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Cho D, Huang X, Han Y, Kim M. NPC1L1 rs217434 A > G as a Novel Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Related to Dyslipidemia in a Korean Population. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:4103-4119. [PMID: 38280151 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
A relationship between cholesterol levels and Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) polymorphisms in diverse populations was found in previous studies. However, relevant research on this association in the Korean population is relatively scarce. Therefore, the current study sought to examine the correlation between the NPC1L1 rs217434 A > G polymorphism and clinical as well as biochemical variables pertaining to dyslipidemia in the Korean population. This cross-sectional single-center study included 1404 Korean subjects aged 20-86 years, grouped based on dyslipidemia presence (normal and dyslipidemia) and genotype (AA or AG). After adjusting for sex and age, it was discovered that the dyslipidemia group's BMI, diastolic blood pressure, glucose-related indicators, lipid profile, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and parameters of oxidative stress were considerably different from the normal group's values. When grouped according to genotype, individuals in the AG group exhibited greater total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hs-CRP, and 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α in comparison to those in the AA group. Moreover, individuals with dyslipidemia and the AG genotype exhibited unfavorable outcomes for lipid profiles, markers related to glucose and inflammation, and markers of oxidative stress. This study provided evidence for a relationship between the NPC1L1 rs217434 A > G genotype and dyslipidemia in the Korean population, which highlights the potential of the NPC1L1 rs217434 A > G genotype as an early predictor of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahyun Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Ximei Huang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Han
- Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
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Marques P, Bocigas I, Domingo E, Francisco V, Tarraso J, Garcia-Sanjuan Y, Morcillo EJ, Piqueras L, Signes-Costa J, González C, Sanz MJ. Key role of activated platelets in the enhanced adhesion of circulating leucocyte-platelet aggregates to the dysfunctional endothelium in early-stage COPD. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1441637. [PMID: 39229275 PMCID: PMC11369892 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1441637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), usually caused by long-term tobacco smoking, is independently associated with systemic inflammation. However, little is known about the systemic inflammatory status of patients with early-stage COPD (classified as GOLD 1) and long-term smokers with normal lung function (LF). Here, we characterised the early changes in the associated inflammatory state in patients with GOLD 1 and in long-term smokers with normal LF. Methods Fresh blood samples from 27 patients with GOLD 1, 27 long-term smokers and 14 non-smokers were analysed. Results Ex vivo blood analysis revealed greater leucocyte-platelet adhesion to TNFα-stimulated pulmonary endothelium in patients with GOLD 1 than in smokers and non-smokers. In addition, platelet reactivity (platelet count and activation, and fibrinogen levels) and the frequency of leucocyte-platelet aggregates were higher in the GOLD 1 group than in the other groups. Some of these findings correlated with the severity of lung dysfunction, while platelet hyperactivity correlated positively with leucocyte-platelet adhesion. The GOLD 1 group also had a higher Th17/Treg ratio and higher circulating levels of IL-17C and C-reactive protein than the other groups. However, long-term smokers also had higher leucocyte counts and activation, and higher plasma levels of TNFα and IL-6 than non-smokers. Conclusion Our data suggest that the altered inflammatory parameters in long-term smokers may represent early biomarkers of COPD. Accordingly, peripheral immune monitoring based on the above parameters may be useful to prevent disease progression in long-term smokers with normal LF and early COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Marques
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Bocigas
- Pneumology Unit, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Domingo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vera Francisco
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Tarraso
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Pneumology Unit, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Esteban J. Morcillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Piqueras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Signes-Costa
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Pneumology Unit, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cruz González
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Pneumology Unit, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria-Jesus Sanz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Gu X, Wang X, Wang S, Shen Y, Lu L. Nonlinear association between visceral adipose tissue area and remnant cholesterol in US adults: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:228. [PMID: 39054500 PMCID: PMC11270912 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with a spectrum of diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Remnant cholesterol (RC), denoting cholesterol within triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their metabolic byproducts, has been identified as a key contributor to cardiovascular diseases and related mortality. However, the association between the VAT and RC remains unclear. In this study, the objective is to provide new evidence regarding the association between VAT and RC concentrations. METHODS 4727 individuals aged 18-59 were selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2011 and 2018 as study participants. This study utilized several weighted linear regression models and a restricted cubic spline (RCS) to explore the association and potential nonlinearities between VAT and RC. Subgroup analyses were performed to determine the consistency of findings. RESULTS The mean VAT value was 103.82 ± 1.42 cm2, and the median RC value was 18 mg/dl. VAT demonstrated a positive association with RC in a fully adjusted model, with a β and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.09 (0.08, 0.11) after adjustment for potential confounders. Analysis using RCS revealed a nonlinear association between the VAT area and RC (P < 0.001 for nonlinearity). Adjusted two-piecewise regression models demonstrated β coefficients of 0.13 (95%CI: 0.11 ~ 0.16, P < 0.001) for RC in individuals with VAT < 143 cm2, and 0.02 (95%CI: -0.01 ~ 0.06, P = 0.15) for those with VAT ≥ 143 cm2. Interactions were observed among the body mass index (BMI) subgroup; the β coefficients for RC were 0.14 (95%CI: 0.12 ~ 0.16) in those with BMI < 30 kg/m2 and 0.05 (95%CI:0.04 ~ 0.07) in those with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, with a P-value of < 0.001 for interaction. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a nonlinear association between VAT and RC in American adults. Reducing the VAT area may be beneficial in lowering RC concentration, particularly when VAT is < 143 cm2 and those with a BMI < 30 kg/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.149 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.149 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Sujie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.149 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.149 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Leiqun Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.149 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, China.
