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Kosch Y, Mülling C, Emmerich IU. Resistance of Varroa destructor against Oxalic Acid Treatment-A Systematic Review. Vet Sci 2024; 11:393. [PMID: 39330772 PMCID: PMC11436189 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11090393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As Varroa destructor is one of the most important pathogens of Apis mellifera, there are numerous treatment methods, including pharmaceutical and biotechnological approaches. However, the rapid development of resistance to synthetic acaricides by Varroa destructor has become a significant concern. To date, there have been no investigations into the development of resistance to organic acids. This review examines the potential risk of oxalic acid resistance development by evaluating literature sources from the past 30 years following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Median annual efficacies are calculated and reviewed over time for several application methods. An efficacy higher than 70% is determined as not resistant. Independent of the method of application, no resistance development can be observed, although there are some outliers of the annual median. These outliers can be explained by brood status or study setting. However, the result is limited by the low number of efficacy values, and further standardised studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kosch
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ilka U Emmerich
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Yarsan E, Yilmaz F, Sevin S, Akdeniz G, Celebi B, Ozturk SH, Ayikol SN, Karatas U, Ese H, Fidan N, Agacdiken B, Babur C, Buldag M, Pehlivan S. Investigation of resistance against to flumethrin using against Varroa destructor in Türkiye. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1683-1696. [PMID: 38509424 PMCID: PMC11147911 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The honeybee ectoparasite Varroa destructor is a major threat to apiculture when evaluating bee diseases and pests. While attempting to control this mite, beekeepers often depend on a small selection of authorized synthetic acaricides, such as flumethrin, which is widely used in Türkiye and globally. However, resistance to flumethrin develops due to incorrect and excessive use. In this study conducted at Ordu Beekeeping Research Institute, trial group were established including an untreated control group and group where flumethrin-based pesticides were applied. Dead varroas collected from pollen traps and live varroas collected from bees were obtained from these trial groups for molecular analysis as positive-negative controls. Varroa samples were collected from provinces representing different regions with intensive beekeeping activities such as Adana, Ankara, Bingöl, Muğla, Ordu, Şanlıurfa, Tekirdağ. Molecular methods were employed to investigate the resistance gene region for pyrethroids (specifically flumethrin) against V. destructor. In our study, individual DNA extractions were performed on dead parasites from colonies subjected to pyrethroid application (resistance negative control) and live parasites (resistance positive control). The DNA samples obtained were used in PCR reactions targeting the region encoding the 925th amino acid of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene, which is responsible for resistance formation. The DNA samples were subjected to gel electrophoresis to observe the amplification products of the expected target region. To examine the nucleotide sequence changes that encode leucine at the 925th amino acid, which is associated with resistance, DNA sequence analysis was applied to the amplification products. Out of 332 V. destructor parasites obtained from different provinces, 279 were analysed using molecular methods. It was observed that 31% of the samples showed sensitivity to flumethrin while 69% exhibited resistance to it. Among the resistant samples: 27% had homozygous isoleucine mutation; 28% had homozygous valine mutation; 2.8% had heterozygous isoleucine mutation; 8.5% had heterozygous valine mutation; and 2.8% had heterozygous methionine mutation, all of which were associated with flumethrin resistance. As a result, the rate of flumethrin resistance in parasites varied between 51% and 94% among different provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ender Yarsan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Türkiye
| | | | - Sedat Sevin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Türkiye.
