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Sivamayuran V, Wijesinghe HD, Constantine R, Lokuhetty MDS. Tumor Budding in Invasive Breast Carcinoma, No Special Type: Association With Pathological Prognostic Factors and Comparison of 2 Different Scoring Systems. Int J Surg Pathol 2024:10668969241260213. [PMID: 39034045 DOI: 10.1177/10668969241260213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Introduction. In contrast to colorectal carcinoma, the significance of tumor budding in breast carcinoma is not established. The X20 objective which is used to assess tumor budding in colorectal carcinoma, is not widely available in countries with limited resources. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of tumor budding and its associations with pathological prognostic factors in invasive breast carcinoma-no special type (IBC-NST), and to assess the correlation between the tumor budding observed using ×20 and ×40 objectives. Methods. A total of 349 excision specimens of IBC-NST were studied. Tumor budding was defined as a single cell/cluster of up to 4 cells at the invasive front and was assessed in hotspots at the advancing edge of the tumor using ×20 and ×40 objectives. Tumor budding was categorized into low (<5/0.785 mm2), intermediate (5-9/0.785 mm2), and high budding (≥10/0.785 mm2) for ×20 objective and low (≤4/0.196 mm2) and high (≥5/0.196 mm2) for ×40 objective based on the number of buds per hotspot. The association between tumor budding and prognostic factors was analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, χ2 test, and logistic regression. Correlation between tumor budding in ×20 and ×40 objectives was analyzed with Pearson correlation test. Results. The prevalence of tumor budding was 72.5%. There was a significant correlation between the number of buddings observed in ×40 objective and ×20 objective (0.958). High tumor budding observed in both objectives was significantly associated with size (P < .001), lymphovascular invasion (P < .001), perineural invasion (P < .001), lymph node status (P < .001), number of lymph nodes (P < .001), T stage (P < .001), and N stage (P < .001) on univariate analysis, but only lymph node positivity (P < .001) showed significant association on multivariate analysis. Conclusion. Tumor budding assessed with ×20 and ×40 objectives showed a significant correlation and was significantly associated lymph node metastasis on multivariate analysis.
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Wu Y, Li Z, Lee AV, Oesterreich S, Luo B. Liver tropism of ER mutant breast cancer is characterized by unique molecular changes and immune infiltration. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024; 205:371-386. [PMID: 38427312 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-024-07255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hotspot estrogen receptor alpha (ER/ESR1) mutations are recognized as the driver for both endocrine resistance and metastasis in advanced ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer, but their contributions to metastatic organ tropism remain insufficiently understood. In this study, we aim to comprehensively profile the organotropic metastatic pattern for ESR1 mutant breast cancer. METHODS The organ-specific metastatic pattern of ESR1 mutant breast cancer was delineated using multi-omics data from multiple publicly available cohorts of ER+ metastatic breast cancer patients. Gene mutation/copy number variation (CNV) and differential gene expression analyses were performed to identify the genomic and transcriptomic alterations uniquely associated with ESR1 mutant liver metastasis. Upstream regulator, downstream pathway, and immune infiltration analysis were conducted for subsequent mechanistic investigations. RESULTS ESR1 mutation-driven liver tropism was revealed by significant differences, encompassing a higher prevalence of liver metastasis in patients with ESR1 mutant breast cancer and an enrichment of mutations in liver metastatic samples. The significant enrichment of AGO2 copy number amplifications (CNAs) and multiple gene expression changes were revealed uniquely in ESR1 mutant liver metastasis. We also unveiled alterations in downstream signaling pathways and immune infiltration, particularly an enrichment of neutrophils, suggesting potential therapeutic vulnerabilities. CONCLUSION Our data provide a comprehensive characterization of the behaviors and mechanisms of ESR1 mutant liver metastasis, paving the way for the development of personalized therapy to target liver metastasis for patients with ESR1 mutant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zheqi Li
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrian V Lee
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bin Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, China.
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Kheraldine H, Gupta I, Cyprian FS, Vranic S, Al-Farsi HF, Merhi M, Dermime S, Al Moustafa AE. Targeting HER2-positive breast cancer cells by a combination of dasatinib and BMS-202: Insight into the molecular pathways. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:94. [PMID: 38431613 PMCID: PMC10909263 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent investigations have reported the benefits of using a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, dasatinib (DA), as well as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors in the management of several solid tumors, including breast cancer. Nevertheless, the outcome of the combination of these inhibitors on HER2-positive breast cancer is not explored yet. METHODS Herein, we investigated the impact of DA and PD-L1 inhibitor (BMS-202) combination on HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines, SKBR3 and ZR75. RESULTS Our data reveal that the combination significantly inhibits cell viability of both cancer cell lines as compared to monotreatment. Moreover, the combination inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression and reduces cancer cell invasion by restoring E-cadherin and β-catenin expressions and loss of vimentin, major biomarkers of EMT. Additionally, the combination reduces the colony formation of both cell lines in comparison with their matched control. Also, the combination considerably inhibits the angiogenesis of the chorioallantoic membrane model compared with monotreatment. Molecular pathway analysis of treated cells shows that this combination blocks HER2, AKT, β-catenin, and JNK1/2/3 activities. CONCLUSION Our findings implicate that a combination of DA and BMS-202 could have a significant impact on the management of HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Kheraldine
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ishita Gupta
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Farhan Sachal Cyprian
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Halema F Al-Farsi
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Interim Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Interim Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
- Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
- Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Du R, Han X, Deng L, Wang X. Epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes determine the dynamics of circulating breast tumor cells in microfluidic capillaries under chemotherapy-induced stress. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:024106. [PMID: 38585003 PMCID: PMC10998713 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) with different epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes play distinct roles in the metastatic cascade. However, the influence of their phenotypic traits and chemotherapy on their transit and retention within capillaries remains unclear. To explore this, we developed a microfluidic device comprising 216 microchannels of different widths from 5 to 16 μm to mimic capillaries. This platform allowed us to study the behaviors of human breast cancer epithelial MCF-7 and mesenchymal MDA-MB-231 cells through microchannels under chemotherapy-induced stress. Our results revealed that when the cell diameter to microchannel width ratio exceeded 1.2, MCF-7 cells exhibited higher transit percentages than MDA-MB-231 cells under a flow rate of 0.13 mm/s. Tamoxifen (250 nM) reduced the transit percentage of MCF-7 cells, whereas 100 nM paclitaxel decreased transit percentages for both cell types. These differential responses were partially due to altered cell stiffness following drug treatments. When cells were entrapped at microchannel entrances, tamoxifen, paclitaxel, and high-flow stress (0.5 mm/s) induced a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in MCF-7 cells. Tamoxifen treatment also elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in MCF-7 cells. Conversely, MMP and ROS levels in entrapped MDA-MB-231 cells remained unaffected. Consequently, the viability and proliferation of entrapped MCF-7 cells declined under these chemical and physical stress conditions. Our findings emphasize that phenotypically distinct CTCs may undergo selective filtration and exhibit varied responses to chemotherapy in capillaries, thereby impacting cancer metastasis outcomes. This highlights the importance of considering both cell phenotype and drug response to improve treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Linhong Deng
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Xiang Wang
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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Muduli K, Pradhan J, Prusty M, Samal AP, Reddy KS, Elangovan S. Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) promotes the migration, invasion and angiogenesis of breast cancer stem cell-like cells. Med Oncol 2024; 41:78. [PMID: 38393411 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer progression, metastasis and recurrence are largely driven by breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), which constitute a subset of tumor cells exhibiting stem cell characteristics. In this study, we evaluated the role of estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) in the migration, invasion and angiogenesis of BCSCs. The inhibition of ERRα using XCT790 or knockdown of ERRα using shRNA inhibited the mammosphere formation efficiency, as well as the migration and invasion of BCSCs derived from the mammospheres of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 (MB231) cells. Conversely, the overexpression of ERRα significantly increased the migration and invasion of BCSCs derived from the mammosphere. In addition, the XCT790 treatment or shERRα significantly downregulated the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as evidenced by the downregulation in the expression of vimentin, Snail, Slug and N-cadherin in the mammospheres of MCF7 and MB231 cells. The chorioallantoic membrane assay showed that the conditioned media from XCT790-treated and shERRα cells significantly inhibited blood vessel formation and vessel length. Furthermore, XCT790 treatment or shERRα also downregulated the expression of molecular markers of angiogenesis, such as VEGF-A and Ang-2 in the mammospheres. Conversely, the overexpression of ERRα in MCF7 cells significantly increased both EMT and angiogenesis. These findings suggest that ERRα inhibits the migration, invasion and angiogenesis of BCSCs, suggesting as a potential target for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Muduli
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Jagannath Pradhan
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Monica Prusty
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Archana Priyadarshini Samal
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - K Sony Reddy
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Selvakumar Elangovan