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Fishbein I, Inamdar VV, Alferiev IS, Bratinov G, Zviman MM, Yekhilevsky A, Nagaswami C, Gardiner KL, Levy RJ, Stachelek SJ. Hypercholesterolemia exacerbates in-stent restenosis in rabbits: Studies of the mitigating effect of stent surface modification with a CD47-derived peptide. Atherosclerosis 2024; 390:117432. [PMID: 38241977 PMCID: PMC10939830 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hypercholesterolemia (HC) has previously been shown to augment the restenotic response in animal models and humans. However, the mechanistic aspects of in-stent restenosis (ISR) on a hypercholesterolemic background, including potential augmentation of systemic and local inflammation precipitated by HC, are not completely understood. CD47 is a transmembrane protein known to abort crucial inflammatory pathways. Our studies have examined the interrelation between HC, inflammation, and ISR and investigated the therapeutic potential of stents coated with a CD47-derived peptide (pepCD47) in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit model. METHODS PepCD47 was immobilized on metal foils and stents using polybisphosphonate coordination chemistry and pyridyldithio/thiol conjugation. Cytokine expression in buffy coat-derived cells cultured over bare metal (BM) and pepCD47-derivatized foils demonstrated an M2/M1 macrophage shift with pepCD47 coating. HC and normocholesterolemic (NC) rabbit cohorts underwent bilateral implantation of BM and pepCD47 stents (HC) or BM stents only (NC) in the iliac location. RESULTS A 40 % inhibition of cell attachment to pepCD47-modified compared to BM surfaces was observed. HC increased neointimal growth at 4 weeks post BM stenting. These untoward outcomes were mitigated in hypercholesterolemic rabbits treated with pepCD47-derivatized stents. Compared to NC animals, inflammatory cytokine immunopositivity and macrophage infiltration of peri-strut areas increased in HC animals and were attenuated in HC rabbits treated with pepCD47 stents. CONCLUSIONS Augmented inflammatory responses underlie severe ISR morphology in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Blockage of initial platelet and leukocyte attachment to stent struts through CD47 functionalization of stents mitigates the pro-restenotic effects of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Fishbein
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Vaishali V Inamdar
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ivan S Alferiev
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George Bratinov
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Menekhem M Zviman
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Kristin L Gardiner
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert J Levy
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stanley J Stachelek
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Domingo E, Marques P, Francisco V, Piqueras L, Sanz MJ. Targeting systemic inflammation in metabolic disorders. A therapeutic candidate for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases? Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107058. [PMID: 38218355 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. While many factors can contribute to CVD, atherosclerosis is the cardinal underlying pathology, and its development is associated with several metabolic risk factors including dyslipidemia and obesity. Recent studies have definitively demonstrated a link between low-grade systemic inflammation and two relevant metabolic abnormalities: hypercholesterolemia and obesity. Interestingly, both metabolic disorders are also associated with endothelial dysfunction/activation, a proinflammatory and prothrombotic phenotype of the endothelium that involves leukocyte infiltration into the arterial wall, one of the earliest stages of atherogenesis. This article reviews the current literature on the intricate relationship between hypercholesterolemia and obesity and the associated systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, and discusses the effectiveness of present, emerging and in-development pharmacological therapies used to treat these metabolic disorders with a focus on their effects on the associated systemic inflammatory state and cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domingo
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patrice Marques
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vera Francisco
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Piqueras
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - Maria-Jesus Sanz
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Spain.
