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Pisanu F, Sykula A, Sciortino G, Maseras F, Lodyga-Chruscinska E, Garribba E. Experimental and Computational Studies on the Interaction of DNA with Hesperetin Schiff Base Cu II Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5283. [PMID: 38791321 PMCID: PMC11121494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The interactions with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) of three Schiff bases formed by the condensation of hesperetin with benzohydrazide (HHSB or L1H3), isoniazid (HIN or L2H3), or thiosemicarbazide (HTSC or L3H3) and their CuII complexes (CuHHSB, CuHIN, and CuHTSC with the general formula [CuLnH2(AcO)]) were evaluated in aqueous solution both experimentally and theoretically. UV-Vis studies indicate that the ligands and complexes exhibit hypochromism, which suggests helical ordering in the DNA helix. The intrinsic binding constants (Kb) of the Cu compounds with CT-DNA, in the range (2.3-9.2) × 106, from CuHTSC to CuHHSB, were higher than other copper-based potential drugs, suggesting that π-π stacking interaction due to the presence of the aromatic rings favors the binding. Thiazole orange (TO) assays confirmed that ligands and Cu complexes displace TO from the DNA binding site, quenching the fluorescence emission. DFT calculations allow for an assessment of the equilibrium between [Cu(LnH2)(AcO)] and [Cu(LnH2)(H2O)]+, the tautomer that binds CuII, amido (am) and not imido (im), and the coordination mode of HTSC (O-, N, S), instead of (O-, N, NH2). The docking studies indicate that the intercalative is preferred over the minor groove binding to CT-DNA with the order [Cu(L1H2am)(AcO)] > [Cu(L2H2am)(AcO)] ≈ TO ≈ L1H3 > [Cu(L3H2am)(AcO)], in line with the experimental Kb constants, obtained from the UV-Vis spectroscopy. Moreover, dockings predict that the binding strength of [Cu(L1H2am)(AcO)] is larger than [Cu(L1H2am)(H2O)]+. Overall, the results suggest that when different enantiomers, tautomers, and donor sets are possible for a metal complex, a computational approach should be recommended to predict the type and strength of binding to DNA and, in general, to macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pisanu
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, I-07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Anna Sykula
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (E.L.-C.)
| | - Giuseppe Sciortino
- Department de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Elzbieta Lodyga-Chruscinska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (E.L.-C.)
| | - Eugenio Garribba
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, I-07100 Sassari, Italy;
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de la Mata Moratilla S, Casado Angulo S, Gómez-Casanova N, Copa-Patiño JL, Heredero-Bermejo I, de la Mata FJ, García-Gallego S. Zinc(II) Iminopyridine Complexes as Antibacterial Agents: A Structure-to-Activity Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4011. [PMID: 38612821 PMCID: PMC11012978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is currently a global health emergency. Metallodrugs, especially metal coordination complexes, comprise a broad variety of candidates to combat antibacterial infections. In this work, we designed a new family of Schiff base zinc(II) complexes with iminopyridine as an organic ligand and different inorganic ligands: chloride, nitrate, and acetate. The antibacterial effect of the Zn(II) complexes was studied against planktonic bacterial cells of Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) strains. The results showed a moderate biocide activity in both types of planktonic bacteria, which arises from the metal complexation to the Schiff base ligand. Importantly, we confirmed the crucial effect of the metal, with Zn(II) improving the activity of Cu(II) counterparts previously reported. On the other hand, the impact of the inorganic ligands was not significant for the antibacterial effect but was relevant for the complex solubility. Finally, as proof of concept of topical antibacterial formulation, we formulated an emulsion containing the most lipophilic Zn(II) complex and confirmed a sustained release for 24 h in a vertical cell diffusion assay. The promising activity of iminopyridine Zn(II) complexes is potentially worth exploring in more detailed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia de la Mata Moratilla
- University of Alcalá, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (S.d.l.M.M.); (S.C.A.); (F.J.d.l.M.)
| | - Sandra Casado Angulo
- University of Alcalá, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (S.d.l.M.M.); (S.C.A.); (F.J.d.l.M.)
