics. Our results provide new insights into the evolutionary characteristics and transmission diversity of these SeCoVs, highlighting the potential for cross-species transmission of SeCoV and the importance of enhanced surveillance and biosecurity measures for SeCoV in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanhui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weijun Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shu Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yawei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yang Ruan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Juncong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (S.F.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-8017 (J.C.); +86-20-8528-8017 (S.F.)
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (S.F.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-8017 (J.C.); +86-20-8528-8017 (S.F.)
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Zhang X, Chen S, Li X, Zhang L, Ren L. Flavonoids as Potential Antiviral Agents for Porcine Viruses. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091793. [PMID: 36145539 PMCID: PMC9501777 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are types of natural substances with phenolic structures isolated from a variety of plants. Flavonoids have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral activities. Although most of the research or applications of flavonoids are focused on human diseases, flavonoids also show potential applicability against porcine virus infection. This review focuses on the recent progress in antiviral mechanisms of potential flavonoids against the most common porcine viruses. The mechanism discussed in this paper may provide a theoretical basis for drug screening and application of natural flavonoid compounds and flavonoid-containing herbs to control porcine virus infection and guide the research and development of pig feed additives.
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Porcine Enteric Coronavirus PEDV Induces the ROS-ATM and Caspase7-CAD-γH2AX Signaling Pathways to Foster Its Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081782. [PMID: 36016404 PMCID: PMC9413700 DOI: 10.3390/v14081782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism by which eukaryotic cells sense DNA lesions caused by intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, including virus infection. Although interactions between DNA viruses and DDR have been extensively studied, how RNA viruses, especially coronaviruses, regulate DDR remains unknown. A previous study showed that the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the Coronaviridae family, induces DDR in infected cells. However, the underlying mechanism was unclear. This study showed that PEDV activates the ATM-Chk2 signaling, while inhibition of ATM or Chk2 dampens the early stage of PEDV infection. Additionally, we found that PEDV-activated ATM signaling correlates with intracellular ROS production. Interestingly, we showed that, unlike the typical γH2AX foci, PEDV infection leads to a unique γH2AX staining pattern, including phase I (nuclear ring staining), II (pan-nuclear staining), and III (co-staining with apoptotic bodies), which highly resembles the apoptosis process. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PEDV-induced H2AX phosphorylation depends on the activation of caspase-7 and caspase-activated DNAse (CAD), but not ATM-Chk2. Finally, we showed that the knockdown of H2AX attenuates PEDV replication. Taken together, we conclude that PEDV induces DDR through the ROS-ATM and caspase7-CAD-γH2AX signaling pathways to foster its early replication.
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