1
|
Gao X, Hu Z, Wang Y, Zhao G, Shen Y, Zhou H, Liao Y, Li W, Peng Y, Zheng J. Metabolic Activation and Cytotoxicity of Gramine Mediated by CYP3A in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10897-10908. [PMID: 38691522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Gramine (GRM), which occurs in Gramineae plants, has been developed to be a biological insecticide. Exposure to GRM was reported to induce elevations of serum ALT and AST in rats, but the mechanisms of the observed hepatotoxicity have not been elucidated. The present study aimed to identify reactive metabolites that potentially participate in the toxicity. In rat liver microsomal incubations fortified with glutathione or N-acetylcysteine, one oxidative metabolite (M1), one glutathione conjugate (M2), and one N-acetylcysteine conjugate (M3) were detected after exposure to GRM. The corresponding conjugates were detected in the bile and urine of rats after GRM administration. CYP3A was the main enzyme mediating the metabolic activation of GRM. The detected GSH and NAC conjugates suggest that GRM was metabolized to a quinone imine intermediate. Both GRM and M1 showed significant toxicity to rat primary hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Gao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Zixia Hu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Guode Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yan Shen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yufen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang L, Tu H, Tang F. Cloning of three epsilon-class glutathione S-transferase genes from Micromelalopha troglodyta (Graeser) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) and their response to tannic acid. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38327098 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Micromelalopha troglodyta (Graeser) is an important pest of poplar in China, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) is an important detoxifying enzyme in M. troglodyta. In this paper, three full-length GST genes from M. troglodyta were cloned and identified. These GST genes all belonged to the epsilon class (MtGSTe1, MtGSTe2, and MtGSTe3). Furthermore, the expression of these three MtGSTe genes in different tissues, including midguts and fat bodies, and the MtGSTe expression in association with different concentrations of tannic acid, including 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg ml-1, were analysed in detail. The results showed that the expression levels of MtGSTe1, MtGSTe2, and MtGSTe3 were all the highest in the fourth instar larvae; the expression levels of MtGSTe1 and MtGSTe3 were the highest in fat bodies, while the expression level of MtGSTe2 was the highest in midguts. Furthermore, the expression of MtGSTe mRNA was induced by tannic acid in M. troglodyta. These studies were helpful to clarify the interaction between plant secondary substances and herbivorous insects at a deep level and provided a theoretical foundation for controlling M. troglodyta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Huizhen Tu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Tang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang G, Meng L, Chen R, Wang W, Jing X, Zhu-Salzman K, Cheng W. Characterization of three glutathione S-transferases potentially associated with adaptation of the wheat blossom midge Sitodiplosis mosellana to host plant defense. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:885-895. [PMID: 37814473 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), a multifunctional protein family, play a crucial role in detoxification of plant defensive compounds. However, they have been rarely investigated in Sitodiplosis mosellana, a destructive pest of wheat worldwide. In this study, we characterized for the first time a delta (SmGSTd1) and two epsilon GST genes (SmGSTe1 and SmGSTe2) and analyzed their expression patterns and functions associated with adaptation to host plant defense in this species. RESULTS Expression of these SmGST genes greatly increased in S. mosellana larvae feeding on resistant wheat varieties Kenong1006, Shanmai139 and Jinmai47 which contain higher tannin and ferulic acid, the major defensive compounds of wheat against this pest, compared with those feeding on susceptible varieties Xinong822, Xinong88 and Xiaoyan22. Their expression was also tissue-specific, most predominant in larval midgut. Recombinant SmGSTs expressed in Escherichia coli could catalyze the conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, with activity peak at pH around 7.0 and temperature between 30 and 40 °C. Notably, they could metabolize tannin and ferulic acid, with the strongest metabolic ability by SmGSTe2 against two compounds, followed by SmGSTd1 on tannin, and SmGSTe1 on ferulic acid. CONCLUSION The results suggest that these SmGSTs are important in metabolizing wheat defensive chemicals during feeding, which may be related to host plant adaptation of S. mosellana. Our study has provided information for future investigation and development of strategies such as host-induced gene silencing of insect-detoxifying genes for managing pest adaptation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Linqin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Yantai City Research Centre for Rural Development of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiangfeng Jing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Keyan Zhu-Salzman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Weining Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cao HH, Kong WW, Ling B, Wang ZY, Zhang Y, Guo ZX, Liu SH, Xu JP. Bmo-miR-3351 modulates glutathione content and inhibits BmNPV proliferation by targeting BmGSTe6 in Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38258370 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play pivotal roles in the host response to invading pathogens. Among these pathogens, Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is one of the main causes of substantial economic losses in sericulture, and there are relatively few studies on the specific functions of miRNAs in the B. mori-BmNPV interaction. Therefore, we conducted transcriptome sequencing to identify differentially expressed (DE) messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and miRNAs in the midgut of 2 B. mori strains (BmNPV-susceptible strain P50 and BmNPV-resistant strain A35) after BmNPV infection. Through correlation analysis of the miRNA and mRNA data, we identified a comprehensive set of 21 miRNAs and 37 predicted target mRNAs. Notably, miR-3351, which has high expression in A35, exhibited remarkable efficacy in suppressing BmNPV proliferation. Additionally, we confirmed that miR-3351 binds to the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of B. mori glutathione S-transferase epsilon 6 (BmGSTe6), resulting in its downregulation. Conversely, BmGSTe6 displayed an opposite expression pattern to miR-3351, effectively promoting BmNPV proliferation. Notably, BmGSTe6 levels were positively correlated with glutathione S-transferase activity, consequently influencing intracellular glutathione content in the infected samples. Furthermore, our investigation revealed the protective role of glutathione against BmNPV infection in BmN cells. In summary, miR-3351 modulates glutathione content by downregulating BmGSTe6 to inhibit BmNPV proliferation in B. mori. Our findings enriched the research on the role of B. mori miRNAs in the defense against BmNPV infection, and suggests that the antiviral molecule, glutathione, offers a novel perspective on preventing viral infection in sericulture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hua Cao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Wei Kong
