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Ding C, Su C, Li Y, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Nie R, He B, Ma J, Hao J. Interspecific and Intraspecific Transcriptomic Variations Unveil the Potential High-Altitude Adaptation Mechanisms of the Parnassius Butterfly Species. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1013. [PMID: 39202373 PMCID: PMC11354221 DOI: 10.3390/genes15081013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Parnassius butterflies have significantly advanced our understanding of biogeography, insect-plant interactions, and other fields of ecology and evolutionary biology. However, to date, little is known about the gene expression patterns related to the high-altitude adaptation of Parnassius species. In this study, we obtained high-throughput RNA-seq data of 48 adult Parnassius individuals covering 10 species from 12 localities in China, and deciphered their interspecific and intraspecific expression patterns based on comparative transcriptomic analyses. Though divergent transcriptional patterns among species and populations at different altitudes were found, a series of pathways related to genetic information processing (i.e., recombination, repair, transcription, RNA processing, and ribosome biogenesis), energy metabolism (i.e., oxidative phosphorylation, thermogenesis, and the citrate cycle), and cellular homeostasis were commonly enriched, reflecting similar strategies to cope with the high-altitude environments by activating energy metabolism, enhancing immune defense, and concurrently inhibiting cell growth and development. These findings deepen our understanding about the molecular mechanisms of adaptative evolution to extreme environments, and provide us with some theoretical criteria for the biodiversity conservation of alpine insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
| | - Chengyong Su
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
| | - Yali Li
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
| | - Youjie Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
| | - Yunliang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
- College of Physical Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
- College of Physical Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Ruie Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
| | - Bo He
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
| | - Junye Ma
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;
| | - Jiasheng Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
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Su C, Xie T, Jiang L, Wang Y, Wang Y, Nie R, Zhao Y, He B, Ma J, Yang Q, Hao J. Host genetics and larval host plant modulate microbiome structure and evolution underlying the intimate insect-microbe-plant interactions in Parnassius species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11218. [PMID: 38606343 PMCID: PMC11007261 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects harbor a remarkable diversity of gut microbiomes critical for host survival, health, and fitness, but the mechanism of this structured symbiotic community remains poorly known, especially for the insect group consisting of many closely related species that inhabit the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Here, we firstly analyzed population-level 16S rRNA microbial dataset, comprising 11 Parnassius species covering 5 subgenera, from 14 populations mostly sampled in mountainous regions across northwestern-to-southeastern China, and meanwhile clarified the relative importance of multiple factors on gut microbial community structure and evolution. Our findings indicated that both host genetics and larval host plant modulated gut microbial diversity and community structure. Moreover, the effect analysis of host genetics and larval diet on gut microbiomes showed that host genetics played a critical role in governing the gut microbial beta diversity and the symbiotic community structure, while larval host plant remarkably influenced the functional evolution of gut microbiomes. These findings of the intimate insect-microbe-plant interactions jointly provide some new insights into the correlation among the host genetic background, larval host plant, the structure and evolution of gut microbiome, as well as the mechanisms of high-altitude adaptation in closely related species of this alpine butterfly group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong Su
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Tingting Xie
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Lijun Jiang
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Yunliang Wang
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
- College of Physical EducationAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
- College of Physical EducationAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Ruie Nie
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Youjie Zhao
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Bo He
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Junye Ma
- Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Petroleum Stratigraphy, Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and PaleontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Qun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Petroleum Stratigraphy, Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and PaleontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
- Nanjing CollegeUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Jiasheng Hao
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
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Lukhtanov VA, Zakharov EV. Taxonomic Structure and Wing Pattern Evolution in the Parnassius mnemosyne Species Complex (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:942. [PMID: 38132615 PMCID: PMC10744292 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In our study, using the analysis of DNA barcodes and morphology (wing color, male genitalia, and female sphragis shape), we show that the group of species close to P. mnemosyne comprises the western and eastern phylogenetic lineages. The eastern lineage includes P. stubbendorfii, P. glacialis, and P. hoenei. The western lineage includes three morphologically similar species: P. mnemosyne (Western Eurasia), P. turatii (southwestern Europe), and P. nubilosusstat. nov. (Turkmenistan and NE Iran), as well as the morphologically differentiated P. ariadne (Altai). The latter species differs from the rest of the group in the presence of red spots on the wings. Parnassius mnemosyne s.s. is represented by four differentiated mitochondrial clusters that show clear association with specific geographic regions. We propose to interpret them as subspecies: P. mnemosyne mnemosyne (Central and Eastern Europe, N Caucasus, N Turkey), P. mnemosyne adolphi (the Middle East), P. mnemosyne falsa (Tian Shan), and P. mnemosyne gigantea (Gissar-Alai in Central Asia). We demonstrate that in P. ariadne, the red spots on the wing evolved as a reversion to the ancestral wing pattern. This reversion is observed in Altai, where the distribution areas of the western lineage, represented by P. ariadne, and the eastern lineage, represented by P. stubbendorfii, overlap. These two species hybridize in Altai, and we hypothesize that the color change in P. ariadne is the result of reinforcement of prezygotic isolation in the contact zone. The lectotype of Parnassius mnemosyne var. nubilosus Christoph, 1873, is designated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Nab. 1, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny V. Zakharov
