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Chen QX, Han Y, Li YF. The Ultramorphology and Sexual Dimorphism of Antennae and Sensilla in the Pale Grass Blue, Pseudozizeeria maha (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). INSECTS 2024; 15:698. [PMID: 39336666 PMCID: PMC11432280 DOI: 10.3390/insects15090698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
The pale grass blue, Pseudozizeeria maha, is a small lycaenid butterfly widely distributed across Asia. Due to its exclusively diurnal lifestyle and conspicuous sexual dimorphism in wing coloration, vision has traditionally been regarded as the primary sensory system driving various behaviors. However, non-visual sensory systems related to sex-specific behavioral responses, such as antennae, have received far less attention. This study investigated the morphological characteristics and sensilla types of the antennae in adult P. maha using scanning electron microscopy, with a focus on potential sexual dimorphism. The antennae of adult P. maha are clavate, with no significant sexual differences in overall morphology. Six types of antennal sensilla were identified: Böhm bristles, sensilla squamiformia, sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica, and sensilla coeloconica, with no sexual dimorphism observed in their morphological types or dimensions. Remarkably, the sensilla coeloconica exhibit significant sexual dimorphism, with a more prominent presence in females. This finding suggests that female P. maha may rely more on olfactory cues for some sex-specific behaviors, such as oviposition site selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xiao Chen
- Laboratory of Insect Evolution and Systematics, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Ying Han
- Laboratory of Insect Evolution and Systematics, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Ya-Fei Li
- Laboratory of Insect Evolution and Systematics, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
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Wang Q, Wang L, Wang Q, Yan S. Comparative Morphology and Ultrastructure of Antennal Sensilla in Dendrolimus superans (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) and Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). INSECTS 2024; 15:655. [PMID: 39336623 PMCID: PMC11432060 DOI: 10.3390/insects15090655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Dendrolimus superans (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) and Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) are two important forest defoliators in northeast China, with the former being a specialist on Larix spp. and the latter being a generalist feeding on >500 species of plants. The morphology and ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of both male and female D. superans and L. dispar were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In both sexes of D. superans, the following five types of antennal sensilla were found: sensilla trichoidea, s. chaetica, s. coeloconica, s. gemmiformia, and s. basiconica. In males of L. dispar, six types of antennal sensilla: sensilla trichoidea, s. chaetica, s. coeloconica, s. basiconica, s. styloconica, and s. auricillica, were identified. In addition to the six types found in males, a seventh type of sensilla, s. squamiform, was only detected on L. dispar female antennae. For s. chaetica of D. superans, a unique ultrastructure of sub-branches that have one branch, two branches, and three branches was observed on their tips, which has not yet been reported on other insects. s. styloconica, s. auricillica, and s. squamiform, not found in the specialist D. superans, may be related to the euryphagy of L. dispar. Potential functionalities of these sensilla were discussed with reference to moth feeding habits, and their morphology, distribution, and ultrastructures on both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (Q.W.); (L.W.)
- Forest Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Longzheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (Q.W.); (L.W.)
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (Q.W.); (L.W.)
| | - Shanchun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (Q.W.); (L.W.)
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Wang Y, Wan T, Wang Y, Zhao P, Liu Y. Ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of the praying mantis Creobroter nebulosa Zheng (Mantedea: Hymenopodidae). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301445. [PMID: 38771816 PMCID: PMC11108147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The praying mantis Creobroter nebulosa Zheng (Mantedea: Hymenopodidae) is an insect that has medicinal and esthetical importance, and being a natural enemy for many insects, the species is used as a biological control agent. In this publication, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the fine morphology of antennae of males and females of this species. The antennae of both sexes are filiform and consist of three parts: scape, pedicel, and flagellum (differing in the number of segments). Based on the external morphology and the sensilla distribution, the antennal flagellum is could be divided into five regions. Seven sensilla types and eleven subtypes of sensilla were observed: grooved peg sensillum (Sgp), Bohm bristles (Bb), basiconic sensillum (Sb), trichoid sensillum (StI, StII), campaniform sensillum (Sca), chaetic sensillum (ScI, ScII, ScIII), and coeloconic sensillum (ScoI, ScoII). In Mantodea, the ScoII is observed for the first time, and it is located on the tip of the flagellum. The external structure and distribution of these sensilla are compared to those of other insects and possible functions of the antennal sensilla are discussed. The males and females of the mantis could be distinguished by the length of antennae and number of Sgp. Males have antennae about 1.5 times longer and have significantly larger number of Sgp compared to females. The sexual difference in distribution of the Sgp suggests that this type of sensilla may play a role in sex-pheromones detection in mantis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education) and College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education) and College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Shangluo Research Center of Chinese Medicinal Materials Integrated Pest Management, Shangluo University, Shangluo, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education) and