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Dong Q, Duan D, Wang F, Yang K, Song Y, Wang Y, Wang D, Ji Z, Xu C, Jia P, Luan H, Guo S, Qi G, Mao K, Zhang X, Tian Y, Ma Y, Ma F. The MdVQ37-MdWRKY100 complex regulates salicylic acid content and MdRPM1 expression to modulate resistance to Glomerella leaf spot in apples. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2364-2376. [PMID: 38683692 PMCID: PMC11258982 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), caused by the fungus Colletotrichum fructicola, is considered one of the most destructive diseases affecting apples. The VQ-WRKY complex plays a crucial role in the response of plants to biotic stresses. However, our understanding of the defensive role of the VQ-WRKY complex on woody plants, particularly apples, under biotic stress, remains limited. In this study, we elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the defensive role of the apple MdVQ37-MdWRKY100 module in response to GLS infection. The overexpression of MdWRKY100 enhanced resistance to C. fructicola, whereas MdWRKY100 RNA interference in apple plants reduced resistance to C. fructicola by affecting salicylic acid (SA) content and the expression level of the CC-NBS-LRR resistance gene MdRPM1. DAP-seq, Y1H, EMSA, and RT-qPCR assays indicated that MdWRKY100 inhibited the expression of MdWRKY17, a positive regulatory factor gene of SA degradation, upregulated the expression of MdPAL1, a key enzyme gene of SA biosynthesis, and promoted MdRPM1 expression by directly binding to their promotors. Transient overexpression and silencing experiments showed that MdPAL1 and MdRPM1 positively regulated GLS resistance in apples. Furthermore, the overexpression of MdVQ37 increased the susceptibility to C. fructicola by reducing the SA content and expression level of MdRPM1. Additionally, MdVQ37 interacted with MdWRKY100, which repressed the transcriptional activity of MdWRKY100. In summary, these results revealed the molecular mechanism through which the apple MdVQ37-MdWRKY100 module responds to GLS infection by regulating SA content and MdRPM1 expression, providing novel insights into the involvement of the VQ-WRKY complex in plant pathogen defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Dong
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A & F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Dingyue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A & F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Feng Wang
- College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Kaiyu Yang
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yang Song
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yongxu Wang
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Dajiang Wang
- Research Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXingchengChina
| | - Zhirui Ji
- Research Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXingchengChina
| | - Chengnan Xu
- College of Life SciencesYan'an UniversityYan'anShaanxiChina
| | - Peng Jia
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Haoan Luan
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Suping Guo
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Guohui Qi
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Ke Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A & F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yi Tian
- College of HorticultureHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yue Ma
- College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A & F UniversityYanglingChina
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Liu X, Dai H, Zhang F, Wang J, Shi J, Chen J, He P, Wang F, Ma Y. The miR7125-MdARF1 module enhances the resistance of apple to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by promoting lignin synthesis in response to salicylic acid signalling. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38852059 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Apple is an important cash crop in China, and it is susceptible to fungal infections that have deleterious effects on its yield. Apple bitter rot caused by Colletorichum gloeosporioides is one of the most severe fungal diseases of apple. Salicylic acid (SA) is a key signalling molecule in the plant disease resistance signalling pathways. Lignin synthesis also plays a key role in conferring disease resistance. However, few studies have clarified the relationship between the SA disease resistance signalling pathway and the lignin disease resistance pathway in apple. MdMYB46 has previously been shown to promote lignin accumulation in apple and enhance salt and osmotic stress tolerance. Here, we investigated the relationship between MdMYB46 and biological stress; we found that MdMYB46 overexpression enhances the resistance of apple to C. gloeosporioides. We also identified MdARF1, a transcription factor upstream of MdMYB46, via yeast library screening and determined that MdARF1 was regulated by miR7125 through psRNATarget prediction. This regulatory relationship was confirmed through LUC and qRT-PCR experiments, demonstrating that miR7125 negatively regulates MdARF1. Analysis of the miR7125 promoter revealed that miR7125 responds to SA signals. The accumulation of SA level will result in the decrease of miR7125 expression level. In sum, the results of our study provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance of apple to C. gloeosporioides and reveal a new pathway that enhances lignin accumulation in apple in response to SA signals. These findings provide valuable information for future studies aimed at breeding apple for disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyan Dai