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
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Zhao Y, Su C, He B, Nie R, Wang Y, Ma J, Song J, Yang Q, Hao J. Dispersal from the Qinghai-Tibet plateau by a high-altitude butterfly is associated with rapid expansion and reorganization of its genome. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8190. [PMID: 38081828 PMCID: PMC10713551 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parnassius glacialis is a typical "Out of the QTP" alpine butterfly that originated on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) and dispersed into relatively low-altitude mountainous. Here we assemble a chromosome-level genome of P. glacialis and resequence 9 populations in order to explore the genome evolution and local adaptation of this species. These results indicated that the rapid accumulation and slow unequal recombination of transposable elements (TEs) contributed to the formation of its large genome. Several ribosomal gene families showed extensive expansion and selective evolution through transposon-mediated processed pseudogenes. Additionally, massive structural variations (SVs) of TEs affected the genetic differentiation of low-altitude populations. These low-altitude populations might have experienced a genetic bottleneck in the past and harbor genes with selective signatures which may be responsible for the potential adaptation to low-altitude environments. These results provide a foundation for understanding genome evolution and local adaptation for "Out of the QTP" of P. glacialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjie Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
- College of Big Data and Intelligent Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengyong Su
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Bo He
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Ruie Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yunliang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Junye Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jingyu Song
- College of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Qun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Nanjing College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 211135, China.
| | - Jiasheng Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China.
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5
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Su C, Ding C, Zhao Y, He B, Nie R, Hao J. Diapause-Linked Gene Expression Pattern and Related Candidate Duplicated Genes of the Mountain Butterfly Parnassius glacialis (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) Revealed by Comprehensive Transcriptome Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5577. [PMID: 36982649 PMCID: PMC10058462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mountain butterfly Parnassius glacialis is a representative species of the genus Parnassius, which probably originated in the high-altitude Qinhai-Tibet Plateau in the Miocene and later dispersed eastward into relatively low-altitude regions of central to eastern China. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the long-term evolutionary adaptation to heterogeneous environmental conditions of this butterfly species. In this study, we obtained the high-throughput RNA-Seq data from twenty-four adult individuals in eight localities, covering nearly all known distributional areas in China, and firstly identified the diapause-linked gene expression pattern that is likely to correlate with local adaptation in adult P. glacialis populations. Secondly, we found a series of pathways responsible for hormone biosynthesis, energy metabolism and immune defense that also exhibited unique enrichment patterns in each group that are probably related to habitat-specific adaptability. Furthermore, we also identified a suite of duplicated genes (including two transposable elements) that are mostly co-expressed to promote the plastic responses to different environmental conditions. Together, these findings can help us to better understand this species' successful colonization to distinct geographic areas from the western to eastern areas of China, and also provide us with some insights into the evolution of diapause in mountain Parnassius butterfly species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiasheng Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
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Jardim de Queiroz L, Doenz CJ, Altermatt F, Alther R, Borko Š, Brodersen J, Gossner MM, Graham C, Matthews B, McFadden IR, Pellissier L, Schmitt T, Selz OM, Villalba S, Rüber L, Zimmermann NE, Seehausen O. Climate, immigration and speciation shape terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity in the European Alps. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221020. [PMID: 35946161 PMCID: PMC9363983 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quaternary climate fluctuations can affect speciation in regional biodiversity assembly in two non-mutually exclusive ways: a glacial species pump, where isolation in glacial refugia accelerates allopatric speciation, and adaptive radiation in underused adaptive zones during ice-free periods. We detected biogeographic and genetic signatures associated with both mechanisms in the assembly of the biota of the European Alps. Age distributions of endemic and widespread species within aquatic and terrestrial taxa (amphipods, fishes, amphibians, butterflies and flowering plants) revealed that endemic fish evolved only in lakes, are highly sympatric, and mainly of Holocene age, consistent with adaptive radiation. Endemic amphipods are ancient, suggesting preglacial radiation with limited range expansion and local Pleistocene survival, perhaps facilitated by a groundwater-dwelling lifestyle. Terrestrial endemics are mostly of Pleistocene age and are thus more consistent with the glacial species pump. The lack of evidence for Holocene adaptive radiation in the terrestrial biome is consistent with faster recolonization through range expansion of these taxa after glacial retreats. More stable and less seasonal ecological conditions in lakes during the Holocene may also have contributed to Holocene speciation in lakes. The high proportion of young, endemic species makes the Alpine biota vulnerable to climate change, but the mechanisms and consequences of species loss will likely differ between biomes because of their distinct evolutionary histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Jardim de Queiroz
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmela J Doenz
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roman Alther
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Špela Borko
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakob Brodersen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin M Gossner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Graham
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Blake Matthews
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ian R McFadden
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oliver M Selz
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Soraya Villalba
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Rüber
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, 3005 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus E Zimmermann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum/8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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