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de Oliveira J, Moreira ELG, de Bem AF. Beyond cardiovascular risk: Implications of Familial hypercholesterolemia on cognition and brain function. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 93:102149. [PMID: 38056504 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a metabolic condition caused mainly by a mutation in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene (LDLR), which is highly prevalent in the population. Besides being an important causative factor of cardiovascular diseases, FH has been considered an early risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Cognitive and emotional behavioral impairments in LDL receptor knockout (LDLr-/-) mice are associated with neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, impaired neurogenesis, brain oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, today, LDLr-/- mice, a widely used animal model for studying cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis, are also considered an interesting tool for studying dementia. Here, we reviewed the main findings in LDLr-/- mice regarding the relationship between FH and brain dysfunctions and dementia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade de Oliveira
- Laboratory of investigation on metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Luiz Gasnhar Moreira
- Neuroscience Coworking Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Andreza Fabro de Bem
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Metabolism, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Federal District, DF 70910-900, Brazil; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040360, Brazil.
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Zimmer A, Otrante A, Zoubdane N, Nguyen M, Fülöp T, Khalil A. The Immunomodulatory Effects of a 6-Month Extra Virgin Olive Oil Intervention on Monocyte Cytokine Secretion and Plasma Cytokine Levels in Dyslipidemic and Post-Infarct Patients: A Clinical Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3819. [PMID: 37686851 PMCID: PMC10489670 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an immuno-inflammatory process underlying cardiovascular diseases. One of the main actors of this inflammation is monocytes, with the switch in their phenotypes and irregularities in their cytokine production. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to investigate the nutraceutical potential of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on the inflammatory status of monocytes in participants showing different levels of cardiovascular risk. METHODS 43 participants 65-85 years old were recruited including 14 healthy, 12 dyslipidemic patients with hypercholesterolemia recently diagnosed, and 17 post-infarct patients. Participants from all groups were supplemented with EVOO (25 mL/day) for 6 months. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α cytokine production, and monocyte phenotypes were investigated both at quiescent and at stimulated state by flow cytometry. RESULTS At the baseline (pre-intervention), dyslipidemic patients, compared to healthy and post-infarct participants, showed monocytes in an inflammatory state characterized by a significantly weaker IL-10 production. Our results do not show a significant modulation of the phenotype or IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α production following a 6-month EVOO intake whether at quiescence or under stimulation. However, IL-1β is significantly increased by the intervention of EVOO in post-infarct patients. Paradoxically after the 6-month intervention, monocytes from dyslipidemic patients showed a significantly decreased secretion of IL-1β under LPS stimulation despite the increase observed at basal state. CONCLUSION Our results show that 6-month EVOO intervention did not induce a monocyte phenotypic change or that this intervention significantly modifies cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Zimmer
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada; (A.Z.); (A.O.); (N.Z.); (T.F.)
| | - Alyann Otrante
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada; (A.Z.); (A.O.); (N.Z.); (T.F.)
| | - Nada Zoubdane
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada; (A.Z.); (A.O.); (N.Z.); (T.F.)
| | - Michel Nguyen
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada;
| | - Tamàs Fülöp
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada; (A.Z.); (A.O.); (N.Z.); (T.F.)
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada; (A.Z.); (A.O.); (N.Z.); (T.F.)
- Research Center on Aging, Integrated University Center for Health and Social Services of Estrie—University Hospital Center of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada
- Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada
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Overview of Cellular and Soluble Mediators in Systemic Inflammation Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032313. [PMID: 36768637 PMCID: PMC9916753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most prevalent chronic liver disease in Western countries, affecting approximately 25% of the adult population. This condition encompasses a spectrum of liver diseases characterized by abnormal accumulation of fat in liver tissue (non-alcoholic fatty liver, NAFL) that can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by the presence of liver inflammation and damage. The latter form often coexists with liver fibrosis which, in turn, may progress to a state of cirrhosis and, potentially, hepatocarcinoma, both irreversible processes that often lead to the patient's death and/or the need for liver transplantation. Along with the high associated economic burden, the high mortality rate among NAFLD patients raises interest, not only in the search for novel therapeutic approaches, but also in early diagnosis and prevention to reduce the incidence of NAFLD-related complications. In this line, an exhaustive characterization of the immune status of patients with NAFLD is mandatory. Herein, we attempted to gather and compare the current and relevant scientific evidence on this matter, mainly on human reports. We addressed the current knowledge related to circulating cellular and soluble mediators, particularly platelets, different leukocyte subsets and relevant inflammatory soluble mediators.