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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Talaat SM, Elnaggar YSR, Gowayed MA, El-Ganainy SO, Allam M, Abdallah OY. Novel PEGylated cholephytosomes for targeting fisetin to breast cancer: in vitro appraisal and in vivo antitumoral studies. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:433-454. [PMID: 37644299 PMCID: PMC10761494 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Fisetin (FIS) is a multifunctional bioactive flavanol that has been recently exploited as anticancer drug against various cancers including breast cancer. However, its poor aqueous solubility has constrained its clinical application. In the current work, fisetin is complexed for the first time with soy phosphatidylcholine in the presence of cholesterol to form a novel biocompatible phytosomal system entitled "cholephytosomes." To improve fisetin antitumor activity against breast cancer, stearylamine bearing cationic cholephytosomes (mPHY) were prepared and furtherly modified with hyaluronic acid (HPHY) to allow their orientation to cancer cells through their surface exposed phosphatidylserine and CD-44 receptors, respectively. In vitro characterization studies revealed promising physicochemical properties of both modified vesicles (mPHY and HPHY) including excellent FIS complexation efficiency (˷100%), improved octanol/water solubility along with a sustained drug release over 24 h. In vitro cell line studies against MDA-MB-231 cell line showed about 10- and 3.5-fold inhibition in IC50 of modified vesicles compared with free drug and conventional drug-phospholipid complex, respectively. Preclinical studies revealed that both modified cholephytosomes (mPHY and HPHY) had comparable cytotoxicity that is significantly surpassing free drug cytotoxicity. TGF-β1and its non-canonical related signaling pathway; ERK1/2, NF-κB, and MMP-9 were involved in halting tumorigenesis. Thus, tailoring novel phytosomal nanosystems for FIS could open opportunity for its clinical utility against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Talaat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yosra S R Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
- Head of International Publication and Nanotechnology Center INCC, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mennatallah A Gowayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samar O El-Ganainy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Maram Allam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Guefack MGF, Talukdar D, Mukherjee R, Guha S, Mitra D, Saha D, Das G, Damen F, Kuete V, Murmu N. Hypericum roeperianum bark extract suppresses breast cancer proliferation via induction of apoptosis, downregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade and reversal of EMT. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117093. [PMID: 37634746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hypericum roeperianum is a medicinal spice traditionally used in West Africa to treat female sterility, fungal infections, and cancer. It has previously been reported that H. roeperianum exhibits cytotoxic potential by reducing the viability of cancer cells involving multidrug-resistant phenotypes, but its underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The mechanistic involvement of H. roeperianum methanolic crude extract (HRC) in attenuating breast cancer progression by exploring the effects on mitochondrial apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, we examined the anticancer properties of HRC through MTT assay, colony formation, wound healing assay, spheroid formation, DNA fragmentation and flow cytometry for cell cycle arrest, apoptosis (Annexin V/PI staining) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (JC-1) detection. In addition, western blot analysis of various proteins and quantitative real time PCR of various genes involved in apoptosis, EMT and the PI3K/Akt/mToR signal transduction pathway were performed. RESULTS This study revealed that HRC treatment significantly decreased breast cancer cell viability, colony forming efficiency and reduced the ability of cell migration and spheroid formation. HRC also induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 via promoting G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and induction of DNA damage. The crude extract induced apoptosis by activating the intrinsic pathway with a stronger effect that relies on the combined potency of associated molecular markers including Bax, Bad, Bcl-2, cytochrome C, caspase-9, and cleaved-PARP. It was also found that HRC regulates the PI3K/Akt/mToR pathway. In addition, HRC inhibited EMT by expressional alteration of Vimentin and E-cadherin, as well as the regulatory transcription factors such as Snail and Slug. The in vitro findings reflected similar mechanistic approach in 4T1 cell induced syngeneic mice model, indicating the reduction of tumor volume along with the significant expressional alteration of EMT and apoptotic markers. CONCLUSION Taken together the findings concluded that H. roeperianum is a potential source of cytotoxic phytochemicals that exhibit abortifacient effect on breast cancer, both in vitro and in vivo, thus could further be utilized in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel-Gael F Guefack
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), Kolkata, 700026, India; Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Debojit Talukdar
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), Kolkata, 700026, India.
| | - Rimi Mukherjee
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), Kolkata, 700026, India.
| | - Subhabrata Guha
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), Kolkata, 700026, India.
| | - Debarpan Mitra
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), Kolkata, 700026, India.
| | - Depanwita Saha
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), Kolkata, 700026, India.
| | - Gaurav Das
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), Kolkata, 700026, India.
| | - François Damen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Nabendu Murmu
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), Kolkata, 700026, India.
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8
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Golmohammadi M, Motahari Rad H, Soleimanpour-Lichaei S, Olya ME, Soleimanpour-Lichaei HR. Stem Cell Protein PIWIL2 Promotes EMT Process and Stem Cell-Like Properties in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cell Line. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:250. [PMID: 38192888 PMCID: PMC10772788 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_115_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Piwi-like RNA-mediated gene silencing 2 (PIWIL2) is a member of AGO/PIWI gene family, which is enriched in cancer stem cells (CSCs). The purpose of this research was to investigate the overexpression of PIWIL2 and its role in the induction of EMT and CSC properties in MCF7 breast cancer cell line. Materials and Methods MCF7 cells were transfected with the human gene PIWIL2 (Hili) under the control of CMV promoter utilizing the neon electroporation method. Subsequently, the selection was conducted using G418, and doubling time was calculated in the transformed and control cells. RT and real-time PCR were also performed to analyze the expression of epithelial and mesenchymal genes and those related to CSCs. Results According to the observations from this study, transfecting MCF7 cells with PIWIL2 triggered the conversion of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells and induced the genes specific for breast CSCs, which was coincident with 9-h reduction in the doubling time of the transfected cells. Furthermore, the molecular analyses revealed a significant reduction in the expression of epithelial markers, while a significant increase was detected in the expression of mesenchymal genes and many CSC biomarkers. Conclusion PIWIL2 protein acts as a master regulatory protein that is able to manipulate the transcription through specific signaling pathways, which allow the cells to gain stem cell-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Golmohammadi
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Motahari Rad
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samereh Soleimanpour-Lichaei
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Emad Olya
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Soleimanpour-Lichaei
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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Farahzadi R, Valipour B, Fathi E, Pirmoradi S, Molavi O, Montazersaheb S, Sanaat Z. Oxidative stress regulation and related metabolic pathways in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:342. [PMID: 38017510 PMCID: PMC10685711 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cell remodeling process in which epithelial cells undergo a reversible phenotype switch via the loss of adhesion capacity and acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics. In other words, EMT activation can increase invasiveness and metastatic properties, and prevent the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutics, as mesenchymal cells have a higher resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. EMT is orchestrated by a complex and multifactorial network, often linked to episodic, transient, or partial events. A variety of factors have been implicated in EMT development. Based on this concept, multiple metabolic pathways and master transcription factors, such as Snail, Twist, and ZEB, can drive the EMT. Emerging evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a significant role in EMT induction. One emerging theory is that reducing mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species production may contribute to EMT development. This review describes how metabolic pathways and transcription factors are linked to EMT induction and addresses the involvement of signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Farahzadi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnaz Valipour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Sarab Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sarab, Iran
| | - Ezzatollah Fathi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Pirmoradi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ommoleila Molavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soheila Montazersaheb
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Sanaat
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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He Y, Goyette MA, Chapelle J, Boufaied N, Al Rahbani J, Schonewolff M, Danek EI, Muller WJ, Labbé DP, Côté JF, Lamarche-Vane N. CdGAP is a talin-binding protein and a target of TGF-β signaling that promotes HER2-positive breast cancer growth and metastasis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112936. [PMID: 37552602 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in metastasis, which is the leading cause of death in breast cancer patients. Here, we show that Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein (CdGAP) promotes tumor formation and metastasis to lungs in the HER2-positive (HER2+) murine breast cancer model. CdGAP facilitates intravasation, extravasation, and growth at metastatic sites. CdGAP depletion in HER2+ murine primary tumors mediates crosstalk with a Dlc1-RhoA pathway and is associated with a transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced EMT transcriptional signature. CdGAP is positively regulated by TGF-β signaling during EMT and interacts with the adaptor talin to modulate focal adhesion dynamics and integrin activation. Moreover, HER2+ breast cancer patients with high CdGAP mRNA expression combined with a high TGF-β-EMT signature are more likely to present lymph node invasion. Our results suggest CdGAP as a candidate therapeutic target for HER2+ metastatic breast cancer by inhibiting TGF-β and integrin/talin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Marie-Anne Goyette
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Jennifer Chapelle
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Nadia Boufaied
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jalal Al Rahbani
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Maribel Schonewolff
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Eric I Danek
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - William J Muller
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - David P Labbé
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Nathalie Lamarche-Vane
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada.
