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Mukherjee A, Singh BN, Kaur S, Sharma M, Ferreira de Araújo AS, Pereira APDA, Morya R, Puopolo G, Melo VMM, Verma JP. Unearthing the power of microbes as plant microbiome for sustainable agriculture. Microbiol Res 2024; 286:127780. [PMID: 38970905 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, research into the complex interactions and crosstalk between plants and their associated microbiota, collectively known as the plant microbiome has revealed the pivotal role of microbial communities for promoting plant growth and health. Plants have evolved intricate relationships with a diverse array of microorganisms inhabiting their roots, leaves, and other plant tissues. This microbiota mainly includes bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoans, and viruses, forming a dynamic and interconnected network within and around the plant. Through mutualistic or cooperative interactions, these microbes contribute to various aspects of plant health and development. The direct mechanisms of the plant microbiome include the enhancement of plant growth and development through nutrient acquisition. Microbes have the ability to solubilize essential minerals, fix atmospheric nitrogen, and convert organic matter into accessible forms, thereby augmenting the nutrient pool available to the plant. Additionally, the microbiome helps plants to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses, such as pathogen attacks and adverse environmental conditions, by priming the plant's immune responses, antagonizing phytopathogens, and improving stress tolerance. Furthermore, the plant microbiome plays a vital role in phytohormone regulation, facilitating hormonal balance within the plant. This regulation influences various growth processes, including root development, flowering, and fruiting. Microbial communities can also produce secondary metabolites, which directly or indirectly promote plant growth, development, and health. Understanding the functional potential of the plant microbiome has led to innovative agricultural practices, such as microbiome-based biofertilizers and biopesticides, which harness the power of beneficial microorganisms to enhance crop yields while reducing the dependency on chemical inputs. In the present review, we discuss and highlight research gaps regarding the plant microbiome and how the plant microbiome can be used as a source of single and synthetic bioinoculants for plant growth and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Mukherjee
- Plant-Microbe Interaction Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Bansh Narayan Singh
- Plant-Microbe Interaction Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Simranjit Kaur
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia; Crop Research Centre, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- CARAH ASBL, Rue Pal Pastur 11, Ath 7800, Belgium; China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute (CBI), University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315000, China
| | | | | | - Raj Morya
- Department of Civil and Environmental engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige 38098, Italy; Research and Innovation center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michelle all'Adige 38098, Italy
| | - Vânia Maria Maciel Melo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Federal University of Ceará, Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Jay Prakash Verma
- Plant-Microbe Interaction Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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Yu B, Liu N, Huang L, Luo H, Zhou X, Lei Y, Yan L, Wang X, Chen W, Kang Y, Ding Y, Jin G, Pandey MK, Janila P, Kishan Sudini H, Varshney RK, Jiang H, Liu S, Liao B. Identification and application of a candidate gene AhAftr1 for aflatoxin production resistance in peanut seed (Arachis hypogaea L.). J Adv Res 2024; 62:15-26. [PMID: 37739123 PMCID: PMC11331177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peanut is susceptible to infection of Aspergillus fungi and conducive to aflatoxin contamination, hence developing aflatoxin-resistant variety is highly meaningful. Identifying functional genes or loci conferring aflatoxin resistance and molecular diagnostic marker are crucial for peanut breeding. OBJECTIVES This work aims to (1) identify candidate gene for aflatoxin production resistance, (2) reveal the related resistance mechanism, and (3) develop diagnostic marker for resistance breeding program. METHODS Resistance to aflatoxin production in a recombined inbred line (RIL) population derived from a high-yielding variety Xuhua13 crossed with an aflatoxin-resistant genotype Zhonghua 6 was evaluated under artificial inoculation for three consecutive years. Both genetic linkage analysis and QTL-seq were conducted for QTL mapping. The candidate gene was further fine-mapped using a secondary segregation mapping population and validated by transgenic experiments. RNA-Seq analysis among resistant and susceptible RILs was used to reveal the resistance pathway for the candidate genes. RESULTS The major effect QTL qAFTRA07.1 for aflatoxin production resistance was mapped to a 1.98 Mbp interval. A gene, AhAftr1 (Arachis hypogaea Aflatoxin resistance 1), was detected structure variation (SV) in leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain of its production, and involved in disease resistance response through the effector-triggered immunity (ETI) pathway. Transgenic plants with overexpression of AhAftr1(ZH6) exhibited 57.3% aflatoxin reduction compared to that of AhAftr1(XH13). A molecular diagnostic marker AFTR.Del.A07 was developed based on the SV. Thirty-six lines, with aflatoxin content decrease by over 77.67% compared to the susceptible control Zhonghua12 (ZH12), were identified from a panel of peanut germplasm accessions and breeding lines through using AFTR.Del.A07. CONCLUSION Our findings would provide insights of aflatoxin production resistance mechanisms and laid meaningful foundation for further breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Li Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Huaiyong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Liying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Weigang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Kang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Yingbin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Gaorui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Manish K Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Aird Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pasupuleti Janila
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Aird Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Hari Kishan Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Aird Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Huifang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Shengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Boshou Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China.