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Prasad K, Mishra M. Mechanism of Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Atherosclerosis. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2022; 23:212. [PMID: 39077184 PMCID: PMC11273781 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2306212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is involved in the development of atherosclerosis and is a risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. This paper deals with the mechanism of development of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. Hypercholesterolemia increases the formation of numerous atherogenic biomolecules including reactive oxygen species (ROS), proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α )], expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and numerous growth factors [insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), platelet-derived growth factor-1 (PDGF-1) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- β )]. ROS mildly oxidizes low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) to form minimally modified LDL (MM-LDL) which is further oxidized to form oxidized LDL (OX-LDL). Hypercholesterolemia also activates nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF- κ B). The above atherogenic biomolecules are involved in the development of atherosclerosis which has been described in detail. Hypercholesterolemia also assists in the development of atherosclerosis through AGE (advanced glycation end-products)-RAGE (receptor for AGE) axis and C-reactive protein (CRP). Hypercholesterolemia is associated with increases in AGE, oxidative stress [AGE/sRAGE (soluble receptor for AGE)] and C-reactive protein, and decreases in the sRAGE, which are known to be implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. In conclusion, hypercholesterolemia induces atherosclerosis through increases in atherogenic biomolecules, AGE-RAGE axis and CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Prasad
- Department of Physiology (APP), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Manish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Motkowski R, Alifier M, Abramowicz P, Konstantynowicz J, Mikołuć B, Stasiak-Barmuta A. Innate and Acquired Cellular Immunity in Children with Familial Hypercholesterolemia Treated with Simvastatin. J Clin Med 2022; 11:2924. [PMID: 35629051 PMCID: PMC9147505 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the influence of simvastatin treatment in children with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) on parameters of cellular immunity. Twenty-six children with FH were included, of which thirteen were treated with 10 mg simvastatin for at least 26 weeks, and thirteen were age- and sex-matched with a low-cholesterol diet only. Total WBC count and lipid profile were measured. Flow cytometry was used to identify lymphocyte subsets and determine the expression of adhesion molecules (AM) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) on leukocytes. No differences were found in the basic values of peripheral blood count and subpopulations of lymphocytes between groups. The percentage of granulocytes with the expression of AM was higher in those treated with statins. The TLR-2 expression on granulocytes and monocytes showed higher values, whereas the TLR-4 expression was lower on lymphocytes and granulocytes in simvastatin-treated children. Treatment with simvastatin in children with FH is not associated with alterations in the amounts of granulocytes and monocytes. There is no association between statin treatment and the pattern of peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations. The role of AM and TLRs needs further investigation, given the effect of statins on the innate immunity may be important for their efficacy and safety during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Motkowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marek Alifier
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Paweł Abramowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jerzy Konstantynowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bożena Mikołuć
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Stasiak-Barmuta
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
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Pluta K, Porębska K, Urbanowicz T, Gąsecka A, Olasińska-Wiśniewska A, Targoński R, Krasińska A, Filipiak KJ, Jemielity M, Krasiński Z. Platelet-Leucocyte Aggregates as Novel Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020224. [PMID: 35205091 PMCID: PMC8869671 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death worldwide. Hence, novel biomarkers are urgently needed to improve diagnosis and treatment. Platelet–leucocyte aggregates are conglomerates of platelets and leucocytes and are widely investigated as biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases. Platelet–leucocytes aggregates are present in health, but increase in patients with cardiovascular risk factors and acute or stable coronary syndromes, making them a potential diagnostic marker. Moreover, platelet–leucocyte aggregates predict outcomes after surgery or percutaneous treatment and could be used to monitor antiplatelet therapy. Emerging data about the participation of platelet–leucocyte aggregates in cardiovascular diseases pathogenesis make them an attractive target for novel therapies. Furthermore, simple detection with conventional flow cytometry provides accurate and reproducible results, although requires specific sample handling. The main task for the future is to determine the standardized protocol to measure blood concentrations of platelet–leucocyte aggregates and subsequently establish their normal range in health and disease. Abstract Platelet–leucocyte aggregates (PLA) are a formation of leucocytes and platelets bound by specific receptors. They arise in the condition of sheer stress, thrombosis, immune reaction, vessel injury, and the activation of leukocytes or platelets. PLA participate in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Increased levels of PLA were revealed in acute and chronic coronary syndromes, carotid stenosis cardiovascular risk factors. Due to accessible, available, replicable, quick, and low-cost quantifying using flow cytometry, PLA constitute an ideal biomarker for clinical practice. PLA are promising in early diagnosing and estimating prognosis in patients with acute or chronic coronary syndromes treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). PLA were also a reliable marker of platelet activity for monitoring antiplatelet therapy. PLA consist also targets potential therapies in CVD. All of the above potential clinical applications require further studies to validate methods of assay and proof clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Pluta
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (K.P.)