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11
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González Díaz EC, Tai M, Monette CEF, Wu JY, Yang F. Spatially patterned 3D model mimics key features of cancer metastasis to bone. Biomaterials 2023; 299:122163. [PMID: 37236137 PMCID: PMC10621670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bone is the most common target of metastasis in breast cancer and prostate cancer, leading to significant mortality due to lack of effective treatments. The discovery of novel therapies has been hampered by a lack of physiologically relevant in vitro models that can mimic key clinical features of bone metastases. To fill this critical gap, here we report spatially patterned, tissue engineered 3D models of breast cancer and prostate cancer bone metastasis which mimic bone-specific invasion, cancer aggressiveness, cancer-induced dysregulation of bone remodeling, and in vivo drug response. We demonstrate the potential of integrating such 3D models with single-cell RNA sequencing to identify key signaling drivers of cancer metastasis to bone. Together, these results validate that spatially patterned 3D bone metastasis models mimic key clinical features of bone metastasis and can serve as a novel research tool to elucidate bone metastasis biology and expedite drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C González Díaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Michelle Tai
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Callan E F Monette
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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12
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Xu N, Meng X, Chu H, Yang Z, Jiao Y, Li Y. The prognostic significance of KLRB1 and its further association with immune cells in breast cancer. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15654. [PMID: 37520246 PMCID: PMC10373647 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Killer cell lectin-like receptor B1 (KLRB1) is an important member of the natural killer cell gene family. This study explored the potential value of KLRB1 as a breast cancer (BC) biomarker and its close association with the tumor immune microenvironment during the development of BC. Methods We examined the differential expression of KLRB1 in pan-cancer. Clinical and RNA-Seq data from BC samples were evaluated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and validated in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The relationship between KLRB1 and clinical parameters was explored through Chi-square tests. The diagnostic value of KLRB1 was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Survival analysis was tested by Kaplan-Meier curves to demonstrate the relationship between KLRB1 and survival. Univariable and multivariate cox regression analyses were carried out as well. The analysis of immune infiltration level and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were conducted to examine KLRB1's mechanism during the progression of BC. We used the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), the Cancer Single-cell Expression Map (CancerSCEM) database, the Tumor Immune Single-cell Hub (TISCH) database, and the Cell-type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) method to explore KLRB1's association with immune infiltration level and different quantitative distribution of immune cells. The relevant signaling pathways in BC associated with KLRB1 were identified using GSEA. Results The expression of KLRB1 was downregulated across the majority of cancers including BC. The lower KLRB1 expression group exhibited shorter relapse free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). IHC staining showed that KLRB1 staining was weaker in breast tumor tissues than in paratumors. Additionally, GSEA identified several pathway items distinctly enriched in BC. KLRB1 expression level was also positively related to the infiltrating number of immune cells in BC. Moreover, the CancerSCEM and TISCH databases as well as the CIBERSORT method demonstrated the close relationship between KLRB1 and immune cells, particularly macrophages. Conclusion Low KLRB1 expression was considered an independent prognostic biomarker and played an important role in the tumor immune microenvironment of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongyu Chu
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhaoying Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Jiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Youjun Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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13
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Géci I, Bober P, Filová E, Amler E, Sabo J. The Role of ARHGAP1 in Rho GTPase Inactivation during Metastasizing of Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7 after Treatment with Doxorubicin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11352. [PMID: 37511111 PMCID: PMC10379778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer type in women worldwide. It proliferates rapidly and can metastasize into farther tissues at any stage due to the gradual invasiveness and motility of the tumor cells. These crucial properties are the outcome of the weakened intercellular adhesion, regulated by small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), which hydrolyze to the guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound conformation. We investigated the inactivating effect of ARHGAP1 on Rho GTPases involved signaling pathways after treatment with a high dose of doxorubicin. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of the proteome isolated from the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, treated with 1 μM of doxorubicin, identified RAC1, CDC42, and RHOA GTPases that were inactivated by the ARHGAP1 protein. Upregulation of the GTPases involved in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway initiated epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. These findings demonstrate a key role of the ARHGAP1 protein in the disruption of the cell adhesion and simultaneously allow for a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of the reduced cell adhesion leading to the subsequent metastasis. The conclusions of this study corroborate the hypothesis that chemotherapy with doxorubicin may increase the risk of metastases in drug-resistant breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imrich Géci
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Bober
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Eva Filová
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Amler
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Sabo
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia
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14
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Zhou C, Huang YQ, Da MX, Jin WL, Zhou FH. Adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles: bridging the communications between obesity and tumor microenvironment. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:92. [PMID: 37289328 PMCID: PMC10250291 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
By the year 2035 more than 4 billion people might be affected by obesity and being overweight. Adipocyte-derived Extracellular Vesicles (ADEVs/ADEV-singular) are essential for communication between the tumor microenvironment (TME) and obesity, emerging as a prominent mechanism of tumor progression. Adipose tissue (AT) becomes hypertrophic and hyperplastic in an obese state resulting in insulin resistance in the body. This modifies the energy supply to tumor cells and simultaneously stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory adipokines. In addition, obese AT has a dysregulated cargo content of discharged ADEVs, leading to elevated amounts of pro-inflammatory proteins, fatty acids, and carcinogenic microRNAs. ADEVs are strongly associated with hallmarks of cancer (proliferation and resistance to cell death, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, immunological response) and may be useful as biomarkers and antitumor therapy strategy. Given the present developments in obesity and cancer-related research, we conclude by outlining significant challenges and significant advances that must be addressed expeditiously to promote ADEVs research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qian Huang
- Department of Center of Medical Cosmetology, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, 610017 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xu Da
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Hai Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
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15
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Gou L, Yue GGL, Lee JKM, Puno PT, Lau CBS. Natural product Eriocalyxin B suppressed triple negative breast cancer metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115491. [PMID: 36898414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women, and its metastasis to distant organs accounts for the majority of death. Eriocalyxin B (Eri B), an ent-kaurane diterpenoid isolating from Isodon eriocalyx var. laxiflora, has previously been reported to have anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects in breast cancer. Here, we investigated the effect of Eri B on cell migration and adhesion in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, as well as aldehyde dehydrogenases 1 family member A1 (ALDH1A1) expression, colony- and sphere-formation in cancer stem cell (CSC) enriched MDA-MB-231 cells. The in vivo anti-metastatic activities of Eri B were determined in 3 different breast tumor-bearing mouse models. Our results indicated that Eri B inhibited TNBC cell migration and adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins, and also reduced ALDH1A1 expression and colony formation in CSC-enriched MDA-MB-231 cells. The metastasis-related pathways, such as epidermal growth factor receptor/ mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 1/2/ extracellular regulated protein kinase signaling altered by Eri B was firstly shown in MDA-MB-231 cells. The potent anti-metastatic efficacies of Eri B were demonstrated in breast xenograft-bearing mice and syngeneic breast tumor-bearing mice. Gut microbiome analysis results revealed the change in the diversity and composition of microbiome after Eri B treatment, and the potential pathways that are involved in the anti-cancer efficacy of Eri B. In conclusion, Eri B was shown to inhibit breast cancer metastasis in both in vitro and in vivo models. Our findings further support the development of Eri B as an anti-metastatic agent for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Grace Gar-Lee Yue
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julia Kin-Ming Lee
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pema Tenzin Puno
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | - Clara Bik-San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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16
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Liu Q, Liu N, van der Noord V, van der Stel W, van de Water B, Danen EHJ, Le Dévédec SE. Differential response of luminal and basal breast cancer cells to acute and chronic hypoxia. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2023; 198:583-596. [PMID: 36826702 PMCID: PMC10036440 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-023-06863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is linked to disease progression and poor prognosis in several cancers, including breast cancer. Cancer cells can encounter acute, chronic, and/or intermittent periods of oxygen deprivation and it is poorly understood how the different breast cancer subtypes respond to such hypoxia regimes. Here, we assessed the response of representative cell lines for the luminal and basal A subtype to acute (24 h) and chronic hypoxia (5 days). High throughput targeted transcriptomics analysis showed that HIF-related pathways are significantly activated in both subtypes. Indeed, HIF1⍺ nuclear accumulation and activation of the HIF1⍺ target gene CA9 were comparable. Based on the number of differentially expressed genes: (i) 5 days of exposure to hypoxia induced a more profound transcriptional reprogramming than 24 h, and (ii) basal A cells were less affected by acute and chronic hypoxia as compared to luminal cells. Hypoxia-regulated gene networks were identified of which hub genes were associated with worse survival in breast cancer patients. Notably, while chronic hypoxia altered the regulation of the cell cycle in both cell lines, it induced two distinct adaptation programs in these subtypes. Mainly genes controlling central carbon metabolism were affected in the luminal cells whereas genes controlling the cytoskeleton were affected in the basal A cells. In agreement, in response to chronic hypoxia, lactate secretion was more prominently increased in the luminal cell lines which were associated with the upregulation of the GAPDH glycolytic enzyme. This was not observed in the basal A cell lines. In contrast, basal A cells displayed enhanced cell migration associated with more F-actin stress fibers whereas luminal cells did not. Altogether, these data show distinct responses to acute and chronic hypoxia that differ considerably between luminal and basal A cells. This differential adaptation is expected to play a role in the progression of these different breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Liu
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nasi Liu
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vera van der Noord
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wanda van der Stel
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H J Danen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sylvia E Le Dévédec
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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17
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Zhang Z, Li F, Li Y, Li Z, Jia G. In vitro Anti-malignant Property of PCMT1 Silencing and Identification of the SNHG16/miR-195/PCMT1 Regulatory Axis in Breast Cancer Cells. Clin Breast Cancer 2023; 23:302-316. [PMID: 36639265 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase (PCMT1) is a highly conserved protein repair enzyme that participates in regulating the progression of human cancers. We therefore studied the function and the related mechanisms of PCMT1 in breast cancer cells. METHODS Expression profile and prognostic analysis of PCMT1 in breast cancer patients were analyzed using online databases. PCMT1 expression in breast cancer cells was detected by western blot analysis. Cell proliferation was determined by CCK-8 and colony formation assays. Apoptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry analysis and caspase-3/7 activity assay. Cell invasion was assessed by Transwell invasion assay. The small nucleolar RNA host gene 16 (SNHG16)/miR-195/PCMT1 regulatory axis was identified using bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS PCMT1 expression was increased in breast cancer tissues and cells. High PCMT1 expression was correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. PCMT1 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation ability in breast cancer cells. Moreover, PCMT1 knockdown induced apoptosis and restrained the invasive ability in breast cancer cells. PCMT1 overexpression increased the proliferative and invasive abilities of breast cancer cells. miR-195 was identified as the unique upstream miRNA of PCMT1. SNHG16 was identified as the unique upstream lncRNA of miR-195. SNHG16 knockdown downregulated PCMT1 by increasing miR-195 expression. Breast cancer cell proliferation was regulated by the SNHG16/miR-195/PCMT1 axis. CONCLUSION PCMT1 silencing inhibited cell proliferation and invasion and induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells and the SNHG16/miR-195/PCMT1 regulatory axis might serve as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongji Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Nanyang First People's Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Nanyang, China; Key Laboratory of Thyroid Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Nanyang First People's Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Nanyang, China
| | - Fengbo Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanshi Hospital of Nanyang, Nanyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanyang First People's Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Nanyang, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanyang First People's Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Nanyang, China
| | - Guangwei Jia
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Nanyang First People's Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Nanyang, China.