| | - Gökhan Akdeniz
- Apiculture Research Center, Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Bekir Celebi
- Microbiology Reference Laboratory Department, General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - Sultan Nurhan Ayikol
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Türkiye
| | | | - Hasan Ese
- Apiculture Research Institute, Ordu, Türkiye
| | - Nuri Fidan
- Food Control Laboratory Directorate, Giresun, Türkiye
| | - Bayram Agacdiken
- Ordu-Kabadüz District Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry, Ordu, Türkiye
| | - Cahit Babur
- Microbiology Reference Laboratory Department, General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - Sinem Pehlivan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Türkiye
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3
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Narciso L, Topini M, Ferraiuolo S, Ianiro G, Marianelli C. Effects of natural treatments on the varroa mite infestation levels and overall health of honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302846. [PMID: 38713668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The survival of the honey bee (Apis mellifera), which has a crucial role in pollination and ecosystem maintenance, is threatened by many pathogens, including parasites, bacteria, fungi and viruses. The ectoparasite Varroa destructor is considered the major cause of the worldwide decline in honey bee colony health. Although several synthetic acaricides are available to control Varroa infestations, resistant mites and side effects on bees have been documented. The development of natural alternatives for mite control is therefore encouraged. The study aims at exploring the effects of cinnamon and oregano essential oils (EOs) and of a mixed fruit cocktail juice on mite infestation levels and bee colony health. A multi-method study including hive inspection, mite count, molecular detection of fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens, analysis of defensin-1, hymenoptaecin and vitellogenin immune gene expression, colony density and honey production data, was conducted in a 20-hive experimental apiary. The colonies were divided into five groups: four treatment groups and one control group. The treatment groups were fed on a sugar syrup supplemented with cinnamon EO, oregano EO, a 1:1 mixture of both EOs, or a juice cocktail. An unsupplemented syrup was, instead, used to feed the control group. While V. destructor affected all the colonies throughout the study, no differences in mite infestation levels, population density and honey yield were observed between treatment and control groups. An overexpression of vitellogenin was instead found in all EO-treated groups, even though a significant difference was only found in the group treated with the 1:1 EO mixture. Viral (DWV, CBPV and BQCV), fungal (Nosema ceranae) and bacterial (Melissococcus plutonius) pathogens from both symptomatic and asymptomatic colonies were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Narciso
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Topini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Ferraiuolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marianelli
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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4
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Rein C, Blumenschein M, Traynor K, Rosenkranz P. Lithium chloride treatments in free flying honey bee colonies: efficacy, brood survival, and within-colony distribution. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:67. [PMID: 38133834 PMCID: PMC10746590 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of various lithium chloride (LiCl) applications in eradicating the parasitic mite Varroa destructor in honey bee colonies was investigated, with a specific focus on its impact on brood development. In broodless colonies (3 weeks post queen caging), the highest efficacy of 98% was achieved with a 9-day treatment of 2.5 kg of candy spiked with 50 mM LiCl. A shorter 5-day treatment with 2 kg of 50 mM LiCl candy resulted in an efficacy of 78%. In colonies with brood, a repeated short-term application of 4 × 0.5 kg 50 mM LiCl candy yielded an efficacy of 88%. LiCl treatment led to a removal of the first batch of brood reared after release of the queen. However, no long-term effects on colony growth were observed, and the colonies successfully overwintered. Additionally, the study demonstrated that lithium is rapidly distributed among the bees of a colony within 2 days, yet only low concentrations were detected in stored food samples. This suggests that the bees efficiently absorb and distribute lithium within the colony. The harvested honey in the following spring revealed a lithium concentration of 0.1-0.2 mg/kg, which is below naturally occurring lithium levels in honey. Based on these findings, LiCl can be considered an effective and easy-to-apply acaricide in broodless colonies, and even in colonies with brood, it had good efficacy and no long-term effects on colony survival. Further research may be necessary to determine the optimal treatment period for achieving an efficacy over 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Rein
- State Institute of Bee Research, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Marius Blumenschein
- State Institute of Bee Research, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kirsten Traynor
- State Institute of Bee Research, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Rosenkranz