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Bing Ling
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Zhe-Xiao Guo
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Shi-Huo Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| | - Jia-Ping Xu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang J, Yan SY, Li GC, Guo H, Tang R, Ma R, Cai QN. The brown planthopper NlDHRS11 is involved in the detoxification of rice secondary compounds. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4828-4838. [PMID: 37489868 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH) is the most destructive serious pest in rice production. Resistant varieties are effective means to defend against BPH, but the impact of the ingestion of resistant rice on BPH transcriptional regulation is still unclear. Here, we explore the molecular basis of the regulation by BPH feeding on resistant rice. RESULTS BPH nymphs preferentially selected susceptible rice TN1 at 24 h after release in a choice test. Feeding on resistant rice IR56 under nonselective conditions increased mortality, decreased growth rate, and prolonged the molting time of BPH. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed 38 dysregulated genes, including 31 down-regulated and seven up-regulated genes in BPH feeding on resistant rice for 7 days compared with feeding on susceptible rice TN1. These genes were mainly involved in the pathways of growth and development, metabolism, energy synthesis, and transport. Finally, we showed that the toxicities of rice defensive compounds to BPH were dose-dependent, and silencing of the BPH gene dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 11 (NlDHRS11) increased sensibility to the rice secondary compounds ferulic acid and resorcinol. CONCLUSION The adaption of BPH feeding on resistant rice is orchestrated by dynamically regulating gene expressions, and NlDHRS11 is a gene involved in the detoxification of plant defensive chemicals. The current work provides new insights into the interaction between insects and plants, and will help to develop novel BPH control strategies. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Shu-Ying Yan
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyan Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qing-Nian Cai
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang J, Jia Q, Li N, Gu L, Dan W, Dai J. Recent Developments of Gramine: Chemistry and Biological Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:5695. [PMID: 37570664 PMCID: PMC10419902 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural alkaloid gramine has attracted significant attention in both academic and industrial circles because of its potential and diverse biological activities, including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities; application in therapy for Alzheimer's disease; serotonin-receptor-related activity; insecticidal activity; and application as an algicide. In this review, we focus on the research advances that have been made for gramine-based molecules since their discovery, providing key information on their extraction and separation, chemical synthesis and diverse biological activities. Data regarding their mechanisms of action are also presented. This comprehensive and critical review will serve as a guide for developing more drug candidates based on gramine skeletons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyue Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (Q.J.)
| | - Qitao Jia
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (Q.J.)
| | - Na Li
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - Liqiang Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China;
| | - Wenjia Dan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (Q.J.)
| | - Jiangkun Dai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (Q.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schwartz M, Boichot V, Fraichard S, Muradova M, Senet P, Nicolai A, Lirussi F, Bas M, Canon F, Heydel JM, Neiers F. Role of Insect and Mammal Glutathione Transferases in Chemoperception. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020322. [PMID: 36830691 PMCID: PMC9953322 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are ubiquitous key enzymes with different activities as transferases or isomerases. As key detoxifying enzymes, GSTs are expressed in the chemosensory organs. They fulfill an essential protective role because the chemosensory organs are located in the main entry paths of exogenous compounds within the body. In addition to this protective function, they modulate the perception process by metabolizing exogenous molecules, including tastants and odorants. Chemosensory detection involves the interaction of chemosensory molecules with receptors. GST contributes to signal termination by metabolizing these molecules. By reducing the concentration of chemosensory molecules before receptor binding, GST modulates receptor activation and, therefore, the perception of these molecules. The balance of chemoperception by GSTs has been shown in insects as well as in mammals, although their chemosensory systems are not evolutionarily connected. This review will provide knowledge supporting the involvement of GSTs in chemoperception, describing their localization in these systems as well as their enzymatic capacity toward odorants, sapid molecules, and pheromones in insects and mammals. Their different roles in chemosensory organs will be discussed in light of the evolutionary advantage of the coupling of the detoxification system and chemosensory system through GSTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Schwartz
- Laboratory: Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanims (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Valentin Boichot
- Laboratory: Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanims (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Fraichard
- Laboratory: Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanims (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mariam Muradova
- Laboratory: Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanims (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Patrick Senet
