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Uchida DT, Bruschi ML. Pharmaceutical applications and requirements of resins for printing by digital light processing (DLP). Pharm Dev Technol 2024; 29:445-456. [PMID: 38641968 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2024.2345144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The digital light processing (DLP) printer has proven to be effective in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, as its printing method does not induce shear and a strong temperature on the resin. In addition, the DLP printer has good resolution and print quality, which makes it possible to print complex structures with a customized shape, being used for various purposes ranging from jewelry application to biomedical and pharmaceutical areas. The big disadvantage of DLP is the lack of a biocompatible and non-toxic resin on the market. To overcome this limitation, an ideal resin for biomedical and pharmaceutical use is needed. The resin must have appropriate properties, so that the desired format is printed when with a determined wavelength is applied. Thus, the aim of this work is to bring the basic characteristics of the resins used by this printing method and the minimum requirements to start printing by DLP for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The DLP method has proven to be effective in obtaining pharmaceutical devices such as drug delivery systems. Furthermore, this technology allows the printing of devices of ideal size, shape and dosage, providing the patient with personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Tiemi Uchida
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Marcos Luciano Bruschi
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
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2
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Loukelis K, Koutsomarkos N, Mikos AG, Chatzinikolaidou M. Advances in 3D bioprinting for regenerative medicine applications. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae033. [PMID: 38845855 PMCID: PMC11153344 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofabrication techniques allow for the construction of biocompatible and biofunctional structures composed from biomaterials, cells and biomolecules. Bioprinting is an emerging 3D printing method which utilizes biomaterial-based mixtures with cells and other biological constituents into printable suspensions known as bioinks. Coupled with automated design protocols and based on different modes for droplet deposition, 3D bioprinters are able to fabricate hydrogel-based objects with specific architecture and geometrical properties, providing the necessary environment that promotes cell growth and directs cell differentiation towards application-related lineages. For the preparation of such bioinks, various water-soluble biomaterials have been employed, including natural and synthetic biopolymers, and inorganic materials. Bioprinted constructs are considered to be one of the most promising avenues in regenerative medicine due to their native organ biomimicry. For a successful application, the bioprinted constructs should meet particular criteria such as optimal biological response, mechanical properties similar to the target tissue, high levels of reproducibility and printing fidelity, but also increased upscaling capability. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in bioprinting, focusing on the regeneration of various tissues including bone, cartilage, cardiovascular, neural, skin and other organs such as liver, kidney, pancreas and lungs. We discuss the rapidly developing co-culture bioprinting systems used to resemble the complexity of tissues and organs and the crosstalk between various cell populations towards regeneration. Moreover, we report on the basic physical principles governing 3D bioprinting, and the ideal bioink properties based on the biomaterials' regenerative potential. We examine and critically discuss the present status of 3D bioprinting regarding its applicability and current limitations that need to be overcome to establish it at the forefront of artificial organ production and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Loukelis
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Nikos Koutsomarkos
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria Chatzinikolaidou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion 70013, Greece
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3
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Soullard L, Pradalié F, Labat B, Lancelon-Pin C, Nonglaton G, Rolere S, Texier I, Jean B. Methacrylated Cellulose Nanocrystals as Fillers for the Development of Photo-Cross-Linkable Cytocompatible Biosourced Formulations Targeting 3D Printing. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:6009-6024. [PMID: 38073466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from cotton were functionalized in aqueous medium using methacrylic anhydride (MA) to produce methacrylated cellulose nanocrystals (mCNCs) with a degree of methacrylation (DM) up to 12.6 ± 0.50%. Dispersible as-prepared CNCs and mCNCs were then considered as reinforcing fillers for aqueous 3D-printable formulations based on methacrylated carboxymethylcellulose (mCMC). The rheological properties of such photo-cross-linkable aqueous formulations containing nonmodified CNCs or mCNCs at 0.2 or 0.5 wt% in 2 wt% mCMC were fully investigated. The influence of the presence of nanoparticles on the UV-curing kinetics and dimensions of the photo-cross-linked hydrogels was probed and 13C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the maximum conversion ratio of methacrylates as well as the optimized time required for UV postcuring. The viscoelasticity of cross-linked hydrogels and swollen hydrogels was also studied. The addition of 0.5 wt% mCNC with a DM of 0.83 ± 0.040% to the formulation yielded faster cross-linking kinetics, better resolution, more robust cross-linked hydrogels, and more stable swollen hydrogels than pure mCMC materials. Additionally, the produced cryogels showed no cytotoxicity toward L929 fibroblasts. This biobased formulation could thus be considered for the 3D printing of hydrogels dedicated to biomedical purposes using vat polymerization techniques, such as stereolithography or digital light processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lénaïc Soullard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, DTNM, Grenoble 38054, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, Grenoble 38054, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, Saint-Martin-d'Hères 38041, France
