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Zhang R, Xue H, Otitoju TA, Jin J, Zheng J, Feng Z, Zhu L, Sun T. Analogous Chelation to Boost Utilization of Sb in Sb Nanoparticles and N-doped Carbon Composites for Enhancing Potassium Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39056581 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) is an attractive anode material for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), but it suffers from aggregation during the charging-discharging process, thus causing embedded active sites and collapsed structure. The analogous chelation refers to the reaction in which the central nanoparticle is linked to the matrix through multiple coordination bonds to form a stable composite. This strategy can inhibit aggregation and maintain the nanosized structure of Sb, thus activating the utilization of Sb active sites and structural stability. Given the special position of nitrogen (N) in the periodic table of elements and the strong bond energy of Sb-N, the N element can serve as an intermediate to connect Sb nanoparticles and an intrinsic N-doped carbon network via strong Sb-N-C/Sb-N═C covalent bonds using analogous chelation. Herein, a hybrid material of Sb@CTF-NC is fabricated via analogous chelation. The Sb atoms exposed on the surface of Sb nanoparticles are used to chelate with the N-doped carbon for high-performance PIBs. The mechanism underwent ex situ characterizations. The calculation of density functional theory reveals that the increase of adsorption energy and reduction of the K+ diffusion barrier accelerate the electrochemical reaction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P. R. China
| | - Huichun Xue
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P. R. China
| | - Tunmise Ayode Otitoju
- Green Carbon Research Center, Chemical & Process Technology Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Jiuzeng Jin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P. R. China
| | - Jia Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Feng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P. R. China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P. R. China
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Mahapatra N, Chandra S, Ramanathan N, Sundararajan K. Structural Elucidation of N 2O Clusters at Low Temperatures: Exemplary Framework Stabilized by π-Hole-Driven N···O and N···N Pnicogen Bonding Interactions. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4623-4637. [PMID: 38867592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
N2O is a classic prototype, in which central nitrogen is sufficiently electropositive with a positive potential of 20 kcal mol-1 in magnitude to qualify it as a possible pnicogen. This was applied to a test with N2O clusters using ab initio calculations in association with various molecular topographic tools. The structure of the energetically dominant and N2O dimer was in favor of a perpendicular geometry, where the central nitrogen atom of the N2O submolecule assumed a near 90° angle with the adjacent N═O and/or N═N moiety, which provides the affirmation of central nitrogen as a possible π-hole-driven pnicogen. The terminal nitrogen and oxygen atoms of N2O continue to act as conventional electron donors (Lewis bases) with a negative potential. Overall, predominant π-hole-driven N···O and N···N pnicogen bonding interactions were observed to stabilize N2O clusters. Furthermore, N2O clusters (dimers and trimers) were synthesized at low temperatures in an Ar matrix using molecular beam (effusive and supersonic expansion) experiments. The geometries of these clusters were characterized by probing infrared spectroscopy with corroboration from ab initio computational methods. In addition to our previously investigated nitromethane and nitrobenzene systems, N2O also makes it to a pnicogen bonder's club with the central nitrogen as a π-hole-driven pnicogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandalal Mahapatra
- Materials Chemistry & Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India
- Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kalpakkam603102, Tami Nadu, India
| | - Swaroop Chandra
- Materials Chemistry & Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India
- Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kalpakkam603102, Tami Nadu, India
| | - Nagarajan Ramanathan
- Materials Chemistry & Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India
- Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kalpakkam603102, Tami Nadu, India
| | - Kalyanasundaram Sundararajan
- Materials Chemistry & Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India
- Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kalpakkam603102, Tami Nadu, India
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Brammer L, Peuronen A, Roseveare TM. Halogen bonds, chalcogen bonds, pnictogen bonds, tetrel bonds and other σ-hole interactions: a snapshot of current progress. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2023; 79:204-216. [PMID: 37212787 PMCID: PMC10240169 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229623004072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here on the status of research on halogen bonds and other σ-hole interactions involving p-block elements in Lewis acidic roles, such as chalcogen bonds, pnictogen bonds and tetrel bonds. A brief overview of the available literature in this area is provided via a survey of the many review articles that address this field. Our focus has been to collect together most review articles published since 2013 to provide an easy entry into the extensive literature in this area. A snapshot of current research in the area is provided by an introduction to the virtual special issue compiled in this journal, comprising 11 articles and entitled `Halogen, chalcogen, pnictogen and tetrel bonds: structural chemistry and beyond.