| | - Natalia Gómez-Casanova
- University of Alcalá, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - José Luis Copa-Patiño
- University of Alcalá, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - Irene Heredero-Bermejo
- University of Alcalá, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - Francisco Javier de la Mata
- University of Alcalá, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (S.d.l.M.M.); (S.C.A.); (F.J.d.l.M.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra García-Gallego
- University of Alcalá, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (S.d.l.M.M.); (S.C.A.); (F.J.d.l.M.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Gomes RN, Silva ML, Gomes KS, Lago JHG, Cerchiaro G. Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxic effects of new copper complexes using Schiff-base derivatives from natural sources. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 250:112401. [PMID: 37864881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Copper(II) complexes are interesting for cancer treatment due to their unique properties, including their redox potential, possible coordination structures with different ligands, the most diverse geometries, and different biomolecule reactivity. The present work synthesized new copper(II) complexes with Schiff-base (imine) type ligands using natural aldehydes such as cinnamaldehyde, vanillin, or ethyl vanillin. The ligands were obtained through the reaction of these aldehydes with the amines 1,3-diaminopropane, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, or 1,3-diamino-2-propanol and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR and ESI-HRMS. The complexation reaction used copper(II) as perchlorate salt, obtaining six new copper(II) complexes. The complexes were characterized using FTIR, UV-vis, elemental analysis, ESI-HRMS, and EPR. In addition, the interaction with the copper(II) complexes and serum albumin was investigated by electronic absorption, showing complex incorporation in the albumin structure. The cytotoxicity of the complexes was evaluated using MTT assay in neuroblastoma cell lines SH-SY5Y, CHP 212, and glioblastoma LN-18, and presented EC50 values between 90 and 300 μM. Based on our results, a square-planar copper(II) complex derived from Schiff-base cinnamaldehyde was found here to possess significant potential as an anti-cancer treatment. Further investigation is required to explore this compound's benefits in cancer co-treatment approaches fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael N Gomes
- Metal Biochemistry and Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus L Silva
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Kaio S Gomes
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - João H G Lago
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Giselle Cerchiaro
- Metal Biochemistry and Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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D’Amato A, Mariconda A, Iacopetta D, Ceramella J, Catalano A, Sinicropi MS, Longo P. Complexes of Ruthenium(II) as Promising Dual-Active Agents against Cancer and Viral Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1729. [PMID: 38139855 PMCID: PMC10747139 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor responses to medical care and the failure of pharmacological treatment for many high-frequency diseases, such as cancer and viral infections, have been widely documented. In this context, numerous metal-based substances, including cisplatin, auranofin, various gold metallodrugs, and ruthenium complexes, are under study as possible anticancer and antiviral agents. The two Ru(III) and Ru(II) complexes, namely, BOLD-100 and RAPTA-C, are presently being studied in a clinical trial and preclinical studies evaluation, respectively, as anticancer agents. Interestingly, BOLD-100 has also recently demonstrated antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, which is the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Over the last years, much effort has been dedicated to discovering new dual anticancer-antiviral agents. Ru-based complexes could be very suitable in this respect. Thus, this review focuses on the most recent studies regarding newly synthesized Ru(II) complexes for use as anticancer and/or antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta D’Amato
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (A.D.); (P.L.)
| | | | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Pasquale Longo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (A.D.); (P.L.)
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Thakor P, Patel RJ, Giri RK, Chaki SH, Khimani AJ, Vaidya YH, Thakor P, Thakkar AB, Patel JD. Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, Thermal Investigation, Computational Studies, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Biological Activities of a New Schiff Base Derived from 2-Chloro Benzaldehyde and 3,3'-Dimethyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:33069-33082. [PMID: 37720740 PMCID: PMC10500648 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The current research involves the synthesis of a new Schiff base through the reaction between 2-chlorobenzaldehyde and 3,3'-dimethyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine by using a natural acid catalyst and a synthesized compound physicochemically characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thermal studies were conducted using thermogravimetric, differential thermal analysis, and differential thermogravimetric curves. These curves were obtained in an inert nitrogen environment from ambient temperature to 1263 K using heating rates of 10, 15, and 20 K·min-1. Using thermocurve data, model-free isoconversional techniques such as Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, and Friedman are used to determine kinetic parameters. These parameters include activation energy, phonon frequency factor, activation enthalpy, activation entropy, and Gibb's free energy change. All of the results have been thoroughly investigated. The molecule's anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties were also examined. To learn more about the potential of the Schiff base and how successfully it can suppress the amylase enzyme, a molecular docking experiment was also conducted. For in silico research, the Swiss Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity algorithms were used to calculate the theoretical pharmacokinetic properties, oral bioavailability, toxic effects, and biological activities of the synthesized molecule. Moreover, the cytotoxicity tests against a human lung cancer cell line (A549) using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay demonstrated that the synthesized Schiff base exhibited significant anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priteshkumar
M. Thakor
- Department
of Chemistry, Shri Alpesh N. Patel Post
Graduate Institute of Science and Research, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajesh J. Patel
- Department
of Chemistry, Shri Alpesh N. Patel Post
Graduate Institute of Science and Research, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Ranjan Kr. Giri
- P.
G. Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - Sunil H. Chaki
- P.
G. Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - Ankurkumar J. Khimani
- Department
of Physics, Shri Alpesh N. Patel Post Graduate
Institute of Science and Research, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Yati H. Vaidya
- Department
of Microbiology, Shri Alpesh N. Patel Post
Graduate Institute of Science and Research, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Parth Thakor
- B.
D. Patel Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT campus, Changa 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Anjali B. Thakkar
- P. G. Department
of Biosciences and P. G. Department of Applied and Interdisciplinary
Sciences, Sardar Patel University, Anand 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - Jatin D. Patel
- Department
of Chemistry, Shri Alpesh N. Patel Post
Graduate Institute of Science and Research, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India
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Asghariazar V, Amini M, Pirdel Z, Fekri R, Asadi A, Nejati-Koshki K, Baradaran B, Panahi Y. The Schiff base hydrazine copper(II) complexes induce apoptosis by P53 overexpression and prevent cell migration through protease-independent pathways. Med Oncol 2023; 40:271. [PMID: 37594547 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Although chemotherapy has increased the life expectancy of cancer patients, its toxic side effects remain a major challenge. Recently, organometallic compounds, such as Schiff base copper complexes, have become promising candidates for next-generation anticancer drugs owing to their unique anticancer activities. In this study, binuclear copper(II) complex-1 and mononuclear copper(II) complex-2 were examined to analyze their anticancer mechanisms further. For this purpose, a viability test, flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis and the cell cycle, migration assay, and gene expression analysis were performed. According to our results, complex-1 was more cytotoxic than complex-2 at 24/48-h intervals. Our findings also demonstrated that both complexes induced apoptosis at IC50 concentrations and arrested the cell cycle at the G1-S checkpoint. However, complex-1 accelerates cell cycle arrest at the sub-G0/G1 phase more than complex-2 does. Furthermore, gene expression analysis showed that only complex-1 induces the expression of p53. Interestingly, both complexes induced Bcl-2 overexpression. However, they did not affect MMP-13 expression. More interestingly, both complexes inhibited cell migration in different ways, including amoeboid and collective, by recruiting protease-independent pathways. This study confirmed that adding several metal cores and co-ligands increased the activity of the complex. It also appeared that Cu-containing complexes could prevent the migration of cancer cells through protease-independent pathways, which can be used for novel therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Asghariazar
- Deputy of Research & Technology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Pirdel
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Fekri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Asadollah Asadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Kazem Nejati-Koshki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yasin Panahi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, 5816753464, Iran.
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Oboňová B, Habala L, Litecká M, Herich P, Bilková A, Bilka F, Horváth B. Antimicrobially Active Zn(II) Complexes of Reduced Schiff Bases Derived from Cyclohexane-1,2-diamine and Fluorinated Benzaldehydes-Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Bioactivity. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1516. [PMID: 37511891 PMCID: PMC10381420 DOI: 10.3390/life13071516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of Schiff base ligands obtained by the condensation of trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine and fluorinated benzaldehydes were prepared, followed by their reduction with NaBH4. The reduced ligands were employed in the synthesis of zinc complexes of the general formula [ZnCl2(L)]. The structures of both the original and the reduced Schiff bases, as well as of the zinc complexes, were characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis, along with NMR and IR spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activities of the reduced Schiff bases and their zinc complexes were evaluated in vitro against E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. The compounds containing the 4-(trifluoromethylphenyl) moiety showed marked antibacterial activity. Interestingly, the antimicrobial effect of the zinc complex with this moiety was significantly higher than that of the corresponding free reduced ligand, comparable with ciprofloxacin used as standard. Thus, a synergic effect upon the complexation with zinc can be inferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Oboňová
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ladislav Habala
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Litecká
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the CAS, Husinec-Řež č.p. 1001, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Herich
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Bilková
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - František Bilka
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Horváth
- NMR Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Biological Activities of Ruthenium NHC Complexes: An Update. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020365. [PMID: 36830276 PMCID: PMC9952499 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes have unique physico-chemical properties as catalysts and a huge potential in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, exhibiting a variety of notable biological activities. In this review, the most recent studies on ruthenium NHC complexes are summarized, focusing specifically on antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. Ruthenium NHC complexes are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Listeria monocytogenes and are seldom active against Gram-negative bacteria, including Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and fungal strains of Candida albicans. The antiproliferative activity was tested against cancer cell lines of human colon, breast, cervix, epidermis, liver and rat glioblastoma cell lines. Ruthenium NHC complexes generally demonstrated cytotoxicity higher than standard anticancer drugs. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanism of action of these interesting compounds.
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