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Kiselev KV, Ogneva ZV, Dubrovina AS, Gabdola AZ, Khassanova GZ, Jatayev SA. Study of CaDreb2c and CaDreb2h Gene Sequences and Expression in Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivars Growing in Northern Kazakhstan under Drought. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2066. [PMID: 39124184 PMCID: PMC11314285 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Drought poses a significant challenge to plant growth and productivity, particularly in arid regions like northern Kazakhstan. Dehydration-responsive element-binding (DREB) transcription factors play an important role in plant response to drought and other abiotic stresses. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the DREB subfamily consists of six groups, designated DREB1 to DREB6. Among these, DREB2 is primarily associated with drought and salinity tolerance. In the chickpea genome, two DREB genes, CaDREB2c and CaDREB2h, have been identified, exhibiting high sequence similarity to Arabidopsis DREB2 genes. We investigated the nucleotide sequences of CaDREB2c and CaDREB2h genes in several chickpea cultivars commonly grown in northern Kazakhstan. Interestingly, the CaDREB2h gene sequence was identical across all varieties and corresponded to the sequence deposited in the GenBank. However, the CaDREB2c gene sequence exhibited variations among the studied varieties, categorized into three groups: the first group (I), comprising 20 cultivars, contained a CaDREB2c gene sequence identical to the GenBank (Indian cultivar CDC Frontier). The second group (II), consisting of 4 cultivars, had a single synonymous substitution (T to C) compared to the deposited CaDREB2c gene sequence. The third group, encompassing 5 cultivars, displayed one synonymous substitution (C to T) and two non-synonymous substitutions (G to T and G to A). Furthermore, we assessed the gene expression patterns of CaDREB2c and CaDREB2h in different chickpea varieties under drought conditions. Chickpea cultivars 8 (III), 37 (I), 6 (III), and 43 (I) exhibited the highest drought resistance. Our analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between drought resistance and CaDREB2h gene expression under drought stress. Our findings suggest that the chickpea's adaptive responses to water deprivation are associated with changes in CaDREB2 gene expression. To further elucidate the mechanisms underlying drought tolerance, we propose future research directions that will delve into the molecular interactions and downstream targets of CaDREB2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V. Kiselev
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (Z.V.O.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Zlata V. Ogneva
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (Z.V.O.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Alexandra S. Dubrovina
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (Z.V.O.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Ademi Zh. Gabdola
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.Z.G.); (G.Z.K.); (S.A.J.)
| | - Gulmira Zh. Khassanova
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.Z.G.); (G.Z.K.); (S.A.J.)
- A.I. Barayev Research and Production Centre of Grain Farming, Shortandy 021600, Kazakhstan
| | - Satyvaldy A. Jatayev
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.Z.G.); (G.Z.K.); (S.A.J.)