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Brammer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Anssi Peuronen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas M. Roseveare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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Varadwaj PR, Varadwaj A, Marques HM, Yamashita K. The Tetrel Bond and Tetrel Halide Perovskite Semiconductors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6659. [PMID: 37047632 PMCID: PMC10094773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ion pairs [Cs+•TtX3-] (Tt = Pb, Sn, Ge; X = I, Br, Cl) are the building blocks of all-inorganic cesium tetrel halide perovskites in 3D, CsTtX3, that are widely regarded as blockbuster materials for optoelectronic applications such as in solar cells. The 3D structures consist of an anionic inorganic tetrel halide framework stabilized by the cesium cations (Cs+). We use computational methods to show that the geometrical connectivity between the inorganic monoanions, [TtX3-]∞, that leads to the formation of the TtX64- octahedra and the 3D inorganic perovskite architecture is the result of the joint effect of polarization and coulombic forces driven by alkali and tetrel bonds. Depending on the nature and temperature phase of these perovskite systems, the Tt···X tetrel bonds are either indistinguishable or somehow distinguishable from Tt-X coordinate bonds. The calculation of the potential on the electrostatic surface of the Tt atom in molecular [Cs+•TtX3-] provides physical insight into why the negative anions [TtX3-] attract each other when in close proximity, leading to the formation of the CsTtX3 tetrel halide perovskites in the solid state. The inter-molecular (and inter-ionic) geometries, binding energies, and charge density-based topological properties of sixteen [Cs+•TtX3-] ion pairs, as well as some selected oligomers [Cs+•PbI3-]n (n = 2, 3, 4), are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep R. Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Arpita Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Helder M. Marques
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Koichi Yamashita
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Varadwaj PR. Tetrel Bonding in Anion Recognition: A First Principles Investigation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238449. [PMID: 36500544 PMCID: PMC9738195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-five molecule-anion complex systems [I4Tt···X-] (Tt = C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb; X = F, Cl, Br, I and At) were examined using density functional theory (ωB97X-D) and ab initio (MP2 and CCSD) methods to demonstrate the ability of the tetrel atoms in molecular entities, I4Tt, to recognize the halide anions when in close proximity. The tetrel bond strength for the [I4C···X-] series and [I4Tt···X-] (Tt = Si, Sn; X = I, At), was weak-to-moderate, whereas that in the remaining 16 complexes was dative tetrel bond type with very large interaction energies and short Tt···X close contact distances. The basis set superposition error corrected interaction energies calculated with the highest-level theory applied, [CCSD(T)/def2-TZVPPD], ranged from -3.0 to -112.2 kcal mol-1. The significant variation in interaction energies was realized as a result of different levels of tetrel bonding environment between the interacting partners at the equilibrium geometries of the complex systems. Although the ωB97X-D computed intermolecular geometries and interaction energies of a majority of the [I4Tt···X-] complexes were close to those predicted by the highest level of theory, the MP2 results were shown to be misleading for some of these systems. To provide insight into the nature of the intermolecular chemical bonding environment in the 25 molecule-anion complexes investigated, we discussed the charge-density-based topological and isosurface features that emanated from the application of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules and independent gradient model approaches, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep R. Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; or
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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Brzeski J. On the influence of pnictogen bonding on acidity. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Definition of the Pnictogen Bond: A Perspective. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article proposes a definition for the term “pnictogen bond” and lists its donors, acceptors, and characteristic features. These may be invoked to identify this specific subset of the inter- and intramolecular interactions formed by elements of Group 15 which possess an electrophilic site in a molecular entity.
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Varadwaj A, Varadwaj PR, Marques HM, Yamashita K. The Pnictogen Bond, Together with Other Non-Covalent Interactions, in the Rational Design of One-, Two- and Three-Dimensional Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Metal Halide Perovskite Semiconducting Materials, and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8816. [PMID: 35955945 PMCID: PMC9369011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pnictogen bond, a somewhat overlooked supramolecular chemical synthon known since the middle of the last century, is one of the promising types of non-covalent interactions yet to be fully understood by recognizing and exploiting its properties for the rational design of novel functional materials. Its bonding modes, energy profiles, vibrational structures and charge density topologies, among others, have yet to be comprehensively delineated, both theoretically and experimentally. In this overview, attention is largely centered on the nature of nitrogen-centered pnictogen bonds found in organic-inorganic hybrid metal halide perovskites and closely related structures deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and the Inorganic Chemistry Structural Database (ICSD). Focusing on well-characterized structures, it is shown that it is not merely charge-assisted hydrogen bonds that stabilize the inorganic frameworks, as widely assumed and well-documented, but simultaneously nitrogen-centered pnictogen bonding, and, depending on the atomic constituents of the organic cation, other non-covalent interactions such as halogen bonding and/or tetrel bonding, are also contributors to the stabilizing of a variety of materials in the solid state. We have shown that competition between pnictogen bonding and other interactions plays an important role in determining the tilting of the MX6 (X = a halogen) octahedra of metal halide perovskites in one, two and three-dimensions. The pnictogen interactions are identified to be directional even in zero-dimensional crystals, a structural feature in many engineered ordered materials; hence an interplay between them and other non-covalent interactions drives the structure and the functional properties of perovskite materials and enabling their application in, for example, photovoltaics and optoelectronics. We have demonstrated that nitrogen in ammonium and its derivatives in many chemical systems acts as a pnictogen bond donor and contributes to conferring stability, and hence functionality, to crystalline perovskite systems. The significance of these non-covalent interactions should not be overlooked, especially when the focus is centered on the rationale design and discovery of such highly-valued materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Pradeep R. Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Helder M. Marques
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Koichi Yamashita
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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