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18
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Liang M, Li Y, Chen C. LMCD1-AS1 Facilitates Cell Proliferation and EMT by Sponging miR-873-3p in Cervical Cancer. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2023; 33:13-25. [PMID: 36734854 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2022042882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA LMCD1 antisense RNA 1 (LMCD1-AS1) has recently been reported to participate in the pathogenesis of several tumors, including thyroid cancer and osteosarcoma. However, the clinical significance of LMCD1-AS1 and the related biological function have not been reported in cervical cancer (CC). In this study, we observed that LMCD1-AS1 expression was highly expressed in CC specimens compared with adjacent normal specimens using quantitative real-time PCR. Chi-square test showed that high LMCD1-AS1 expression was correlated with FIGO stage and lymph node metastasis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed poor prognosis with high LMCD1-AS1 expression. Moreover, FIGO stage, lymph node metastasis and high LMCD1-AS1 expression could be independent prognostic factors for the patients with CC. Functionally, knockdown of LMCD1-AS1 suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of two CC cell lines (HeLa and CaSki) cells by CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, and Transwell assay. Knockdown of LMCD1-AS1 upregulated E-cadherin expression and downregulated the expression of PCNA, N-cadherin, and imentin in HeLa and CaSki cells. Luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay were conducted to evaluate the downstream molecular mechanisms of LMCD1-AS1. LMCD1-AS1 possesses a putative miR-873-3p-binding site and confirmed the negative correlation between them in CC tissues. Moreover, overexpression of LMCD1-AS1 promoted CC cell proliferation and EMT process through the regulation of miR-873-3p. In addition, depletion of LMCD1-AS1 reduced tumor growth and Ki-67 protein expression. In summary, our findings indicate that LMCD1-AS1 might exert an oncogenic role in CC and targeting LMCD1-AS1 might be a promising therapeutic target for CC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Yongkang Li
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 401147, China
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19
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Wang C, Li L, Wang F, Li X, Sun J, Li X, Lei T, Huang Q, Zhang G, Wang H, Li D, Jia J, Li C, Geng F, Yue J, Liu C. Single-cell transcriptomics dissects epithelial heterogeneity in HPV + cervical adenocarcinoma. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28480. [PMID: 36609919 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity of epithelial cells in human papillomavirus (HPV+ ) cervical adenocarcinoma (CEAD) remains largely unknown. To investigate this issue, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on 19 229 epithelial cells sorted from three tumor samples of three patients with HPV+ CEAD. Six epithelial subclusters (Epi1-Epi6) were identified that showed distinct gene expression. Among these, Epi1 and Epi4 had apparent tumor hallmarks and metabolic activities. Epi1 was highly enriched in hallmarks of hypoxia, IL2/STAT5 signaling, retinol metabolism, glycolysis, and arachidonic acid metabolism, while Epi4 was highly enriched in hallmarks of G2M checkpoint, E2F targets, DNA repair, PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling, glycolysis, fatty acid degradation, TCA cycle, and glutathione metabolism. We also investigated intertumoral epithelial heterogeneity and found that Patient 1 was highly enriched for KRAS signaling and angiogenesis, while Patient 2 was highly enriched for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and TGF-β signaling, and Patient 3 was highly enriched for hypoxia, DNA repair, G2M checkpoint, and E2F targets. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we revealed the intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity of epithelial cells in HPV+ CEAD, providing insights into the importance of personalized treatment for patients with HPV+ CEAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,The Laboratory of Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center (Institute of Translational Medicine), Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences) of China, Jinan, China
| | - Fuhao Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Jujie Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyu Lei
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingyu Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongqing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jue Jia
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Geng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinbo Yue
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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20
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Starek-Świechowicz B, Budziszewska B, Starek A. Alcohol and breast cancer. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:69-84. [PMID: 36310188 PMCID: PMC9889462 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the main causes of death in women worldwide. In women, breast cancer includes over half of all tumours caused by alcohol. This paper discusses both ethanol metabolism and the mechanisms of mammary tumourigenesis caused by alcohol. Numerous signalling pathways in neoplastic transformation following alcohol consumption in women have been presented. In addition, primary and secondary prevention, phytochemicals, synthetic chemicals, specific inhibitors of enzymes and selective receptor modulators have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Starek-Świechowicz
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bogusława Budziszewska
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Starek
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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21
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Alaaeldin R, Ali FEM, Bekhit AA, Zhao QL, Fathy M. Inhibition of NF-kB/IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 Pathway and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells by Azilsartan. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227825. [PMID: 36431925 PMCID: PMC9693603 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is an incurable form of breast cancer that exhibits high levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. Angiotensin II has been linked to various signaling pathways involved in tumor cell growth and metastasis. The aim of this study is to investigate, for the first time, the anti-proliferative activity of azilsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, against breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 at the molecular level. Cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, colony formation, and cell migration assays were performed. RT-PCR and western blotting analysis were used to explain the molecular mechanism. Azilsartan significantly decreased the cancer cells survival, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and inhibited colony formation and cell migration abilities. Furthermore, azilsartan reduced the mRNA levels of NF-kB, TWIST, SNAIL, SLUG and bcl2, and increased the mRNA level of bax. Additionally, azilsartan inhibited the expression of IL-6, JAK2, STAT3, MMP9 and bcl2 proteins, and increased the expression of bax, c-PARP and cleaved caspase 3 protein. Interestingly, it reduced the in vivo metastatic capacity of MDA-MBA-231 breast cancer cells. In conclusion, the present study revealed, for the first time, the anti-proliferative, apoptotic, anti-migration and EMT inhibition activities of azilsartan against breast cancer cells through modulating NF-kB/IL-6/JAK2/STAT3/MMP9, TWIST/SNAIL/SLUG and apoptosis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Alaaeldin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt
| | - Fares E. M. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | | | - Qing-Li Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Correspondence: (Q.-L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Moustafa Fathy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Correspondence: (Q.-L.Z.); (M.F.)
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22
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Overcoming challenges to enable targeting of metastatic breast cancer tumour microenvironment with nano-therapeutics: Current status and future perspectives. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Inoue S, Imanishi M, Kanzaki A, Fujimoto A, Maeyama M, Okamoto A, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa K, Takahashi R. Role of Cancer Stem-like Cells in the Process of Invasion and Mesenchymal Transformation by a Reconstituted Triple-negative Breast Cancer Cell Population Resistant to p53-induced Apoptosis. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2022; 55:169-184. [PMID: 36405550 PMCID: PMC9631983 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.22-00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in a population of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells that are resistant to apoptosis. A human breast cancer cell population capable of inducing p53 expression with doxycycline (Dox) was created and used as an untreated control (UT). After the addition of Dox to UT for 5 days, the cell population reconstituted with cells showing resistance to apoptosis was named RE. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and immunostaining revealed that after the addition of Dox, the ratio of cells in the S and G2/M phases decreased in UT as apoptosis proceeded, but did not markedly change in apoptosis-resistant RE. CSC-like cells in RE exhibited a cell morphology with a larger ratio of the major/minor axis than UT. FACS showed that RE had a higher proportion of CSC-like cells and contained more CD44+CD24- mesenchymal CSCs than ALDH1A3+ epithelial-like CSCs. In a Matrigel invasion assay, UT was more likely to form a three-dimensional cell population, whereas RE exhibited a planar population, higher migration ability, and the up-regulated expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes. These results provide insights into the mechanisms by which TNBC cells acquire treatment resistance at the time of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Imanishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ai Kanzaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsumi Fujimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Marina Maeyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayaka Okamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroka Matsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyotsugu Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rei Takahashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
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24
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Gilyazova I, Ivanova E, Sinelnikov M, Pavlov V, Khusnutdinova E, Gareev I, Beilerli A, Mikhaleva L, Liang Y. The potential of miR-153 as aggressive prostate cancer biomarker. Noncoding RNA Res 2022; 8:53-59. [PMID: 36329790 PMCID: PMC9626891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in males. MiR-153, as a member of the microRNA (miRNA) family, plays an important role in PC. This study aims to explore the expression and possible molecular mechanisms of the miR-153 action. METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues were collected from prostatectomy specimens of 29 metastatic and 32 initial stage PC patients. Expression levels of miR-153 were measured using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 2-ΔΔCT method was used for quantitative gene expression assessment. The candidate target genes for miR-153 were predicted by TargetScan. Mutations in target genes of miR-153 were identified using exome sequencing. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms of miR-153 in PC. RESULTS MiR-153 was significantly up-regulated in PC tissues compared to non-cancerous tissues. The analysis of correlation between the expression level of miR-153 and clinicopathological factors revealed a statistically significant correlation with the stage of the tumor process according to tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system (p = 0.0256). ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive ability of miR-153 for metastasis development and it revealed miR-153 as a potential prognostic marker (AUC = 0.85; 95%CI 0.75-0.95; sensitivity = 0.72, specificity = 0.86)). According to logistic regression model the high expression of miR-153 increased the risk of metastasis development (odds ratios = 3.14, 95% CI 1.62-8.49; p-value = 0.006). Whole exome sequencing revealed nonsynonymous somatic mutations in collagen type IV alpha 1 (COL4A1), collagen type IV alpha 3 (COL4A3), forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 1 (HACL1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1A), and nidogen 2 (NID2) genes. Moreover, KEGG analysis revealed that the extracellular matrix-receptor (ECM-receptor) interaction pathway is mainly involved in PC. CONCLUSION MiR-153 is up-regulated in PC tissues and may play an important role in aggressive PC by targeting potential target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Gilyazova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054, Ufa, Russia,Corresponding author.