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Perez-Rial A, Carmona A, Ali L, Rubio J, Millan T, Castro P, Die JV. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of a near-isogenic line pair: insights into flowering time in chickpea. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:709. [PMID: 39054447 PMCID: PMC11270784 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cicer arietinum is a significant legume crop cultivated mainly in short-season environments, where early-flowering is a desirable trait to overcome terminal constraints. Despite its agricultural significance, the genetic control of flowering time in chickpea is not fully understood. In this study, we developed, phenotyped, re-sequenced and genetically characterized a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs) with contrasting days to flowering to identify candidate gene variants potentially associated with flowering time. RESULTS In addition to days to flowering, noticeable differences in multiple shoot architecture traits were observed between the NILs. The resequencing data confirms that the NILs developed in this study serve as appropriate plant materials, effectively constraining genetic variation to specific regions and thereby establishing a valuable resource for future genetic and functional investigations in chickpea research. Leveraging bioinformatics tools and public genomic datasets, we identified homologs of flowering-related genes from Arabidopsis thaliana, including ELF3 and, for the first time in chickpea, MED16 and STO/BBX24, with variants among the NILs. Analysis of the allelic distribution of these genes revealed their preservation within chickpea diversity and their potential association with flowering time. Variants were also identified in members of the ERF and ARF gene families. Furthermore, in silico expression analysis was conducted elucidating their putative roles in flowering. CONCLUSIONS While the gene CaELF3a is identified as a prominent candidate, this study also exposes new targets in chickpea, such as CaMED16b and LOC101499101 (BBX24-like), homologs of flowering-related genes in Arabidopsis, as well as ERF12 and ARF2. The in silico expression characterization and genetic variability analysis performed could contribute to their use as specific markers for chickpea breeding programs. This study lays the groundwork for future investigations utilizing this plant material, promising further insights into the complex mechanisms governing flowering time in chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Perez-Rial
- Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carmona
- Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Latifah Ali
- Department of Plant Biology-Science Faculty, University of Tishreen, Lattakia City, Syria
| | - Josefa Rubio
- Área de Mejora y Biotecnología, IFAPA Centro 'Alameda del Obispo', Córdoba, 14080, Spain
| | - Teresa Millan
- Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Patricia Castro
- Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, 14071, Spain.
| | - Jose V Die
- Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
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Abdoli M, Amerian MR, Heidari M, Ebrahimi A. Synergistic effects of melatonin and 24-epibrassinolide on chickpea water deficit tolerance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:671. [PMID: 39004702 PMCID: PMC11247889 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water deficiency stress reduces yield in grain legumes, primarily due to a decrease in the pods number. Melatonin (ML) and 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) are recognized for their hormone-like properties that improve plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. This study aimed to assess the impact of different concentrations of ML (0, 100, and 200 µM) and EBL (0, 3, and 6 µM) on the growth, biochemical, and physiological characteristics of chickpea plants under water-stressed conditions. RESULTS The study's findings indicated that under water-stressed conditions, a decrease in seed (30%) and pod numbers (31%), 100-seed weight (17%), total chlorophyll content (46%), stomatal conductance (33%), as well as an increase in H2O2 (62%), malondialdehyde content (40%), and electrolyte leakage index (40%), resulted in a 40% reduction in chickpea plants grain yield. Our findings confirmed that under water-stressed conditions, seed oil, seed oil yield, and seed protein yield dropped by 20%, 55%, and 36%, respectively. The concurrent exogenous application of ML and EBL significantly reduces oxidative stress, plasma membrane damage, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. This treatment also leads to increased yield and its components, higher pigment content, enhanced oil and protein yield, and improved enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, flavonoid, and carotenoid. Furthermore, it promotes the accumulation of osmoprotectants such as proline, total soluble protein, and sugars. CONCLUSIONS Our study found that ML and EBL act synergistically to regulate plant growth, photosynthesis, osmoprotectants accumulation, antioxidant defense systems, and maintain ROS homeostasis, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of water deficit conditions. ML and EBL are key regulatory network components in stressful conditions, with significant potential for future research and practical applications. The regulation metabolic pathways of ML and EBL in water-stressed remains unknown. As a result, future research should aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by employing genome editing, RNA sequencing, microarray, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses to identify the mechanisms involved in plant responses to exogenous ML and EBL under water deficit conditions. Furthermore, the economical applications of synthetic ML and EBL could be an interesting strategy for improving plant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matin Abdoli
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Amerian
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Heidari
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran
| | - Amin Ebrahimi
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran.