| | - Kinga Porębska
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (K.P.)
| | - Tomasz Urbanowicz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (T.U.); (A.O.-W.); (M.J.)
| | - Aleksandra Gąsecka
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (K.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-599-1951
| | - Anna Olasińska-Wiśniewska
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (T.U.); (A.O.-W.); (M.J.)
| | - Radosław Targoński
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Krasińska
- Department of Ophtalmology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof J. Filipiak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy in Warsaw, 00-136 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Jemielity
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (T.U.); (A.O.-W.); (M.J.)
| | - Zbigniew Krasiński
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Angiology and Phlebology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland;
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12
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Jansson D, Wang M, Thomas RG, Erickson MA, Peskind ER, Li G, Iliff J. Markers of Cerebrovascular Injury, Inflammation, and Plasma Lipids Are Associated with Alzheimer's Disease Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Cognitively Normal Persons. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:813-826. [PMID: 35124650 PMCID: PMC10010435 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial process that takes years to manifest clinically. We propose that brain-derived indicators of cerebrovascular dysfunction and inflammation would inform on AD-related pathological processes early in, and perhaps prior to neurodegenerative disease development. OBJECTIVE Define the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of cerebrovascular dysfunction and neuroinflammation with AD CSF biomarkers in cognitively normal individuals. METHODS Analytes were measured from CSF and plasma collected at baseline from two randomized control trials. We performed Pearson correlation analysis (adjusting for age, sex, APOE haplotype, and education) between markers of central nervous system (CNS) barrier disruption, cerebrovascular dysfunction, CSF inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and plasma lipid levels. We then developed a statistical prediction model using machine learning to test the ability of measured CSF analytes and blood lipid profiles to predict CSF AD biomarkers (total tau, phospho-tau (181), Aβ42) in this clinical population. RESULTS Our analysis revealed a significant association between markers of CNS barrier dysfunction and markers of cerebrovascular dysfunction, acute inflammatory responses, and CSF inflammatory cytokines. There was a significant association of blood lipid profiles with cerebrovascular injury markers, and CSF inflammatory cytokine levels. Using machine learning, we show that combinations of blood lipid profiles, CSF markers of CNS barrier disruption, cerebrovascular dysfunction and CSF inflammatory cytokines predict CSF total tau, p-tau, and, to a lesser extent, Aβ42 in cognitively normal subjects. CONCLUSION This suggests that these parallel pathological processes may contribute to the development of AD-related neuropathology in the absence of clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidre Jansson
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, WA, USA
| | - Marie Wang
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, WA, USA
| | - Ronald G Thomas
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine R Peskind
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, WA, USA
| | - Ge Li
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, WA, USA.,Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Iliff
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, WA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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13
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Marques P, Domingo E, Rubio A, Martinez-Hervás S, Ascaso JF, Piqueras L, Real JT, Sanz MJ. Beneficial effects of PCSK9 inhibition with alirocumab in familial hypercholesterolemia involve modulation of new immune players. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112460. [PMID: 34864314 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation, a key driver of premature atherosclerosis. We investigated the effects of inhibiting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) function on inflammatory state, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with FH. Fourteen patients with FH were evaluated before and 8 weeks after administration of a PCSK9 blocking monoclonal antibody (alirocumab, 150 mg/subcutaneous/14 days). In vivo and ex vivo analysis revealed that alirocumab blunted the attachment of leukocytes to TNFα-stimulated human umbilical arterial endothelial cells (HUAEC) and suppressed the activation of platelets and most leukocyte subsets, which was accompanied by the diminished expression of CX3CR1, CXCR6 and CCR2 on several leukocyte subpopulations. By contrast, T-regulatory cell activation was enhanced by alirocumab treatment, which also elevated anti-inflammatory IL-10 plasma levels and lowered circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. Plasma levels of IFNγ positively correlated with levels of total and LDL-cholesterol, whereas circulating IL-10 levels negatively correlated with these key lipid parameters. In vitro analysis revealed that TNFα stimulation of HUAEC increased the expression of PCSK9, whereas endothelial PCSK9 silencing reduced TNFα-induced mononuclear cell adhesion mediated by Nox5 up-regulation and p38-MAPK/NFκB activation, concomitant with reduced SREBP2 expression. PCSK9 silencing also decreased endothelial CX3CL1 and CXCL16 expression and chemokine generation. In conclusion, PCSK9 inhibition impairs systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction by constraining leukocyte-endothelium interactions. PCSK9 blockade may constitute a new therapeutic approach to control the inflammatory state associated with FH, preventing further cardiovascular events in this cardiometabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Marques