- State Institute of Bee Research, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Luna A, Murcia-Morales M, Hernando MD, Van der Steen JJM, Fernández-Alba AR, Flores JM. Comparison of APIStrip passive sampling with conventional sample techniques for the control of acaricide residues in honey bee hives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167205. [PMID: 37730056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Western honey bees are very sensitive bioindicators for studying environmental conditions, hence frequently included in many investigations. However, it is very common in both research studies and health surveillance programs to sample different components of the colony, including adult bees, brood and their food reserves. These practices are undoubtedly aggressive for the colony as a whole, and may affect its normal functioning and even compromise its viability. APIStrip-based passive sampling allows long-term monitoring of residues without affecting the colony in any way. In this study, we compared the effectiveness in the control of acaricide residues by using passive and conventional sampling, where the residue levels of the acaricides coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate and amitraz were evaluated. Conventional and APIStrip-based sampling differ in methods for evaluating bee exposure to residues. APIStrip is less invasive than conventional sampling, offers more efficient measurement of environmental contaminants, and can be stored at room temperature, saving costs and minimizing operator error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Luna
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, National Research Council- Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, CSIC-INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain; International Doctoral School, Doctorate in Science (Environmental Chemistry line), National University of Distance Education, C/Bravo Murillo 38, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Murcia-Morales
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Hernando
- Department of Desertification and Geoecology, Arid Zones Experimental Station, EEZA-CSIC, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | | | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Flores
- Department of Zoology, University of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Robi DT, Temteme S, Aleme M, Bogale A, Getachew A, Mendesil E. Epidemiology, factors influencing prevalence and level of varroosis infestation ( Varroa destructor) in honeybee ( Apis mellifera) colonies in different agroecologies of Southwest Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2023; 23:e00325. [PMID: 37711152 PMCID: PMC10498395 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2023.e00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Little information is available on the epidemiology of varroosis caused by Varroa mite, Varroa destructor infestation in Ethiopia, although it is a devastating honeybee disease that results in significant economic losses in beekeeping. Therefore, between October 2021 and October 2022, a cross-sectional study was carried out in different agroecology zones in Southwest Ethiopia to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors for varroosis, as well as the effects of this disease on honeybee colonies and honey production. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify possible risk factors for the prevalence of V. destructor. A total of 384 adult honeybee and worker or drone brood samples were collected from honeybee colonies and examined using standard diagnostic techniques in the laboratory. The result shows that the prevalence of V. destructor was found to be 39.3% (95% CI 34.44-44.21) and 43.2% (38.27-48.18) in adult honeybees and brood, respectively. The major risk factors for the prevalence of V. destructor in the study areas included agroecology (OR = 5.2, 95% CI 1.75-14.85), type of hive (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.17-17.03), management system (OR = 4.3, 95% CI 1.23-14.70), and colony management (OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.31-9.14). The lower level of colony infestation in adult bees and brood was measured as 1.97 ± 0.14 and 3.19 ± 0.25, respectively. Season, colony status, colony management, and agroecology were among the determinant factors of the level of varroa mite infestation in adult bees and brood. The results of the study demonstrated that honey production losses are largely attributable to V. destructor infestation. Therefore, it is critical to inform the community about the effects of V. destructor on honey production and develop and implement effective management strategies for this disease. In addition, further research should be done to identify and isolate additional factors that contribute to varroosis in honeybees in different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tulu Robi
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Temteme
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Melkam Aleme
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Ararsa Bogale
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Holeta, Ethiopia
| | - Awraris Getachew
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Mendesil
- Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University College of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Nekoei S, Rezvan M, Khamesipour F, Mayack C, Molento MB, Revainera PD. A systematic review of honey bee (Apis mellifera, Linnaeus, 1758) infections and available treatment options. Vet Med Sci 2023. [PMID: 37335585 PMCID: PMC10357250 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Honey bees and honeycomb bees are very valuable for wild flowering plants and economically important crops due to their role as pollinators. However, these insects confront many disease threats (viruses, parasites, bacteria and fungi) and large pesticide concentrations in the environment. Varroa destructor is the most prevalent disease that has had the most negative effects on the fitness and survival of different honey bees (Apis mellifera and A. cerana). Moreover, honey bees are social insects and this ectoparasite can be easily transmitted within and across bee colonies. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide a survey of the diversity and distribution of important bee infections and possible management and treatment options, so that honey bee colony health can be maintained. METHODS We used PRISMA guidelines throughout article selection, published between January 1960 and December 2020. PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Ovid databases were searched. RESULTS We have collected 132 articles and retained 106 articles for this study. The data obtained revealed that V. destructor and Nosema spp. were found to be the major pathogens of honey bees worldwide. The impact of these infections can result in the incapacity of forager bees to fly, disorientation, paralysis, and death of many individuals in the colony. We find that both hygienic and chemical pest management strategies must be implemented to prevent, reduce the parasite loads and transmission of pathogens. The use of an effective miticide (fluvalinate-tau, coumaphos and amitraz) now seems to be an essential and common practice required to minimise the impact of Varroa mites and other pathogens on bee colonies. New, alternative biofriendly control methods, are on the rise, and could be critical for maintaining honey bee hive health and improving honey productivity. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that critical health control methods be adopted globally and that an international monitoring system be implemented to determine honey bee colony safety, regularly identify parasite prevalence, as well as potential risk factors, so that the impact of pathogens on bee health can be recognised and quantified on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Nekoei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rezvan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Faham Khamesipour
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Christopher Mayack
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering, Sabanci University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Marcelo Beltrão Molento
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Microbiology, Parasitology, Pathology Program, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Pablo Damián Revainera
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Idrees A, Afzal A, Qadir ZA, Li J. Virulence of entomopathogenic fungi against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1107434. [PMID: 36969609 PMCID: PMC10031024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1107434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize is an essential crop of China. The recent invasion of Spodoptera frugiperda, also known as fall armyworm (FAW), poses a danger to the country’s ability to maintain a sustainable level of productivity from this core crop. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Metarhizium anisopliae MA, Penicillium citrinum CTD-28 and CTD-2, Cladosporium sp. BM-8, Aspergillus sp. SE-25 and SE-5, Metarhizium sp. CA-7, and Syncephalastrum racemosum SR-23 were tested to determine their effectiveness in causing mortality in second instars, eggs, and neonate larvae. Metarhizium anisopliae MA, P. citrinum CTD-28, and Cladosporium sp. BM-8 caused the highest levels of egg mortality, with 86.0, 75.3, and 70.0%, respectively, followed by Penicillium sp. CTD-2 (60.0%). Additionally, M. anisopliae MA caused the highest neonatal mortality of 57.1%, followed by P. citrinum CTD-28 (40.7%). In addition, M. anisopliae MA, P. citrinum CTD-28, and Penicillium sp. CTD-2 decreased the feeding efficacy of second instar larvae of FAW by 77.8, 75.0, and 68.1%, respectively, followed by Cladosporium sp. BM-8 (59.7%). It is possible that EPF will play an important role as microbial agents against FAW after further research is conducted on the effectiveness of these EPF in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Idrees
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Institute of Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ayesha Afzal
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ziyad Abdul Qadir
- Honeybee Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Li,
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9
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Zhang G, Olsson RL, Hopkins BK. Strategies and techniques to mitigate the negative impacts of pesticide exposure to honey bees. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120915. [PMID: 36563989 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to support food, fiber, and fuel production around the world, billions of kilograms of pesticides are applied to crop fields every year to suppress pests, plant diseases and weeds. These fields are often home to the most important commercial pollinators, honey bees (Apis spp.), which improve yield and quality of many agricultural products. The pesticides applied to support crop health can be detrimental to honey bee health. The conflict of pesticide use and reliance on honey bees contributes to significant honey bee colony losses across the world. Recommendations for reducing impact on honey bees are generally suggested in literature, pesticide regulations, and by crop consultants, but without a considerable discussion of the realistic limitations of protecting honey bees. New techniques in farming and beekeeping can reduce pesticide exposure through reduction in bee exposure, reduced toxicity of pesticides, and remedies that can be in response to exposure. However, lack of assessment of those new techniques under a systematical, comprehensive framework may overestimate or underestimate these techniques' potential to protect honey bees from pesticide damage. In this review, we summarize the current and arising strategies and techniques with the goal to inspire the development and adoption of pesticide mitigation practices for both agriculture and apiculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington State 99164, United State of America.