| | - Flavie Pradalié
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, Saint-Martin-d'Hères 38041, France
| | - Béatrice Labat
- Univ. Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, PBS, Evreux 27000, France
| | | | | | | | - Isabelle Texier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Bruno Jean
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, Saint-Martin-d'Hères 38041, France
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Seo JW, Jung WK, Park YH, Bae H. Development of cultivable alginate fibers for an ideal cell-cultivated meat scaffold and production of hybrid cultured meat. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121287. [PMID: 37739499 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Slaughtering animals for meat pose several challenges, including environmental pollution and ethical concerns. Scaffold-based cell-cultivated meat has been proposed as a solution to these problems, however, the utilization of animal-derived materials for scaffolding or the high cost of production remains a significant challenge. Alginate is an ideal material for cell-cultivated meat scaffolds but has poor cell adhesion properties. To address this issue, we achieved 82 % cell adhesion coverage by controlling the specific structure generated during the ionic crosslinking process of alginate. Post 11 days of culture; we evaluated cell adhesion, differentiation, and aligned cell networks. The cell growth increased by 12.7 % compared to the initial seeding concentration. Finally, we created hybrid cell-cultivated meat by combining single-cell protein from mycelium and cell-cultivated meat. This is non-animal based, edible, cost-effective, and has a desirable texture by blending cell-cultivated meat with a meat analogue. In summary, the creation of improved alginate fibers can effectively tackle various obstacles encountered in the manufacturing of cell-cultivated meat. This includes enhancing cell adhesion, reducing costs, and streamlining the production procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Wook Seo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; NoAH Biotech Co., Ltd., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16614, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Jung
- NoAH Biotech Co., Ltd., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16614, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- NoAH Biotech Co., Ltd., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16614, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojae Bae
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Frankowski J, Kurzątkowska M, Sobczak M, Piotrowska U. Utilization of 3D bioprinting technology in creating human tissue and organoid models for preclinical drug research - State-of-the-art. Int J Pharm 2023; 644:123313. [PMID: 37579828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Rapid development of tissue engineering in recent years has increased the importance of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology as novel strategy for fabrication functional 3D tissue and organoid models for pharmaceutical research. 3D bioprinting technology gives hope for eliminating many problems associated with traditional cell culture methods during drug screening. However, there is a still long way to wider clinical application of this technology due to the numerous difficulties associated with development of bioinks, advanced printers and in-depth understanding of human tissue architecture. In this review, the work associated with relatively well-known extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB), jetting-based bioprinting (JBB), and vat photopolymerization bioprinting (VPB) is presented and discussed with the latest advances and limitations in this field. Next we discuss state-of-the-art research of 3D bioprinted in vitro models including liver, kidney, lung, heart, intestines, eye, skin as well as neural and bone tissue that have potential applications in the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Frankowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matylda Kurzątkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Sobczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Piotrowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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Rizzo R, Petelinšek N, Bonato A, Zenobi‐Wong M. From Free-Radical to Radical-Free: A Paradigm Shift in Light-Mediated Biofabrication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205302. [PMID: 36698304 PMCID: PMC10015869 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of novel photocrosslinking strategies and photoactivatable materials has stimulated widespread use of light-mediated biofabrication techniques. However, despite great progress toward more efficient and biocompatible photochemical strategies, current photoresins still rely on photoinitiators (PIs) producing radical-initiating species to trigger the so-called free-radical crosslinking/polymerization. In the context of bioprinting, where cells are encapsulated in the bioink, the presence of radicals raises concerns of potential cytotoxicity. In this work, a universal, radical-free (RF) photocrosslinking strategy to be used for light-based technologies is presented. Leveraging RF uncaging mechanisms and Michael addition, cell-laden constructs are photocrosslinked by means of one- and two-photon excitation with high biocompatibility. A hydrophilic coumarin-based group is used to cage a universal RF photocrosslinker based on 4-arm-PEG-thiol (PEG4SH). Upon light exposure, thiols are uncaged and react with an alkene counterpart to form a hydrogel. RF photocrosslinker is shown to be highly stable, enabling potential for off-the-shelf products. While PI-based systems cause a strong upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated genes, ROS are not detected in RF photoresins. Finally, optimized RF photoresin is successfully exploited for high resolution two-photon stereolithography (2P-SL) using remarkably low polymer concentration (<1.5%), paving the way for a shift toward radical-free light-based bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Rizzo