College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education) and College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Yang Y, Ding L, Wang T, Liao H, Tang C. Morphological Characterization of the Antenna and Scent Patch of Three Danaus Species (Papilionoidea: Nymphalidae, Danainae). INSECTS 2024; 15:121. [PMID: 38392540 PMCID: PMC10889466 DOI: 10.3390/insects15020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The scent system of Danaus is important for the study of butterfly sexual communication and relevant investigations in biomimetics due to its involvement with mimicry. Using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy, the morphological characteristics of Danaus' antennae and scent patches of the scent system for three species, D. chrysippus, D. genutia, and D. plexippus, were investigated herein. Their apical clubs of the flagellums contain sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica, and sensilla coeloconica. The scent patch scales typically have a tree-like structure in its lumen at the nano-scale. Comparisons were made between the androconial scales and the other scales in scent patches. Rank sum tests showed significant differences in scent patch scales' characteristics between the species, as well as in the ultrastructure of antennal segments between species and sexes. Spearman's correlation tests showed significant correlations between the morphological characteristics of androconial scales in scent patches. Moreover, the antennal characteristics were significantly correlated. The morphological characteristics of the females' antennae were significantly correlated with those of the males' antennae and androconial scales. However, the significance and coefficient of these correlations were inconsistent across species and sexes. This study provides fundamental morphological information that helps in understanding the pheromone recognition system of Danaus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Yang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Linyun Ding
- Central Laboratory, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Central Laboratory, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huaijian Liao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chufei Tang
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Dong Y, Gao J, Hulcr J. Insect wood borers on commercial North American tree species growing in China: review of Chinese peer-review and grey literature. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023:7135596. [PMID: 37083727 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Invasive insect wood borers are a threat to global forests and tree-related industries as they can damage trees and spread plant pathogens. Reports of damages by wood borers on plants that were planted overseas may facilitate the identification of potential invaders and speed up risk assessment. However, much of this information remains unavailable to the international plant protection community due to language barriers, lack of digitization, or limited circulation of regional literature. Here, we investigated reports of wood borers on 7 important North American commercial tree species planted in China (Carya illinoinensis, Liquidambar styraciflua, Pinus elliottii, Pinus taeda, Quercus texana, Quercus rubra, and Quercus virginiana) in peer-reviewed as well as "grey" (nonpeer-reviewed) Chinese literature. A total of 60 unique wood borer records were found, yielding reports of 4 orders, 39 genera, and 44 species of insect wood borers. Among Coleoptera, longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae) were the most commonly reported colonizers of North American trees in China. Chinese peer-reviewed reports of pests on alien plants are a valuable tool to survey for potential wood-boring invaders of North America, and wherever North American trees are planted and have the potential to encounter Asian invasive insects. Digitization and dissemination of non-English literature are essential for contemporary risk assessment. On the other hand, the nonpeer reviewed "grey" literature, primarily agency reports and student theses, provided only 5% of the records; many incidental observations were unreliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Dong
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Jie Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Jiri Hulcr
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
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Nonglait KCL, Das KS, Marwein CB, Kharthangmaw JM, Choudhury S. Scanning electron microscopy study of the antennal sensilla of cob borer, Stenachroia elongella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:556-564. [PMID: 36695569 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Stenachroia elongella is an important pest of maize in Meghalaya, India. To understand the roles of sensory organs in the biological behaviors of this insect, we determined the structure and distribution of sensilla found on the antenna of both male and female S. elongella by scanning electron microscope. The antenna of both sexes is a filiform type, and the overall length of the female antenna is significantly longer than the male antenna. In both sexes, seven types and two subtypes of antennal sensilla are identified; sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla auricillica (I, II), sensilla squamiformia and Böhm sensilla. No sexual dimorphism on the specific occurrence of sensilla is observed. Probable functions are discussed based on their external morphology. These results would be helpful for further studies on TEM investigations, electrophysiological recordings, and behavioral studies. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Seven types and two subtypes of antennal sensilla were observed in both male and female Stenachroia elongella. Morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla were discussed. Sexual dimorphism was observed on the overall length of the antenna where the female antenna is longer than the male antenna. No sexual dimorphism was observed on specific occurrences of antennal sensilla.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khirod Sankar Das
- Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Cynthia Bansara Marwein
- Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Joycy Mary Kharthangmaw
- Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Sudipta Choudhury
- Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
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