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Khassanova G, Jatayev S, Gabdola A, Kuzbakova M, Zailasheva A, Kylyshbayeva G, Schramm C, Schleyer K, Philp-Dutton L, Sweetman C, Anderson P, Jenkins CLD, Soole KL, Shavrukov Y. Haplotypes of ATP-Binding Cassette CaABCC6 in Chickpea from Kazakhstan Are Associated with Salinity Tolerance and Leaf Necrosis via Oxidative Stress. Biomolecules 2024; 14:823. [PMID: 39062537 PMCID: PMC11275178 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Salinity tolerance was studied in chickpea accessions from a germplasm collection and in cultivars from Kazakhstan. After NaCl treatment, significant differences were found between genotypes, which could be arranged into three groups. Those that performed poorest were found in group 1, comprising five ICC accessions with the lowest chlorophyll content, the highest leaf necrosis (LN), Na+ accumulation, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and a low glutathione ratio GSH/GSSG. Two cultivars, Privo-1 and Tassay, representing group 2, were moderate in these traits, while the best performance was for group 3, containing two other cultivars, Krasnokutsky-123 and Looch, which were found to have mostly green plants and an exact opposite pattern of traits. Marker-trait association (MTA) between 6K DArT markers and four traits (LN, Na+, MDA, and GSH/GSSG) revealed the presence of four possible candidate genes in the chickpea genome that may be associated with the three groups. One gene, ATP-binding cassette, CaABCC6, was selected, and three haplotypes, A, D1, and D2, were identified in plants from the three groups. Two of the most salt-tolerant cultivars from group 3 were found to have haplotype D2 with a novel identified SNP. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that this gene was strongly expressed after NaCl treatment in the parental- and breeding-line plants of haplotype D2. Mass spectrometry of seed proteins showed a higher accumulation of glutathione reductase and S-transferase, but not peroxidase, in the D2 haplotype. In conclusion, the CaABCC6 gene was hypothesized to be associated with a better response to oxidative stress via glutathione metabolism, while other candidate genes are likely involved in the control of chlorophyll content and Na+ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulmira Khassanova
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.J.); (A.G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.)
- A.I. Barayev Research and Production Centre of Grain Farming, Shortandy 021601, Kazakhstan
| | - Satyvaldy Jatayev
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.J.); (A.G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ademi Gabdola
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.J.); (A.G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Marzhan Kuzbakova
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.J.); (A.G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Aray Zailasheva
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.J.); (A.G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Gulnar Kylyshbayeva
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Central Asian Innovation University, Shymkent 160000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Carly Schramm
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Kathryn Schleyer
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Lauren Philp-Dutton
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Peter Anderson
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Colin L. D. Jenkins
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Kathleen L. Soole
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Yuri Shavrukov
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
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Das S, Chakdar H, Kumar A, Singh R, Saxena AK. Chasmophyte associated stress tolerant bacteria confer drought resilience to chickpea through efficient nutrient mining and modulation of stress response. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12189. [PMID: 38806526 PMCID: PMC11133442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present study, ten (10) selected bacteria isolated from chasmophytic wild Chenopodium were evaluated for alleviation of drought stress in chickpea. All the bacterial cultures were potential P, K and Zn solubilizer. About 50% of the bacteria could produce Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase. The bacteria showed wide range of tolerance towards pH, salinity, temperature and osmotic stress. Bacillus paralicheniformis L38, Pseudomonas sp. LN75, Enterobacter hormachei subsp. xiangfengensis LJ89, B. paramycoides L17 and Micrococcus luteus LA9 significantly improved growth and nutrient (N, P, K, Fe and Zn) content in chickpea under water stress during a green house experiment conducted following a completely randomized design (CRD). Application of Microbacterium imperiale LJ10, B. stercoris LN74, Pseudomonas sp. LN75, B. paralicheniformis L38 and E. hormachei subsp. xiangfengensis LJ89 reduced the antioxidant enzymes under water stress. During field experiments conducted following randomized block design (RBD), all the bacterial inoculations improved chickpea yield under water stress. Highest yield (1363 kg ha-1) was obtained in plants inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. LN75. Pseudomonas sp. LN75, B. paralicheniformis L38 and E. hormachei subsp. xiangfengensis LJ89 have potential as microbial stimulants to alleviate the water stress in chickpea. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of using chasmophyte associated bacteria for alleviation of water stress in a crop plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Das
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, Uttar Pradesh, 275103, India
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hillol Chakdar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, Uttar Pradesh, 275103, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, Uttar Pradesh, 275103, India
| | - Rajni Singh
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anil Kumar Saxena
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, Uttar Pradesh, 275103, India.