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiajun Shi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junqin Chen
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education of Ministry and Liaoning Province/National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping He
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Guo T, Bao R, Yang Z, Fu X, Hu L, Wang N, Liu C, Ma F. The m 6 A reader MhYTP2 negatively modulates apple Glomerella leaf spot resistance by binding to and degrading MdRGA2L mRNA. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1287-1299. [PMID: 37366340 PMCID: PMC10502827 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum fructicola, significantly threatens apple production. Some resistances to plant disease are mediated by the accumulation of nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) proteins that are encoded by a major class of plant disease resistance genes (R genes). However, the R genes that confer resistance to GLS in apple remain largely unclear. Malus hupehensis YT521-B homology domain-containing protein 2 (MhYTP2) was identified as an N6 -methyladenosine RNA methylation (m6 A) modified RNA reader in our previous study. However, whether MhYTP2 binds to mRNAs without m6 A RNA modifications remains unknown. In this study, we discovered that MhYTP2 exerts both m6 A-dependent and -independent functions by analysing previously obtained RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing results. The overexpression of MhYTP2 significantly reduced the resistance of apple to GLS and down-regulated the transcript levels of some R genes whose transcripts do not contain m6 A modifications. Further analysis indicated that MhYTP2 binds to and reduces the stability of MdRGA2L mRNA. MdRGA2L positively regulates resistance to GLS by activating salicylic acid signalling. Our findings revealed that MhYTP2 plays an essential role in the regulation of resistance to GLS and identified a promising R gene, MdRGA2L, for use in developing apple cultivars with GLS resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Ru Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Zehua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiaomin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Liu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Changhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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Alsamman AM, Mousa KH, Nassar AE, Faheem MM, Radwan KH, Adly MH, Hussein A, Istanbuli T, Mokhtar MM, Elakkad TA, Kehel Z, Hamwieh A, Abdelsattar M, El Allali A. Identification, characterization, and validation of NBS-encoding genes in grass pea. Front Genet 2023; 14:1187597. [PMID: 37408775 PMCID: PMC10318170 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1187597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Grass pea is a promising crop with the potential to provide food and fodder, but its genomics has not been adequately explored. Identifying genes for desirable traits, such as drought tolerance and disease resistance, is critical for improving the plant. Grass pea currently lacks known R-genes, including the nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) gene family, which plays a key role in protecting the plant from biotic and abiotic stresses. In our study, we used the recently published grass pea genome and available transcriptomic data to identify 274 NBS-LRR genes. The evolutionary relationships between the classified genes on the reported plants and LsNBS revealed that 124 genes have TNL domains, while 150 genes have CNL domains. All genes contained exons, ranging from 1 to 7. Ten conserved motifs with lengths ranging from 16 to 30 amino acids were identified. We found TIR-domain-containing genes in 132 LsNBSs, with 63 TIR-1 and 69 TIR-2, and RX-CCLike in 84 LsNBSs. We also identified several popular motifs, including P-loop, Uup, kinase-GTPase, ABC, ChvD, CDC6, Rnase_H, Smc, CDC48, and SpoVK. According to the gene enrichment analysis, the identified genes undergo several biological processes such as plant defense, innate immunity, hydrolase activity, and DNA binding. In the upstream regions, 103 transcription factors were identified that govern the transcription of nearby genes affecting the plant excretion of salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, ethylene, and abscisic acid. According to RNA-Seq expression analysis, 85% of the encoded genes have high expression levels. Nine LsNBS genes were selected for qPCR under salt stress conditions. The majority of the genes showed upregulation at 50 and 200 μM NaCl. However, LsNBS-D18, LsNBS-D204, and LsNBS-D180 showed reduced or drastic downregulation compared to their respective expression levels, providing further insights into the potential functions of LsNBSs under salt stress conditions. They provide valuable insights into the potential functions of LsNBSs under salt stress conditions. Our findings also shed light on the evolution and classification of NBS-LRR genes in legumes, highlighting the potential of grass pea. Further research could focus on the functional analysis of these genes, and their potential use in breeding programs to improve the salinity, drought, and disease resistance of this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsamman M. Alsamman