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication LaboratoryDepartment of Health Sciences & TechnologyETH ZürichOtto‐Stern‐Weg 7Zürich8093Switzerland
| | - Nika Petelinšek
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication LaboratoryDepartment of Health Sciences & TechnologyETH ZürichOtto‐Stern‐Weg 7Zürich8093Switzerland
| | - Angela Bonato
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication LaboratoryDepartment of Health Sciences & TechnologyETH ZürichOtto‐Stern‐Weg 7Zürich8093Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi‐Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication LaboratoryDepartment of Health Sciences & TechnologyETH ZürichOtto‐Stern‐Weg 7Zürich8093Switzerland
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Raja IS, Kang MS, Hong SW, Bae H, Kim B, Hwang YS, Cha JM, Han DW. State-of-the-art techniques for promoting tissue regeneration: Combination of three-dimensional bioprinting and carbon nanomaterials. Int J Bioprint 2022; 9:635. [PMID: 36844243 PMCID: PMC9947385 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v9i1.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
181Biofabrication approaches, such as three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of hydrogels, have recently garnered increasing attention, especially in the construction of 3D structures that mimic the complexity of tissues and organs with the capacity for cytocompatibility and post-printing cellular development. However, some printed gels show poor stability and maintain less shape fidelity if parameters such as polymer nature, viscosity, shear-thinning behavior, and crosslinking are affected. Therefore, researchers have incorporated various nanomaterials as bioactive fillers into polymeric hydrogels to address these limitations. Carbon-family nanomaterials (CFNs), hydroxyapatites, nanosilicates, and strontium carbonates have been incorporated into printed gels for application in various biomedical fields. In this review, following the compilation of research publications on CFNs-containing printable gels in various tissue engineering applications, we discuss the types of bioprinters, the prerequisites of bioink and biomaterial ink, as well as the progress and challenges of CFNs-containing printable gels in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Suck Won Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Hojae Bae
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongju Kim
- Dental Life Science Research Institute/Innovation Research & Support Center for Dental Science, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Yu-Shik Hwang
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Jae Min Cha
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea,Corresponding authors: Jae Min Cha () Dong-Wook Han ()
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- BIO-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea,Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea,Corresponding authors: Jae Min Cha () Dong-Wook Han ()
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Jeong D, Seo JW, Lee H, Jung WK, Park YH, Bae H. Efficient Myogenic/Adipogenic Transdifferentiation of Bovine Fibroblasts in a 3D Bioprinting System for Steak-Type Cultured Meat Production. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202877. [PMID: 36192168 PMCID: PMC9631076 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The interest in cultured meat is increasing because of the problems with conventional livestock industry. Recently, many studies related to cultured meat have been conducted, but producing large-sized cultured meat remains a challenge. It is aimed to introduce 3D bioprinting for producing large cell aggregates for cultured meat production. A hydrogel scaffold is produced at the centimeter scale using a bioink consisting of photocrosslinkable materials for digital light processing-based (DLP) printing, which has high printing accuracy and can produce geometrically complex structures. The light exposure time for hydrogel photopolymerization by DLP bioprinting is optimized based on photorheometry and cell viability assays. Naturally immortalized bovine embryonic fibroblast cells transformed with MyoD and PPARγ2 instead of primary cells are used as the latter have difficulties in maintaining stemness and are associated with animal ethics issues. The cells are mixed into the hydrogel for printing. Myogenesis and adipogenesis are induced simply by changing the medium after printing. Scaffolds are obtained successfully with living cells and large microchannels. The cooked cultured meat maintains its size and shape upon cutting. The overall dimensions are 3.43 cm × 5.53 cm × 0.96 cm. This study provides proof-of-concept for producing 3D cultured meat using bioinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayi Jeong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative BiotechnologyKU Convergence Science and Technology InstituteKonkuk UniversitySeoul05029Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Wook Seo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative BiotechnologyKU Convergence Science and Technology InstituteKonkuk UniversitySeoul05029Republic of Korea
| | - Hong‐Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and TechnologySanghuh College of Life SciencesKonkuk UniversitySeoul05029Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Jung
- NoAH Biotech Co., Ltd.Suwon‐siGyeonggi‐do16614Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- NoAH Biotech Co., Ltd.Suwon‐siGyeonggi‐do16614Republic of Korea
- Department of MicrobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Hojae Bae
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative BiotechnologyKU Convergence Science and Technology InstituteKonkuk UniversitySeoul05029Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Regenerative ScienceKonkuk University120 Neungdong‐ro, Gwangjin‐guSeoul05029Republic of Korea
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Che QT, Charoensri K, Seo JW, Nguyen MH, Jang G, Bae H, Park HJ. Triple-conjugated photo-/temperature-/pH-sensitive chitosan with an intelligent response for bioengineering applications. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 298:120066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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