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Khassanova G, Oshergina I, Ten E, Jatayev S, Zhanbyrshina N, Gabdola A, Gupta NK, Schramm C, Pupulin A, Philp-Dutton L, Anderson P, Sweetman C, Jenkins CL, Soole KL, Shavrukov Y. Zinc finger knuckle genes are associated with tolerance to drought and dehydration in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1354413. [PMID: 38766473 PMCID: PMC11099236 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1354413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a very important food legume and needs improved drought tolerance for higher seed production in dry environments. The aim of this study was to determine diversity and genetic polymorphism in zinc finger knuckle genes with CCHC domains and their functional analysis for practical improvement of chickpea breeding. Two CaZF-CCHC genes, Ca04468 and Ca07571, were identified as potentially important candidates associated with plant responses to drought and dehydration. To study these genes, various methods were used including Sanger sequencing, DArT (Diversity array technology) and molecular markers for plant genotyping, gene expression analysis using RT-qPCR, and associations with seed-related traits in chickpea plants grown in field trials. These genes were studied for genetic polymorphism among a set of chickpea accessions, and one SNP was selected for further study from four identified SNPs between the promoter regions of each of the two genes. Molecular markers were developed for the SNP and verified using the ASQ and CAPS methods. Genotyping of parents and selected breeding lines from two hybrid populations, and SNP positions on chromosomes with haplotype identification, were confirmed using DArT microarray analysis. Differential expression profiles were identified in the parents and the hybrid populations under gradual drought and rapid dehydration. The SNP-based genotypes were differentially associated with seed weight per plant but not with 100 seed weight. The two developed and verified SNP molecular markers for both genes, Ca04468 and Ca07571, respectively, could be used for marker-assisted selection in novel chickpea cultivars with improved tolerance to drought and dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulmira Khassanova
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Department of Crop Breeding, A.I.Barayev Research and Production Centre of Grain Farming, Shortandy, Kazakhstan
| | - Irina Oshergina
- Department of Crop Breeding, A.I.Barayev Research and Production Centre of Grain Farming, Shortandy, Kazakhstan
| | - Evgeniy Ten
- Department of Crop Breeding, A.I.Barayev Research and Production Centre of Grain Farming, Shortandy, Kazakhstan
| | - Satyvaldy Jatayev
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Nursaule Zhanbyrshina
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Ademi Gabdola
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Narendra K. Gupta
- Department of Plant Physiology, Sri Karan Narendra (SNK) Agricultural University, Jobster, Rajastan, India
| | - Carly Schramm
- College of Science and Engineering (Biological Sciences), Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Antonio Pupulin
- College of Science and Engineering (Biological Sciences), Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lauren Philp-Dutton
- College of Science and Engineering (Biological Sciences), Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter Anderson
- College of Science and Engineering (Biological Sciences), Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- College of Science and Engineering (Biological Sciences), Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Colin L.D. Jenkins
- College of Science and Engineering (Biological Sciences), Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kathleen L. Soole
- College of Science and Engineering (Biological Sciences), Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yuri Shavrukov
- College of Science and Engineering (Biological Sciences), Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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9
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Krieg CP, Smith DD, Adams MA, Berger J, Layegh Nikravesh N, von Wettberg EJ. Greater ecophysiological stress tolerance in the core environment than in extreme environments of wild chickpea (Cicer reticulatum). Sci Rep 2024; 14:5744. [PMID: 38459248 PMCID: PMC10923935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Global climate change and land use change underlie a need to develop new crop breeding strategies, and crop wild relatives (CWR) have become an important potential source of new genetic material to improve breeding efforts. Many recent approaches assume adaptive trait variation increases towards the relative environmental extremes of a species range, potentially missing valuable trait variation in more moderate or typical climates. Here, we leveraged distinct genotypes of wild chickpea (Cicer reticulatum) that differ in their relative climates from moderate to more extreme and perform targeted assessments of drought and heat tolerance. We found significance variation in ecophysiological function and stress tolerance between genotypes but contrary to expectations and current paradigms, it was individuals from more moderate climates that exhibited greater capacity for stress tolerance than individuals from warmer and drier climates. These results indicate that wild germplasm collection efforts to identify adaptive variation should include the full range of environmental conditions and habitats instead of only environmental extremes, and that doing so may significantly enhance the success of breeding programs broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark A Adams
- Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Jens Berger
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Eric J von Wettberg
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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10