| | - Elizaveta Ivanova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Mikhail Sinelnikov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Ilgiz Gareev
- Bashkir State Medical University, 450008, Ufa, Russia
| | - Aferin Beilerli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tyumen State Medical University, 54 Odesskaya Street, 625023, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Ludmila Mikhaleva
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBI “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", 117418, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yanchao Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
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25
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Bisht D, Arora A, Sachan M. Role of DNA De-methylation intermediate '5-hydroxymethylcytosine' in ovarian cancer management: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113674. [PMID: 36099791 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains the most eminent silent killer, with high morbidity and mortality among all gynaecological cancers. The advanced-stage patient's diagnosis has a low survival rate caused by its asymptomatic progression and diverse histopathological sub-types, wherefore in poor prognosis and highly recurring malignancy with multidrug resistance towards chemotherapy. Epigenetic biomarkers open promising avenues of intriguing research to combat OC malignancy, furthermore a tool for its early diagnosis. 5-hydroxymethycytosine (5-hmC), alias the sixth base of the genome, is an intermediate formed during the recently established DNA demethylation process and catalysed via ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of enzymes. It plays a significant role in regulating gene expression and has sparked interest in various cancer types. This review summarizes the role of active DNA demethylation process, its enzymes and intermediate 5-hmC in epigenetic landscape of ovarian cancer as a potent biomarker for clinical translation in identification of therapeutic targets, diagnostic and prognostic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bisht
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arisha Arora
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039 Assam, India
| | - Manisha Sachan
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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26
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Camp FA, Brunetti TM, Williams MM, Christenson JL, Sreekanth V, Costello JC, Hay ZLZ, Kedl RM, Richer JK, Slansky JE. Antigens Expressed by Breast Cancer Cells Undergoing EMT Stimulate Cytotoxic CD8 + T Cell Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184397. [PMID: 36139558 PMCID: PMC9496737 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The transition of cells with epithelial characteristics to those with mesenchymal characteristics (termed EMT) facilitates breast cancer invasive capacity. The EMT program can also contribute to immunosuppressive and immunoevasive properties, altering susceptibility to immune cell recognition and killing. The goal of our study was to manipulate EMT to reveal potential neoantigens that might affect the ability of tumor cells to circumvent immune escape and/or be utilized as an anticancer vaccine to kill cancer cells exhibiting the cellular plasticity that permits therapy resistance and metastatic progression. We identified potential neoantigens resulting from EMT-associated altered gene expression and alternative splicing events and observed increased immunogenicity and susceptibility to killing of the more epithelial-like cancer cells. Although the tested peptides did not protect from tumor growth, a limited number of predicted neoantigens derived from intron retention events were tested. In the future, refined prediction programs may facilitate exciting antigen discoveries. Abstract Antigenic differences formed by alterations in gene expression and alternative splicing are predicted in breast cancer cells undergoing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the reverse plasticity known as MET. How these antigenic differences impact immune interactions and the degree to which they can be exploited to enhance immune responses against mesenchymal cells is not fully understood. We utilized a master microRNA regulator of EMT to alter mesenchymal-like EO771 mammary carcinoma cells to a more epithelial phenotype. A computational approach was used to identify neoantigens derived from the resultant differentially expressed somatic variants (SNV) and alternative splicing events (neojunctions). Using whole cell vaccines and peptide-based vaccines, we find superior cytotoxicity against the more-epithelial cells and explore the potential of neojunction-derived antigens to elicit T cell responses through experiments designed to validate the computationally predicted neoantigens. Overall, results identify EMT-associated splicing factors common to both mouse and human breast cancer cells as well as immunogenic SNV- and neojunction-derived neoantigens in mammary carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye A. Camp
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tonya M. Brunetti
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michelle M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jessica L. Christenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Varsha Sreekanth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - James C. Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Zachary L. Z. Hay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ross M. Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Richer
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jill E. Slansky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence:
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27
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Pal AK, Sharma P, Zia A, Siwan D, Nandave D, Nandave M, Gautam RK. Metabolomics and EMT Markers of Breast Cancer: A Crosstalk and Future Perspective. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022; 29:200-222. [PMID: 35736645 PMCID: PMC9230911 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo transient EMT and MET phenomena or vice versa, along with the parallel interplay of various markers, often correlated as the determining factor in decoding metabolic profiling of breast cancers. Moreover, various cancer signaling pathways and metabolic changes occurring in breast cancer cells modulate the expression of such markers to varying extents. The existing research completed so far considers the expression of such markers as determinants regulating the invasiveness and survival of breast cancer cells. Therefore, this manuscript is crosstalk among the expression levels of such markers and their correlation in regulating the aggressiveness and invasiveness of breast cancer. We also attempted to cover the possible EMT-based metabolic targets to retard migration and invasion of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Pal
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India; (A.K.P.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Prateek Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India; (A.K.P.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Alishan Zia
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India; (A.K.P.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Deepali Siwan
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India; (A.K.P.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Dipali Nandave
- Department of Dravyaguna, Karmavir V. T. Randhir Ayurved College, Boradi 425428, India;
| | - Mukesh Nandave
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India; (A.K.P.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.N.); (R.K.G.)
| | - Rupesh K. Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology, MM School of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Ambala 134007, India
- Correspondence: (M.N.); (R.K.G.)
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28
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Isali I, McClellan P, Calaway A, Prunty M, Abbosh P, Mishra K, Ponsky L, Markt S, Psutka SP, Bukavina L. Gene network profiling in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol 2022; 40:197.e11-197.e23. [PMID: 35039218 PMCID: PMC10123538 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining meta-analysis of transcriptional profiling of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) through Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets has not been investigated. This study aims to define gene expression profiles in MIBC and to identify potential candidate genes and pathways. OBJECTIVES To review and evaluate gene expression studies in MIBC through publicly available RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and microarray data in order to identify potential prognostic and therapeutic targets for MIBC. METHODS A systematic literature search of the Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, and Wiley Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases was performed using the terms "gene," "gene expression," and "bladder cancer" January 1, 1990 through March 2021 focused on populations with MIBC. RESULTS In the final analysis, GEO datasets were included. Fixed effect model was employed in the meta-analysis. Gene networking connections and gene-set functional analyses of the identified genes as differentially expressed in MIBC were performed using ImaGEO and GeneMANIA software. A heatmap for the upregulated and downregulated genes was generated along with the correlated pathways. CONCLUSION A total of 9 genes were reported in this analysis. Six genes were reported as upregulated (ProTα, SPINT1, UBE2E1, RAB25, KPNB1, HDAC1) and 3 genes as downregulated (NUP188, IPO13, NUP124). Genes were found to be involved in "ubiquitin mediated proteolysis," "protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum," "transcriptional misregulation in cancer," and "RNA transport" pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaha Isali
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Phillip McClellan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Adam Calaway
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Megan Prunty
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Phillip Abbosh
- Department of Urology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kirtishri Mishra
- Department of Urology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lee Ponsky
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sarah Markt
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sarah P Psutka
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Laura Bukavina
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.
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29
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Jiao X, Wang B, Yang L, Zhao Q, Zhang M, Liu X, Zhou C, Wang R, Chen H, Wang J, Ren Y, Liu P. FMNL2 suppresses cell migration and invasion of breast cancer: a reduction of cytoplasmic p27 via RhoA/LIMK/Cofilin pathway. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:155. [PMID: 35379791 PMCID: PMC8980084 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Formin-like protein 2 (FMNL2) belongs to a highly conserved family of cytoskeletal remodeling proteins that have been reported to be implicated in various actin-dependent physiological and cancer-associated processes. In this study, we mainly investigated the effects of FMNL2 on breast cancer cell migration and invasion, and the underlying mechanisms involved. We found that FMNL2 reduced cell migration and invasion of breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. Further, FMNL2 disrupted actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and hampered the RhoA/LIMK/Cofilin pathway in breast cancer cells. Critically, both Rho inhibitor ZOL and LIMK inhibitor BMS3 significantly abrogated these migration-promoting effects in FMNL2-silencing MDA-MB-231 and BT549 cells. RhoA/LIMK/Cofilin pathway was involved in FMNL2 silencing-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in MDA-MB-231 and BT549 cells. More importantly, cytoplasmic p27 promoted FMNL2-mediated cell migration and invasion through RhoA/LIMK/Cofilin pathway in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, the expression and prognosis of FMNL2 were associated with ER in breast cancer. Furthermore, ERα overexpression reduced the protein levels of FMNL2 in breast cancer cells, which were reversed by MG132. In conclusion, FMNL2 suppressed cell migration and invasion of breast cancer by inhibiting RhoA/LIMK/Cofilin pathway through a reduction of cytoplasmic p27. This finding implies that the interference of FMNL2-mediated RhoA/LIMK/Cofilin pathway involving the cytoplasmic p27 may be a promising strategy for ameliorating breast cancer metastasis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Jiao
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Lu Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Qingbin Zhao
- Department of Geratology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Can Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - He Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jichang Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
| | - Peijun Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
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30
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Mahani M, Khakbaz F, Ju H. Hairpin oligosensor using SiQDs: Förster resonance energy transfer study and application for miRNA-21 detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2505-2512. [PMID: 35099583 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are known to be tumor suppressors and promoters and can be used as cancer markers. In this work, a novel oligosensor was designed using Si quantum dots (SiQDs) for the detection of miRNAs. Five-nanometer SiQDs were synthesized, with a band gap of 2.8 eV, fluorescence lifetime of 4.56 μs (τ1/2 = 3.26 μs), quantum yield of 25%, fluorescence rate constant of 6.25 × 104, and non-radiative rate constant of 1.60 × 105 s-1. They showed excellent water dispersibility, good stability (with 95% confidence for 6-month storage) without photobleaching, and high biocompatibility, with an IC50 value of 292.2 μg/L. The SiQDs and Black Hole Quencher-1 (BHQ1) were conjugated to the 5' and 3' terminals of an oligomer, respectively. The resulting hairpin molecular beacon showed resonance energy transfer efficiency of 63%. A distance of 0.91 R (Förster distance) between SiQD and BHQ1 was obtained. In the presence of a stoichiometric amount of the complementary oligonucleotide (ΔGhybridization = -35.09 kcal mol-1), 98% of the fluorescence was recovered due to loop opening of the hairpin structure. The probe showed good selectivity toward miRNA-21, with a limit of detection of 14.9 fM. The oligosensor recoveries of miRNA-21 spiked in human serum and urine were 94-98% and 93-108%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Mahani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Faeze Khakbaz
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Cottin A, Pecuchet N, Zulian M, Guilloux A, Katsahian S. IDNetwork: A deep illness‐death network based on multi‐state event history process for disease prognostication. Stat Med 2022; 41:1573-1598. [DOI: 10.1002/sim.9310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aziliz Cottin
- Healthcare and Life Sciences Research Dassault Systemes Velizy‐Villacoublay France
| | - Nicolas Pecuchet
- Healthcare and Life Sciences Research Dassault Systemes Velizy‐Villacoublay France
| | - Marine Zulian
- Healthcare and Life Sciences Research Dassault Systemes Velizy‐Villacoublay France
| | - Agathe Guilloux
- CNRS Université Paris‐Saclay Paris France
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Modélisation d'Evry Université d'Evry Evry‐Courcouronnes France
| | - Sandrine Katsahian
- AP‐HP Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Unité de Recherche Clinique, APHP Centre Paris France
- Inserm Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1418 (CIC1418) Epidémiologie Clinique Paris France
- Inserm Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Paris France
- HeKA, INRIA PARIS Paris France
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Discovering the Triad between Nav1.5, Breast Cancer, and the Immune System: A Fundamental Review and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020310. [PMID: 35204811 PMCID: PMC8869595 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nav1.5 is one of the nine voltage-gated sodium channel-alpha subunit (VGSC-α) family members. The Nav1.5 channel typically carries an inward sodium ion current that depolarises the membrane potential during the upstroke of the cardiac action potential. The neonatal isoform of Nav1.5, nNav1.5, is produced via VGSC-α alternative splicing. nNav1.5 is known to potentiate breast cancer metastasis. Despite their well-known biological functions, the immunological perspectives of these channels are poorly explored. The current review has attempted to summarise the triad between Nav1.5 (nNav1.5), breast cancer, and the immune system. To date, there is no such review available that encompasses these three components as most reviews focus on the molecular and pharmacological prospects of Nav1.5. This review is divided into three major subsections: (1) the review highlights the roles of Nav1.5 and nNav1.5 in potentiating the progression of breast cancer, (2) focuses on the general connection between breast cancer and the immune system, and finally (3) the review emphasises the involvements of Nav1.5 and nNav1.5 in the functionality of the immune system and the immunogenicity. Compared to the other subsections, section three is pretty unexploited; it would be interesting to study this subsection as it completes the triad.