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Khaled H. Mousa
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Nassar
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M. Faheem
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Khaled H. Radwan
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Monica H. Adly
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hussein
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Tawffiq Istanbuli
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Terbol, Lebanon
| | - Morad M. Mokhtar
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Tamer Ahmed Elakkad
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
- Moshtohor Research Park, Molecular Biology Lab, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Zakaria Kehel
- Biodiversity and Crop Improvement Program, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Aladdin Hamwieh
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelsattar
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Achraf El Allali
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
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Song J, Chen F, Lv B, Guo C, Yang J, Huang L, Guo J, Xiang F. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the TIR-NBS-LRR Gene Family and Its Response to Fungal Disease in Rose (Rosa chinensis). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030426. [PMID: 36979118 PMCID: PMC10045381 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Roses, which are one of the world’s most important ornamental plants, are often damaged by pathogens, resulting in serious economic losses. As a subclass of the disease resistance gene family of plant nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL) genes play a vital role in identifying pathogen effectors and activating defense responses. However, a systematic analysis of the TNL gene family is rarely reported in roses. Herein, 96 intact TNL genes were identified in Rosa chinensis. Their phylogenies, physicochemical characteristics, gene structures, conserved domains and motifs, promoter cis-elements, microRNA binding sites, and intra- and interspecific collinearity relationships were analyzed. An expression analysis using transcriptome data revealed that RcTNL genes were dominantly expressed in leaves. Some RcTNL genes responded to gibberellin, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, Botrytis cinerea, Podosphaera pannosa, and Marssonina rosae (M. rosae); the RcTNL23 gene responded significantly to three hormones and three pathogens, and exhibited an upregulated expression. Furthermore, the black spot pathogen was identified as M. rosae. After inoculating rose leaves, an expression pattern analysis of the RcTNL genes suggested that they act during different periods of pathogen infection. The present study lays the foundations for an in-depth investigation of the TNL gene function and the mining of disease resistance genes in roses.
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Sun X, Li X, Wang Y, Xu J, Jiang S, Zhang Y. MdMKK9-Mediated the Regulation of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Red-Fleshed Apple in Response to Different Nitrogen Signals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147755. [PMID: 35887103 PMCID: PMC9324793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is a widely existing signal transduction system in eukaryotes, and plays an important role in the signal transduction processes of plant cells in response to environmental stress. In this study, we screened MdMKK9, a gene in the MAPK family. This gene is directly related to changes in anthocyanin synthesis in the ‘Daihong’ variety of red-fleshed apple (Malus sieversii f neidzwetzkyana (Dieck) Langenf). MdMKK9 expression was up-regulated in ‘Daihong’ tissue culture seedlings cultured at low levels of nitrogen. This change in gene expression up-regulated the expression of genes related to anthocyanin synthesis and nitrogen transport, thus promoting anthocyanin synthesis and causing the tissue culture seedlings to appear red in color. To elucidate the function of MdMKK9, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to construct a gene editing vector for MdMKK9 and successfully introduced it into the calli of the ‘Orin’ apple. The MdMKK9 deletion mutants (MUT) calli could not respond to the low level of nitrogen signal, the expression level of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes was down-regulated, and the anthocyanin content was lower than that of the wild type (WT). In contrast, the MdMKK9-overexpressed calli up-regulated the expression level of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes and increased anthocyanin content, and appeared red in conditions of low level of nitrogen or nitrogen deficiency. These results show that MdMKK9 plays a role in the adaptation of red-fleshed apple to low levels of nitrogen by regulating the nitrogen status and anthocyanin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.S.); (J.X.)
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yanbo Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jihua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.S.); (J.X.)
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shenghui Jiang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yugang Zhang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (Y.Z.)
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