| | - Rae L Olsson
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington State 99164, United State of America
| | - Brandon Kingsley Hopkins
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington State 99164, United State of America
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10
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Akhtar ZR, Afzal A, Idrees A, Zia K, Qadir ZA, Ali S, Haq IU, Ghramh HA, Niaz Y, Tahir MB, Arshad M, Li J. Lethal, Sub-Lethal and Trans-Generational Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on Biological Parameters, Demographic Traits, and Fitness Costs of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:881. [PMID: 36292828 PMCID: PMC9603994 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797)] was first reported in the Americas, then spread to all the continents of the world. Chemical insecticides are frequently employed in managing fall armyworms. These insecticides have various modes of actions and target sites to kill the insects. Chlorantraniliprole is a selective insecticide with a novel mode of action and is used against Lepidopteran, Coleopteran, Isopteran, and Dipteran pests. This study determined chlorantraniliprole's lethal, sub-lethal, and trans-generational effects on two consecutive generations (F0, F1, and F2) of the fall armyworm. Bioassays revealed that chlorantraniliprole exhibited higher toxicity against fall armyworms with a LC50 of 2.781 mg/L after 48 h of exposure. Significant differences were noted in the biological parameters of fall armyworms in all generations. Sub-lethal concentrations of chlorantraniliprole showed prolonged larval and adult durations. The parameters related to the fitness cost in F0 and F1 generations showed non-significant differences. In contrast, the F2 generation showed lower fecundity at lethal (71 eggs/female) and sub-lethal (94 eggs/female) doses of chlorantraniliprole compared to the control (127.5-129.3 eggs/female). Age-stage specific survival rate (Sxj), life expectancy (Exj) and reproductive rate (Vxj) significantly differed among insecticide-treated groups in all generations compared to the control. A comparison of treated and untreated insects over generations indicated substantial differences in demographic parameters such as net reproduction rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and mean generation time (T). Several biological and demographic parameters were shown to be negatively impacted by chlorantraniliprole. We conclude that chlorantraniliprole may be utilized to manage fall armyworms with lesser risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunnu Raen Akhtar
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Afzal
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1-Km Defense Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Atif Idrees
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Khuram Zia
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Office of Research, Innovation & Commercialization (ORIC), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ziyad Abdul Qadir
- Honeybee Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Shahbaz Ali
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Inzamam Ul Haq
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hamed A. Ghramh
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir Niaz
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Tahir
- Department of Physics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
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11
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Idrees A, Afzal A, Qadir ZA, Li J. Bioassays of Beauveria bassiana Isolates against the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070717. [PMID: 35887472 PMCID: PMC9324617 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of Spodoptera frugiperda, the key invasive pest of maize, is a serious concern due to its biology and the current global restriction on applying synthetic pesticides. Entomopathogenic fungi are considered to be a potential biological control strategy. The pathogenicity of 12 isolates of Beauveria bassiana in the immature stages and feeding efficacy of S. frugiperda were evaluated. The B. bassiana isolates QB-3.45, QB-3.46 and QB-3.428 caused the highest egg mortality rates of 87.3, 82.7 and 79.3%, respectively, when applied at a concentration of 1 × 108 conidia/mL and measured at 7 days post-treatment. Neonate mortality rates of 45.6 to 53.6% were observed with the same isolates. The B. bassiana isolates caused significant cumulative mortality rates ranging from 71.3 to 93.3% at 14 days post-treatment and reduced larval feeding efficacy from 69.4 to 77.8% at 48 h post-treatment. This study supports using the effective B. bassiana isolates as a biological control agent against S. frugiperda. The significant mortality of the eggs and neonatal larvae and the reduction in the feeding efficacy of the second instar larvae of the S. frugiperda that were treated with isolates of B. bassiana supports the application of entomopathogenic fungi as a biocontrol agent for the effective control of the S. frugiperda population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Idrees
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (A.I.); (A.A.)