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Buyuk B, Jin S, Ye K. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Signaling Pathways Responsible for Breast Cancer Metastasis. Cell Mol Bioeng 2022; 15:1-13. [PMID: 35096183 PMCID: PMC8761190 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast carcinoma is highly metastatic and invasive. Tumor metastasis is a convoluted and multistep process involving tumor cell disseminating from their primary site and migrating to the secondary organ. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the crucial steps that initiate cell progression, invasion, and metastasis. During EMT, epithelial cells alter their molecular features and acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. The regulation of EMT is centered by several signaling pathways, including primary mediators TGF-β, Notch, Wnt, TNF-α, Hedgehog, and RTKs. It is also affected by hypoxia and microRNAs (miRNAs). All these pathways are the convergence on the transcriptional factors such as Snail, Slug, Twist, and ZEB1/2. In addition, a line of evidence suggested that EMT and cancer stem like cells (CSCs) are associated. EMT associated cancer stem cells display mesenchymal phenotypes and resist to chemotherapy or targeted therapy. In this review, we highlighted recent discoveries in these signaling pathways and their regulation in breast cancer metastasis and invasion. While the clinical relevance of EMT and breast cancers remains controversial, we speculated a convergent signaling network pivotal to elucidating the transition of epithelial to mesenchymal phenotypes and onset of metastasis of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Buyuk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Watson College of Engineering and Applied Science, Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA
| | - Sha Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Watson College of Engineering and Applied Science, Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA
| | - Kaiming Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Watson College of Engineering and Applied Science, Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA
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AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase as a Promising Therapeutic Target Directing Multiple Aspects of Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030466. [PMID: 35158733 PMCID: PMC8833413 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastasis is a complex process that requires the acquisition of certain traits by cancer cells as well as the cooperation of several non-neoplastic cells that populate the stroma. Cancer-related deaths are predominantly associated with complications arising from metastases. Limiting metastasis therefore represents an important clinical challenge. The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is required at many steps of the metastatic cascade and contributes to tumor microenvironment deregulation. In this review, we describe how AXL contributes to metastatic progression by governing various biological processes in cancer cells and in stromal cells, highlighting the potential of its inhibition. Abstract The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is emerging as a key player in tumor progression and metastasis and its expression correlates with poor survival in a plethora of cancers. While studies have shown the benefits of AXL inhibition for the treatment of metastatic cancers, additional roles for AXL in cancer progression are still being explored. This review discusses recent advances in understanding AXL’s functions in different tumor compartments including cancer, vascular, and immune cells. AXL is required at multiple steps of the metastatic cascade where its activation in cancer cells leads to EMT, invasion, survival, proliferation and therapy resistance. AXL activation in cancer cells and various stromal cells also results in tumor microenvironment deregulation, leading to modulation of angiogenesis, fibrosis, immune response and hypoxia. A better understanding of AXL’s role in these processes could lead to new therapeutic approaches that would benefit patients suffering from metastatic diseases.
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Ugalde-Morales E, Grassmann F, Humphreys K, Li J, Eriksson M, Tobin NP, Lindström LS, Vallon-Christersson J, Borg Å, Hall P, Czene K. Interval breast cancer is associated with interferon immune response. Eur J Cancer 2022; 162:194-205. [PMID: 35026490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aggressive nature of breast cancers detected between planned mammographic screens, so-called interval cancers, remains elusive. Here, we aim to characterise underlying molecular features of interval cancer. METHODS From 672 patients with invasive breast cancer, we analysed gene expression differences between 90 'true' interval cancer cases (i.e. women with low-dense breasts defined as per cent mammographic density <25%) and 310 screen-detected tumours while accounting for PAM50 subtypes and thus overall tumour aggressiveness. We computed an interval cancer gene expression profile (IC-Gx) in a total of 2270 breast tumours (regardless of interval cancer status) and tested for association with expression-based immune subtypes in breast cancer. In addition, we investigated the contribution of inherited and somatic genetic variants in distinct features of interval cancer. RESULTS We identified 8331 genes nominally associated with interval cancer (P-value < 0.05, fold-change > 1.5). Gene set enrichment analysis showed immune-related pathways as key processes altered in interval cancer. Our IC-Gx, based on 47 genes with the strongest associations (false discovery rate < 0.05), was found to be associated mainly with immune subtypes involving interferon response. We isolated an interaction network of interval cancer and interferon genes for which a significant load of somatic and germline variants in class I interferon genes was observed. CONCLUSION We identified novel molecular features of interval breast cancer highlighting interferon pathways as a potential target for prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Ugalde-Morales
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Felix Grassmann
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Keith Humphreys
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish EScience Research Centre (SeRC), Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Jingmei Li
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mikael Eriksson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas P Tobin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda S Lindström
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Vallon-Christersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Medicon Village 404-A2 Lund, SE-22381, Sweden; Lund University Cancer Center Lund, SE-22381, Sweden; CREATE Health Strategic Centre for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University Lund, SE-22381, Sweden
| | - Åke Borg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Medicon Village 404-A2 Lund, SE-22381, Sweden; Lund University Cancer Center Lund, SE-22381, Sweden; CREATE Health Strategic Centre for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University Lund, SE-22381, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, SCIBLU Genomics, Lund University Lund, SE-22381, Sweden
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Targeted Therapy Modulates the Secretome of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts to Induce Resistance in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413297. [PMID: 34948097 PMCID: PMC8706990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of trastuzumab plus pertuzumab plus docetaxel as a first-line therapy in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer has provided significant clinical benefits compared to trastuzumab plus docetaxel alone. However, despite the therapeutic success of existing therapies targeting HER2, tumours invariably relapse. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve our understanding of the mechanisms governing resistance, so that specific therapeutic strategies can be developed to provide improved efficacy. It is well known that the tumour microenvironment (TME) has a significant impact on cancer behaviour. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are essential components of the tumour stroma that have been linked to acquired therapeutic resistance and poor prognosis in breast cancer. For this reason, it would be of interest to identify novel biomarkers in the tumour stroma that could emerge as therapeutic targets for the modulation of resistant phenotypes. Conditioned medium experiments carried out in our laboratory with CAFs derived from HER2-positive patients showed a significant capacity to promote resistance to trastuzumab plus pertuzumab therapies in two HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines (BCCLs), even in the presence of docetaxel. In order to elucidate the components of the CAF-conditioned medium that may be relevant in the promotion of BCCL resistance, we implemented a multiomics strategy to identify cytokines, transcription factors, kinases and miRNAs in the secretome that have specific targets in cancer cells. The combination of cytokine arrays, label-free LC-MS/MS quantification and miRNA analysis to explore the secretome of CAFs under treatment conditions revealed several up- and downregulated candidates. We discuss the potential role of some of the most interesting candidates in generating resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Rabelo ACS, Borghesi J, Noratto GD. The role of dietary polyphenols in osteosarcoma: A possible clue about the molecular mechanisms involved in a process that is just in its infancy. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e14026. [PMID: 34873724 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor mainly affecting children, teenagers and young adults, being associated with early metastasis and poor prognosis. The beneficial effects of polyphenols have been investigated in different areas, including their potential to fight OS. Polyphenols are believed to reduce morbidity and/or slow down the development of cancer. This review aimed to assess the effect of polyphenols in OS and investigate their molecular mechanisms. It was observed that the broad spectrum of health-promoting properties of plant polyphenols in OS occurs mainly due to modulation of reactive oxygen species, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-angiogenesis, apoptosis inducer, inhibition of invasion and metastasis. However, it is worth mentioning that although the promising effects of polyphenols in the fight against OS, most of the studies have been performed using in vitro and in vivo animal models. Therefore, studies in humans are needed to validate the effectiveness of polyphenols in OS treatment. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Polyphenols are widely used for various diseases, however, until now, their real role in the treatment of osteosarcoma remains unknown. This review provides a broad spectrum of research conducted with polyphenols and their potential as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of osteosarcoma. However, prior to their clinical application for osteosarcoma treatment, there is a need to isolate and identify specific polyphenolic compounds with high antitumor activity, increase their oral bioavailability, and to investigate their interactions with chemotherapeutic drugs being used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Silveira Rabelo
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Borghesi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuliana D Noratto
- Departament of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Expression and associated epigenetic mechanisms of the Ca 2+-signaling genes in breast cancer subtypes and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 16:461-474. [PMID: 34762262 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer-associated deaths are related mainly to specific molecular subtypes and the presence of metastasis. The Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Ca2+ signaling pathways are involved in breast cancer metastasis, and they are regulated in part by epigenetic mechanisms. Moreover, activation of EMT modulates Ca2+ concentration and in turn, Ca2+ signaling regulates the expression of EMT markers. Also, activation of Ca2+ signaling genes with epigenetic inhibitors reverts the EMT. Thus, Ca2+ signaling might have an important role in breast cancer metastasis and EMT, particularly through the epigenetic regulation of genes involved in its signaling. However, little is known due to that an estimate of 1670 genes participate in the Ca2+ signaling and only a few genes have been studied. Here, we aimed to explore the expression of all genes involved in Ca2+ signaling in all breast cancer subtypes and EMT, and whether modulation of epigenetic mechanisms is related to their expression. Several genes of the Ca2+ signaling are altered in all breast cancer subtypes, being the cadherins and voltage channels the most frequent altered genes. Also, DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications showed a good correlation with their altered expression. The expression of the cadherins and voltage channels is also modulated during breast EMT, and ATAC-seq results suggest that chromatin rearrangement at their promoter is involved. In conclusion, the expression of the genes involved in Ca2+ signaling is altered in all breast cancer subtypes and during EMT, and epigenetic mechanisms are an attractive target to regulate their expression.