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Adrien Nicolai
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Frederic Lirussi
- UMR 1231, Lipides Nutrition Cancer, INSERM, 21000 Dijon, France
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
- Plateforme PACE, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Mathilde Bas
- Laboratory: Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanims (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Francis Canon
- Laboratory: Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanims (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Heydel
- Laboratory: Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanims (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- Laboratory: Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanims (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rafique A, Afroz A, Zeeshan N, Rashid U, Khan MAU, Irfan M, Chatha W, Khan MR, Rehman N. Production of Sitobion avenae-resistant Triticum aestivum cvs using laccase as RNAi target and its systemic movement in wheat post dsRNA spray. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284888. [PMID: 37163535 PMCID: PMC10171587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the wheat biotic stresses, Sitobion avenae is one of the main factors devastating the wheat yield per hectare. The study's objective was to find out the laccase (lac) efficacy; as a potential RNAi target against grain aphids. The Sitobion avenae lac (Salac) was confirmed by Reverse Transcriptase-PCR. Gene was sequenced and accession number "ON703252" was allotted by GenBank. ERNAi tool was used to design 143 siRNA and one dsRNA target. 69% mortality and 61% reduction in lac expression were observed 8D-post lac DsRNA feeding. Phylogenetic analysis displayed the homology of grain aphid lac gene with peach potato, pea, and Russian wheat aphids. While Salac protein was found similar to the Russian grain, soybean, pea, and cedar bark aphid lac protein multi-copper oxidase. The dsRNAlac spray-induced silencing shows systematic translocation from leaf to root; with maximum lac expression found in the root, followed by stem and leaf 9-13D post-spray; comparison to control. RNAi-GG provides the Golden Gate cloning strategy with a single restriction ligation reaction used to achieve lac silencing. Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated in planta and in-vitro transformation was used in the study. In vitro transformation, Galaxy 2012 yielded a maximum transformation efficiency (1.5%), followed by Anaj 2017 (0.8%), and Punjab (0.2%). In planta transformation provides better transformation efficiencies with a maximum in Galaxy 2012 (16%), and a minimum for Punjab (5%). Maximum transformation efficiency was achieved for all cultivars with 250 μM acetosyringone and 3h co-cultivation. Galaxy 2012 exhibited maximum transformation efficiency, and aphid mortality post-feeding transgenic wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Rafique
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amber Afroz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Zeeshan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Umer Rashid
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Chatha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Rehman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Induced Resistance Combined with RNA Interference Attenuates the Counteradaptation of the Western Flower Thrips. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810886. [PMID: 36142802 PMCID: PMC9500759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, is an invasive pest that damages agricultural and horticultural crops. The induction of plant defenses and RNA interference (RNAi) technology are potent pest control strategies. This study investigated whether the anti-adaptive ability of F. occidentalis to jasmonic acid (JA)- and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced defenses in kidney bean plants was attenuated after glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene knockdown. The expression of four GSTs in thrips fed JA- and MeJA-induced leaves was analyzed, and FoGSTd1 and FoGSTs1 were upregulated. Exogenous JA- and MeJA-induced defenses led to increases in defensive secondary metabolites (tannins, alkaloids, total phenols, flavonoids, and lignin) in leaves. Metabolome analysis indicated that the JA-induced treatment of leaves led to significant upregulation of defensive metabolites. The activity of GSTs increased in second-instar thrips larvae fed JA- and MeJA-induced leaves. Co-silencing with RNAi simultaneously knocked down FoGSTd1 and FoGSTs1 transcripts and GST activity, and the area damaged by second-instar larvae feeding on JA- and MeJA-induced leaves decreased by 62.22% and 55.24%, respectively. The pupation rate of second-instar larvae also decreased by 39.68% and 39.89%, respectively. Thus, RNAi downregulation of FoGSTd1 and FoGSTs1 reduced the anti-adaptive ability of F. occidentalis to JA- or MeJA-induced defenses in kidney bean plants.
Collapse
|
10
|
Koirala B K S, Moural T, Zhu F. Functional and Structural Diversity of Insect Glutathione S-transferases in Xenobiotic Adaptation. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5713-5723. [PMID: 36263171 PMCID: PMC9576527 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.77141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As a superfamily of multifunctional enzymes that is mainly associated with xenobiotic adaptation, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) facilitate insects' survival under chemical stresses in their environment. GSTs confer xenobiotic adaptation through direct metabolism or sequestration of xenobiotics, and/or indirectly by providing protection against oxidative stress induced by xenobiotic exposure. In this article, a comprehensive overview of current understanding on the versatile functions of insect GSTs in detoxifying chemical compounds is presented. The diverse structures of different classes of insect GSTs, specifically the spatial localization and composition of their amino acid residues constituted in their active sites are also summarized. Recent availability of whole genome sequences of numerous insect species, accompanied by RNA interference, X-ray crystallography, enzyme kinetics and site-directed mutagenesis techniques have significantly enhanced our understanding of functional and structural diversity of insect GSTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Koirala B K
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Timothy Moural
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Fang Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,✉ Corresponding author: Dr. Fang Zhu, Department of Entomology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Phone: +1-814-863-4432; Fax: +1- 814-865-3048; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|