| | - Ayesha Afzal
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (A.I.); (A.A.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1-Km Defense Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ziyad Abdul Qadir
- Honeybee Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan;
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China; (A.I.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Idrees A, Qadir ZA, Afzal A, Ranran Q, Li J. Laboratory efficacy of selected synthetic insecticides against second instar invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265265. [PMID: 35576188 PMCID: PMC9109910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize is the most essential crop of China and its productivity has been recently endangered by the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda. Chemical pesticides are one of the most important strategies for managing FAW on a short-term basis. The seven synthetic insecticides including novel and conventional belong to four chemical group, spinetoram and spinosad (spinosyns), lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and bifenthrin (pyrethroids), abamectin (avermectins), broflinilide (diamides), were assessed for their efficiency in causing mortality to second instar S. frugiperda larvae at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment at five different serial concentrations (10 to 0.625 mg liter-1). The second instar S. frugiperda larvae were susceptible to the tested synthetic insecticides, however, the toxicity index of synthetic insecticides was estimated based on lethal concentration 50 (LC50), while, LC50 was calculated from the data of larval mortality. The broflanilide and abamectin proved to be the most toxic having the highest toxicity index of 100 and 78.29%, respectively, followed by cypermethrin and bifenthrin were showed toxicity index of 75.47 and 66.89%, respectively. The LC50 values were 0.606 and 0.774 mg liter-1 for broflanilide and abamectin, respectively, followed by cypermethrin and bifenthrin were showed LC50 values of 0.803 and 0.906 mg liter-1 at 72 h post-treatment. Rest of the other synthetic insecticides were showed moderate toxicity index of 42.11 to 62.09%, based on LC50 values were 1.439 to 0.976 mg liter-1 at 72 h post-treatment. The efficiency of synthetic insecticides was increased by increasing concentration level and exposure time. The screened synthetic insecticides among seven insecticides perhaps, provide basis for the development of novel insecticides for controlling S. frugiperda population after further research to evaluate and validate the laboratory results in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Idrees
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyad Abdul Qadir
- Honeybee Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Ayesha Afzal
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qiu Ranran
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Idrees A, Qadir ZA, Akutse KS, Afzal A, Hussain M, Islam W, Waqas MS, Bamisile BS, Li J. Effectiveness of Entomopathogenic Fungi on Immature Stages and Feeding Performance of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae. INSECTS 2021; 12:1044. [PMID: 34821844 PMCID: PMC8624455 DOI: 10.3390/insects12111044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maize is a major staple crop in China, and the sustainable productivity of this primary crop has been recently threatened by fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, invasion. The five fungal isolates, Aspergillus sp. BM-3 and SE-2-1, Cladosporium tenuissimum SE-10, Penicillium citrinum CTD-24, and Beauveria bassiana ZK-5 were assessed for their efficacy in causing mortality against first to sixth instar eggs and neonate larvae seven days post-treatment, and their effects on the feeding performance of sixth instar S. frugiperda larvae at 48 h post-treatment at three concentrations (1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 conidia mL-1) were also assessed. The six instar S. frugiperda larvae were not susceptible to the five tested fungal isolates. However, B. bassiana ZK-5 caused the highest egg mortality of 40, 70, and 85.6% at 1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 conidia mL-1, respectively, followed by P. citrinum CTD-24 (30.6, 50, and 75.6%) and C. tenuissimum SE-10 (25.6, 40, and 55.6%). In addition, B. bassiana ZK-5 caused the highest neonate mortality of 54.3% at 1 × 108 conidia mL-1. B. bassiana ZK-5 and P. citrinum CTD-24 caused cumulative mortality, including 93.3 and 83.3% mortality of eggs and neonates, respectively, at 1 × 108 conidia mL-1. Furthermore, B. bassiana ZK-5 reduced the feeding efficacy of first to third instar S. frugiperda larvae by 66.7 to 78.6%, while P. citrinum CTD-24 and C. tenuissimum SE-10 reduced larval feeding by 48.3 to 57.1% at 1 × 108 conidia mL-1. However, these fungal isolates were less potent in reducing the feeding activity of fourth to sixth instar S. frugiperda larvae (>46% with B. bassiana at 48 h post-treatment). The tested fungal isolates could play an essential role as microbial biopesticides in suppressing the S. frugiperda population in China after further investigations on their efficacy are obtained in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Idrees
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China;
| | - Ziyad Abdul Qadir
- Honeybee Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan;
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Komivi Senyo Akutse
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya;
| | - Ayesha Afzal
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1-Km Defense Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Mubasher Hussain
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral oil pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510260, China;
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Muhammad Saad Waqas
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, and Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Institute of Entomology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Bamisope Steve Bamisile
- Laboratory of Quarantine and Invasive Pests, Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China;
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