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Khadri FZ, Issac MSM, Gaboury LA. Impact of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition on the Immune Landscape in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5099. [PMID: 34680248 PMCID: PMC8533811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature on the immune infiltrate present in the breast cancer tumor microenvironment (TME) is still poorly understood. Since there is mounting interest in the use of immunotherapy for the treatment of subsets of breast cancer patients, it is of major importance to understand the fundamental tumor characteristics which dictate the inter-tumor heterogeneity in immune landscapes. We aimed to assess the impact of EMT-related markers on the nature and magnitude of the inflammatory infiltrate present in breast cancer TME and their association with the clinicopathological parameters. Tissue microarrays were constructed from 144 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded invasive breast cancer tumor samples. The protein expression patterns of Snail, Twist, ZEB1, N-cadherin, Vimentin, GRHL2, E-cadherin, and EpCAM were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The inflammatory infiltrate in the TME was assessed semi-quantitatively on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained whole sections and was characterized using IHC. The inflammatory infiltrate was more intense in poorly differentiated carcinomas and triple-negative carcinomas in which the expression of E-cadherin and GRHL2 was reduced, while EpCAM was overexpressed. Most EMT-related markers correlated with plasma cell infiltration of the TME. Taken together, our findings reveal that the EMT signature might impact the immune response in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima-Zohra Khadri
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (F.-Z.K.); (M.S.M.I.)
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marianne Samir Makboul Issac
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (F.-Z.K.); (M.S.M.I.)
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11956, Egypt
| | - Louis Arthur Gaboury
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (F.-Z.K.); (M.S.M.I.)
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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Li K, Liu T. Evaluation of Oncogene NUP37 as a Potential Novel Biomarker in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:669655. [PMID: 34386417 PMCID: PMC8353244 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.669655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose There is an urgent need to identify oncogenes that may be beneficial to diagnose and develop target therapy for breast cancer. Methods Based on the GEO database, DECenter was used to screen the differentially overexpressed genes in breast cancer samples. Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes and Cytoscape were performed to construct the PPI network to predict the hub gene. Functional and pathway enrichment were performed based on GO analysis. GEO2R, Oncomine, human tissue microarray staining, and western blot were applied to confirm the expression of NUP37. The association between NUP37 expression and prognosis in patients with breast cancer were assessed using the Kaplan–Meier plotter online tool and OncoLnc. siRNAs were used to knock down NUP37 and evaluate proliferation, migration, and stemness in breast cancer cells. Results We found that 138 genes were differentially upregulated in breast cancer samples, mainly comprising components of the nucleus and involved in the cell cycle process. NUP37 was identified as a hub gene that is upregulated in breast cancer patients related to a significantly worse survival rate. Furthermore, we confirmed that the downregulation of NUP37 in breast cancer cells results in the inhibition of cell growth, migration, and stemness. Conclusions High expression of NUP37 in breast cancer patients is associated with a poorer prognosis and promotion of cell growth, migration, and stemness. The multiple bioinformatics and experimental analysis help provide a comprehensive understanding of the roles of NUP37 as a potential marker for diagnosis and prognosis and as a novel therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangdi Li
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Liu
- The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Liu Y, Yang S, Wang F, Zhou Z, Xu W, Xie J, Qiao L, Gu Y. PLEK2 promotes osteosarcoma tumorigenesis and metastasis by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:534. [PMID: 34084215 PMCID: PMC8161470 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggest that pleckstrin-2 (PLEK2) acts as an oncogene in several malignancies. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of PLEK2 on osteosarcoma (OS) tumorigenesis and metastasis. PLEK2 expression in OS was analyzed via bioinformatics, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation and EdU assays were performed to assess the role of PLEK2 in OS cell proliferation. The pro-metastatic effects of PLEK2 were assessed via the Transwell and wound healing assays. In addition, the PLEK2 downstream pathway was analyzed via bioinformatics analysis and verified via western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that PLEK2 expression was upregulated in both OS cell lines and specimens. The results of the CCK-8, colony formation and EdU assays demonstrated that PLEK2 promoted OS cell proliferation in vitro. The in vivo experiments further demonstrated that PLEK2 knockdown significantly suppressed OS growth. In addition, the Transwell and wound healing assays indicated that PLEK2 promoted OS invasiveness in vitro, which was induced by the activation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition process. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that PLEK2 can activate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which was verified via western blot analysis. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that PLEK2 may play a tumor-promoting role in OS via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Siting Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Analysis Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Wuxi Xishan People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, Wuxi Xishan People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
| | - Linhui Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Yanglin Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
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Tuluhong D, Chen T, Wang J, Zeng H, Li H, Dunzhu W, Li Q, Wang S. FZD2 promotes TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer via activating notch signaling pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:199. [PMID: 33832493 PMCID: PMC8033683 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is one of the commonest female cancers, which is characterized with high incidence. Although treatments have been improved, the prognosis of BC patients in advanced stages remains unsatisfactory. Thus, exploration of the molecular mechanisms underneath BC progression is necessary to find novel therapeutic methods. Frizzled class receptor 2 (FZD2) belongs to Frizzled family, which has been proven to promote cell growth and invasion in various human cancers. The purpose of our current study was to detect the functions of FZD2 in BC and explore its underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS The level of FZD2 was measured in BC tissues by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation assay, transwell assays, wound healing assay and flow cytometry analyses were separately conducted to detect cell viability, invasion, migration, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution. The levels of Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers were examined by using Immunofluorescence assay. Xenograft tumorigenicity assay was performed to assess the effect of FZD2 on tumor growth in vivo. RESULTS FZD2 mRNA and protein expression was abundant in BC tissues. Moreover, high level of FZD2 had significant correlation with poor prognosis in BC patients. In vitro functional assays revealed that silencing of FZD2 had suppressive effects on BC cell growth, migration and invasion. Animal study further demonstrated that FZD2 silencing inhibited BC cell growth in vivo. In addition, FZD2 induced EMT process in BC cells in a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-dependent manner. Mechanistically, knockdown of FZD2 led to the inactivation of Notch signaling pathway. CONCLUSION FZD2 facilitates BC progression and promotes TGF-β1-inudced EMT process through activating Notch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilihumaer Tuluhong
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Jingjie Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Huijuan Zeng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanjun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Wangmu Dunzhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Qiurong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China.