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Ram Soren K, Tripathi S, Hembram M, Kumar N, Konda K A, Gupta NC, Bharadwaj C, Prasad Dixit G. Network interactions with functional roles and evolutionary relationships for BURP domain-containing proteins in chickpea and model species. Bioinformation 2023; 19:1197-1211. [PMID: 38250539 PMCID: PMC10794749 DOI: 10.6026/973206300191197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The functional significance and evolutionary relationships of BURP domain-containing genes unique to plants is of interest. Network analysis reveals different associations of BURP proteins with other proteins and functional terms, throwing light on their involvement in various biological processes and pathways. The gene expression data reveals that BURP genes are affected by salinity stress, reflecting diverse expression patterns in roots and shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neeraj Kumar
- ICAR-Division of genetics, IARI, New Delhi, India
| | | | - NC Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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11
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Sarita, Mehrotra S, Dimkpa CO, Goyal V. Survival mechanisms of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under saline conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 205:108168. [PMID: 38008005 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is a significant abiotic stress that is steadily increasing in intensity globally. Salinity is caused by various factors such as use of poor-quality water for irrigation, poor drainage systems, and increasing spate of drought that concentrates salt solutions in the soil; salinity is responsible for substantial agricultural losses worldwide. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is one of the crops most sensitive to salinity stress. Salinity restricts chickpea growth and production by interfering with various physiological and metabolic processes, downregulating genes linked to growth, and upregulating genes encoding intermediates of the tolerance and avoidance mechanisms. Salinity, which also leads to osmotic stress, disturbs the ionic equilibrium of plants. Survival under salinity stress is a primary concern for the plant. Therefore, plants adopt tolerance strategies such as the SOS pathway, antioxidative defense mechanisms, and several other biochemical mechanisms. Simultaneously, affected plants exhibit mechanisms like ion compartmentalization and salt exclusion. In this review, we highlight the impact of salinity in chickpea, strategies employed by the plant to tolerate and avoid salinity, and agricultural strategies for dealing with salinity. With the increasing spate of salinity spurred by natural events and anthropogenic agricultural activities, it is pertinent to explore and exploit the underpinning mechanisms for salinity tolerance to develop mitigation and adaptation strategies in globally important food crops such as chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita
- Department of Botany & Plant Physiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Shweta Mehrotra
- Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Christian O Dimkpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States.
| | - Vinod Goyal
- Department of Botany & Plant Physiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
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12
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Bouzroud S, Henkrar F, Fahr M, Smouni A. Salt stress responses and alleviation strategies in legumes: a review of the current knowledge. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:287. [PMID: 37520340 PMCID: PMC10382465 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most significant environmental factors limiting legumes development and productivity. Salt stress disturbs all developmental stages of legumes and affects their hormonal regulation, photosynthesis and biological nitrogen fixation, causing nutritional imbalance, plant growth inhibition and yield losses. At the molecular level, salt stress exposure involves large number of factors that are implicated in stress perception, transduction, and regulation of salt responsive genes' expression through the intervention of transcription factors. Along with the complex gene network, epigenetic regulation mediated by non-coding RNAs, and DNA methylation events are also involved in legumes' response to salinity. Different alleviation strategies can increase salt tolerance in legume plants. The most promising ones are Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobia, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, seed and plant's priming. Genetic manipulation offers an effective approach for improving salt tolerance. In this review, we present a detailed overview of the adverse effect of salt stress on legumes and their molecular responses. We also provide an overview of various ameliorative strategies that have been implemented to mitigate/overcome the harmful effects of salt stress on legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bouzroud
- Equipe de Microbiologie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Biotechnologie Végétale et Microbienne Biodiversité et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fatima Henkrar
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétales, Centre de Biotechnologie Végétale et Microbienne Biodiversité et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratoire Mixte International Activité Minière Responsable “LMI-AMIR”, IRD/UM5R/INAU, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mouna Fahr
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétales, Centre de Biotechnologie Végétale et Microbienne Biodiversité et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratoire Mixte International Activité Minière Responsable “LMI-AMIR”, IRD/UM5R/INAU, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Smouni