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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Bhat S, Adiga D, Shukla V, Guruprasad KP, Kabekkodu SP, Satyamoorthy K. Metastatic suppression by DOC2B is mediated by inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and induction of senescence. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 38:237-258. [PMID: 33758996 PMCID: PMC8986756 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09598-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Senescence induction and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) events are the opposite sides of the spectrum of cancer phenotypes. The key molecules involved in these processes may get influenced or altered by genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression. Double C2-like domain beta (DOC2B), an intracellular vesicle trafficking protein of the double C2 protein family, plays a critical role in exocytosis, neurotransmitter release, and intracellular vesicle trafficking. DOC2B is repressed by DNA promoter hypermethylation and functions as a tumor growth regulator in cervical cancer. To date, the molecular mechanisms of DOC2B in cervical cancer progression and metastasis is elusive. Herein, the biological functions and molecular mechanisms regulated by DOC2B and its impact on senescence and EMT are described. DOC2B inhibition promotes proliferation, growth, and migration by relieving G0/G1-S arrest, actin remodeling, and anoikis resistance in Cal27 cells. It enhanced tumor growth and liver metastasis in nude mice with the concomitant increase in metastasis-associated CD55 and CD61 expression. Inhibition of EMT and promotion of senescence by DOC2B is a calcium-dependent process and accompanied by calcium-mediated interaction between DOC2B and CDH1. In addition, we have identified several EMT and senescence regulators as targets of DOC2B. We show that DOC2B may act as a metastatic suppressor by inhibiting EMT through induction of senescence via DOC2B-calcium-EMT-senescence axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samatha Bhat
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Divya Adiga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vaibhav Shukla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Kanive Parashiva Guruprasad
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Gupta I, Jabeen A, Vranic S, Al Moustafa AE, Al-Thawadi H. Oncoproteins of High-Risk HPV and EBV Cooperate to Enhance Cell Motility and Invasion of Human Breast Cancer Cells via Erk1/Erk2 and β-Catenin Signaling Pathways. Front Oncol 2021; 11:630408. [PMID: 33777781 PMCID: PMC7994530 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.630408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of death in women around the world. Most breast cancer-related deaths are a result of complications from the metastatic spread. Several recent studies reported that high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are co-presented in different types of human carcinomas including breast; however, the cooperative effects between high-risk HPVs and EBV oncoproteins in human breast cancer have not been investigated yet. Thus, we herein explored the cooperation outcome between E6/E7 and latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) oncoproteins of high-risk HPV type 16 and EBV, respectively, in two human breast cancer cell lines, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231. Our data revealed that the cooperation of E6/E7 and LMP1 oncoproteins stimulates cell proliferation and deregulates cell cycle progression of human breast cancer and normal mammary cells; in parallel, we noted that E6/E7/LMP1 incite colony formation of both breast cancer cell lines but not normal cells. More significantly, our results point out that the co-expression of E6/E7 and LMP1 oncoproteins enhances cell motility and invasion of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines; this is accompanied by deregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition biomarkers including E-cadherin, β-catenin, fascin, and vimentin. The molecular pathway analysis of HPV and EBV oncoproteins cooperation shows that it can enhance the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erk1/Erk2) in addition to β-catenin, which could be behind the effect of this cooperation in our cell models. The study clearly suggests that high-risk HPV and EBV coinfection can play an important role in breast cancer progression via Erk1/Erk2 and β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Gupta
- College of Medicine, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayesha Jabeen
- College of Medicine, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hamda Al-Thawadi
- College of Medicine, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Lin L, Wen J, Lin B, Xia E, Zheng C, Ye L, Wang Y, Wang O, Chen Y. Stress-induced phosphoprotein 1 facilitates breast cancer cell progression and indicates poor prognosis for breast cancer patients. Hum Cell 2021; 34:901-917. [PMID: 33665786 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) threatened the life health of a tremendous amount of the population, and the estimated number of death is still rising nowadays. We found that stress-induced phosphoprotein 1 (STIP1) is overexpressed in BC tissues compared to non-tumorous breast tissues. Our study is to validate the prognostic value of STIP1 and investigate its biological role in BC. We verified the upregulation of STIP1 in multiple databases, proved that STIP1 is upregulated in BC tissues and cell lines using real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). We used small interfering RNA to examine the function of STIP1 in BC cell lines (BT-549, MDA-MB-231, Hs-578 T) and explored the mechanism of function of STIP1 in BC cells using Western blotting and qRT-PCR. Analyses of multiple databases indicated that high STIP1 expression is a marker that effectively distinguishes BC patients from healthy control and predicts worse clinical outcomes in BC. The loss-of-function experiments showed that STIP1 silencing results in inhibition of cell proliferation and migration, inducing cell apoptosis, and S-phase arrest in vitro. Our study also showed that STIP1 downregulation inhibited the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition process. Rescue experiments demonstrated that the oncogenic effect of STIP1 is partially dependent on mediating JAK2 expression. This study verified that STIP1 is an oncogenic gene that promotes BC progression and serves as a valuable diagnostic and outcome-related marker of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Lin
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialiang Wen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangyi Lin
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Erjie Xia
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lechi Ye
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ouchen Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizuo Chen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Jiang F, Wu C, Wang M, Wei K, Wang J. Identification of novel cell glycolysis related gene signature predicting survival in patients with breast cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3986. [PMID: 33597614 PMCID: PMC7889867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most frequently identified tumors and a contributing cause of death in women is breast cancer (BC). Many biomarkers associated with survival and prognosis were identified in previous studies through database mining. Nevertheless, the predictive capabilities of single-gene biomarkers are not accurate enough. Genetic signatures can be an enhanced prediction method. This research analyzed data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for the detection of a new genetic signature to predict BC prognosis. Profiling of mRNA expression was carried out in samples of patients with TCGA BC (n = 1222). Gene set enrichment research has been undertaken to classify gene sets that vary greatly between BC tissues and normal tissues. Cox models for additive hazards regression were used to classify genes that were strongly linked to overall survival. A subsequent Cox regression multivariate analysis was used to construct a predictive risk parameter model. Kaplan–Meier survival predictions and log-rank validation have been used to verify the value of risk prediction parameters. Seven genes (PGK1, CACNA1H, IL13RA1, SDC1, AK3, NUP43, SDC3) correlated with glycolysis were shown to be strongly linked to overall survival. Depending on the 7-gene-signature, 1222 BC patients were classified into subgroups of high/low-risk. Certain variables have not impaired the prognostic potential of the seven-gene signature. A seven-gene signature correlated with cellular glycolysis was developed to predict the survival of BC patients. The results include insight into cellular glycolysis mechanisms and the detection of patients with poor BC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Department of Neonatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, No. 419, Fangxie Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chuyan Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Plastic Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ke Wei
- Medical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jimei Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, No. 419, Fangxie Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Chen Y, Li J, Xiao JK, Xiao L, Xu BW, Li C. The lncRNA NEAT1 promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells by sponging miR-483 to upregulate STAT3 expression. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:90. [PMID: 33546665 PMCID: PMC7866772 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01780-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma is one of the most prevalent primary bone tumours in adolescents. Accumulating evidence shows that aberrant expression of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) NEAT1 and microRNA-483 (miR-483) contribute to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and metastasis of tumour cells. However, the potential regulatory effects of NEAT1 and miR-483 on the EMT of osteosarcoma remain elusive. Methods The expression of the NEAT1, miR-483, signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1), STAT3, and EMT-associated markers was measured using qRT-PCR or western blotting. NEAT1 overexpression or knockdown was induced by lentivirus-mediated transfection. A luciferase reporter assay was employed to confirm the association between NEAT1/miR-483 and miR-483/STAT3. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) was also performed to verify the NEAT1 and miR-483 interaction. Wound healing and transwell assays were implemented to assess the migration and invasion of U2OS cells. Unilateral subcutaneous injection of U2OS into nude mice was performed to investigate tumour metastasis in vivo. Results The expression of miR-483 was downregulated in both osteosarcoma cell lines and osteosarcoma tissues. The overexpression of miR-483 suppressed the migration, invasion, and expression of EMT-associated proteins in U2OS cells, while simultaneous overexpression of STAT3 partially relieved this suppression. Mechanistically, miR-483 specifically targeted the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of STAT3 and repressed its expression. However, NEAT1 sponged miR-438, increased STAT3 expression, and repressed STAT1 expression, subsequently increasing the EMT of osteosarcoma cells. The knockdown of NEAT1 in transplanted U2OS cells impaired the liver and lung metastases of osteosarcoma in nude mice. Moreover, NEAT1 silencing inhibited the mesenchymal- epithelial transition (MET) of osteosarcoma at metastasis sites. Conclusions The lncRNA NEAT1/miR-483/STAT3 axis plays a crucial role in regulating the metastasis of osteosarcoma and potentially represents one appealing therapeutic target for osteosarcoma treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Kun Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Wu Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Banani MA, Rahmatullah M, Farhan N, Hancox Z, Yousaf S, Arabpour Z, Moghaddam ZS, Mozafari M, Sefat F. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells for breast tissue regeneration. Regen Med 2021; 16:47-70. [PMID: 33533667 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With an escalating incidence of breast cancer cases all over the world and the deleterious psychological impact that mastectomy has on patients along with several limitations of the currently applied modalities, it's plausible to seek unconventional approaches to encounter such a burgeoning issue. Breast tissue engineering may allow that chance via providing more personalized solutions which are able to regenerate, mimicking natural tissues also facing the witnessed limitations. This review is dedicated to explore the utilization of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells for breast tissue regeneration among postmastectomy cases focusing on biomaterials and cellular aspects in terms of harvesting, isolation, differentiation and new tissue formation as well as scaffolds types, properties, material-host interaction and an in vitro breast tissue modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Banani
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, NW3 2PS, UK
| | - Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, NW3 2PS, UK
| | - Nawras Farhan
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, NW3 2PS, UK
| | - Zoe Hancox
- Department of Biomedical & Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Safiyya Yousaf
- Department of Biomedical & Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Zohreh Arabpour
- Department of Biomedical & Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Zoha Salehi Moghaddam
- Department of Biomedical & Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Polymer Science & Technology (IRC Polymer), University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Biomedical & Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Polymer Science & Technology (IRC Polymer), University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
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49
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Exosomes and exosomal RNAs in breast cancer: A status update. Eur J Cancer 2021; 144:252-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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50
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Li Y, Jiang X, Yan X, Wang Y. Upregulation of SIX4 indicates poor clinical outcome and promotes tumor growth and cell metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Thorac Cancer 2021; 12:752-759. [PMID: 33481352 PMCID: PMC7952808 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of sine oculis homeobox 4 (SIX4) has been found in some malignant tumors. However, there have been few studies on the function of SIX4 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). This study aimed to explore the regulatory mechanism of SIX4 in ESCC. Methods RT‐qPCR and Western blot analysis were used to measure mRNA and protein expression. The function of SIX4 was investigated using CCK‐8, colony formation, flow cytometry, wound healing and transwell assays. A mouse xenograft tumor assay was designed to perform in vivo experiments. Results SIX4 was upregulated in ESCC and indicated poor clinical outcomes in ESCC patients. Functionally, knockdown of SIX4 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in ESCC. In addition, the silencing of SIX4 inhibited cell migration, invasion and EMT in ESCC. More importantly, upregulation of SIX4 could activate the PI3K/AKT pathway in ESCC cells and promote tumor growth in vivo. Conclusions Upregulation of SIX4 indicates poor clinical outcomes in ESCC patients and promotes tumor growth and cell metastasis in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rizhao Hospital of TCM, Rizhao, China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Outpatient Department, Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- Health Management Department, Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanzheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
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