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétales, Centre de Biotechnologie Végétale et Microbienne Biodiversité et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratoire Mixte International Activité Minière Responsable “LMI-AMIR”, IRD/UM5R/INAU, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
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13
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Dwivedi SL, Chapman MA, Abberton MT, Akpojotor UL, Ortiz R. Exploiting genetic and genomic resources to enhance productivity and abiotic stress adaptation of underutilized pulses. Front Genet 2023; 14:1193780. [PMID: 37396035 PMCID: PMC10311922 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1193780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Underutilized pulses and their wild relatives are typically stress tolerant and their seeds are packed with protein, fibers, minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals. The consumption of such nutritionally dense legumes together with cereal-based food may promote global food and nutritional security. However, such species are deficient in a few or several desirable domestication traits thereby reducing their agronomic value, requiring further genetic enhancement for developing productive, nutritionally dense, and climate resilient cultivars. This review article considers 13 underutilized pulses and focuses on their germplasm holdings, diversity, crop-wild-crop gene flow, genome sequencing, syntenic relationships, the potential for breeding and transgenic manipulation, and the genetics of agronomic and stress tolerance traits. Recent progress has shown the potential for crop improvement and food security, for example, the genetic basis of stem determinacy and fragrance in moth bean and rice bean, multiple abiotic stress tolerant traits in horse gram and tepary bean, bruchid resistance in lima bean, low neurotoxin in grass pea, and photoperiod induced flowering and anthocyanin accumulation in adzuki bean have been investigated. Advances in introgression breeding to develop elite genetic stocks of grass pea with low β-ODAP (neurotoxin compound), resistance to Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus in black gram using rice bean, and abiotic stress adaptation in common bean, using genes from tepary bean have been carried out. This highlights their potential in wider breeding programs to introduce such traits in locally adapted cultivars. The potential of de-domestication or feralization in the evolution of new variants in these crops are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A. Chapman
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Rodomiro Ortiz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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14
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Golcuk A, Yasar A, Saritas MM, Erharman A. Classification of Cicer arietinum varieties using MobileNetV2 and LSTM. Eur Food Res Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-023-04217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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15
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Zhong V, Archibald BN, Brophy JAN. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls for tuning gene expression in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 71:102315. [PMID: 36462457 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant biotechnologists seek to modify plants through genetic reprogramming, but our ability to precisely control gene expression in plants is still limited. Here, we review transcription and translation in the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana with an eye toward control points that may be used to predictably modify gene expression. We highlight differences in gene expression requirements between these plants and other species, and discuss the ways in which our understanding of gene expression has been used to engineer plants. This review is intended to serve as a resource for plant scientists looking to achieve precise control over gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Zhong
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bella N Archibald
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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16
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Asati R, Tripathi MK, Tiwari S, Yadav RK, Tripathi N. Molecular Breeding and Drought Tolerance in Chickpea. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1846. [PMID: 36430981 PMCID: PMC9698494 DOI: 10.3390/life12111846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cicer arietinum L. is the third greatest widely planted imperative pulse crop worldwide, and it belongs to the Leguminosae family. Drought is the utmost common abiotic factor on plants, distressing their water status and limiting their growth and development. Chickpea genotypes have the natural ability to fight drought stress using certain strategies viz., escape, avoidance and tolerance. Assorted breeding methods, including hybridization, mutation, and marker-aided breeding, genome sequencing along with omics approaches, could be used to improve the chickpea germplasm lines(s) against drought stress. Root features, for instance depth and root biomass, have been recognized as the greatest beneficial morphological factors for managing terminal drought tolerance in the chickpea. Marker-aided selection, for example, is a genomics-assisted breeding (GAB) strategy that can considerably increase crop breeding accuracy and competence. These breeding technologies, notably marker-assisted breeding, omics, and plant physiology knowledge, underlined the importance of chickpea breeding and can be used in future crop improvement programmes to generate drought-tolerant cultivars(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Asati
- Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Sushma Tiwari
- Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Niraj Tripathi
- Directorate of Research Services, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Jabalpur 482004, India
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