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Av. Menéndez Pelayo 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Domingo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Arantxa Rubio
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Martinez-Hervás
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Av. Menéndez Pelayo 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, ISCIII, Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F Ascaso
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Av. Menéndez Pelayo 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, ISCIII, Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Piqueras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Av. Menéndez Pelayo 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, ISCIII, Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José T Real
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Av. Menéndez Pelayo 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, ISCIII, Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria-Jesus Sanz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Av. Menéndez Pelayo 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, ISCIII, Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Collado A, Domingo E, Piqueras L, Sanz MJ. Primary hypercholesterolemia and development of cardiovascular disorders: Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in low-grade systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 139:106066. [PMID: 34438057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary hypercholesterolemia, a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated circulating levels of cholesterol products, mainly low-density lipoproteins, is associated with arteriosclerosis development. Cardiovascular disease, predominantly myocardial infarction and stroke, remains the main cause of death worldwide, with atherosclerosis considered to be the most common underlying pathology. In addition to elevated plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins, low-grade systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction seem to be the main drivers of premature atherosclerosis. Here we review current knowledge related to cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in low-grade systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction associated with primary hypercholesterolemia. We also discuss the contribution of different inflammatory mediators, immune players and signaling pathways implicated in leukocyte adhesion to the dysfunctional endothelium, a key feature of atherogenesis development. A better understanding of these processes linked to primary hypercholesterolemia should shed new light on cardiovascular disease development and might guide novel and effective therapeutic strategies to impair its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Collado
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Elena Domingo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Piqueras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-Jesus Sanz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Evans LE, Taylor JL, Smith CJ, Pritchard HAT, Greenstein AS, Allan SM. Cardiovascular co-morbidities, inflammation and cerebral small vessel disease. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2575-2588. [PMID: 34499123 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is the most common cause of vascular cognitive impairment and affects all levels of the brain's vasculature. Features include diverse structural and functional changes affecting small arteries and capillaries that lead to a decline in cerebral perfusion. Due to an aging population, incidence of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is continually rising. Despite its prevalence and its ability to cause multiple debilitating illnesses, such as stroke and dementia, there are currently no therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cSVD. In the healthy brain, interactions between neuronal, vascular and inflammatory cells are required for normal functioning. When these interactions are disturbed, chronic pathological inflammation can ensue. The interplay between cSVD and inflammation has attracted much recent interest and this review discusses chronic cardiovascular diseases, particularly hypertension, and explores how the associated inflammation may impact on the structure and function of the small arteries of the brain in cSVD. Molecular approaches in animal studies are linked to clinical outcomes in patients and novel hypotheses regarding inflammation and cSVD are proposed that will hopefully stimulate further discussion and study in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowri E Evans
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jade L Taylor
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Craig J Smith
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC)
| | - Harry A T Pritchard
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam S Greenstein
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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16
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Pęczek P, Leśniewski M, Mazurek T, Szarpak L, Filipiak KJ, Gąsecka A. Antiplatelet Effects of PCSK9 Inhibitors in Primary Hypercholesterolemia. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:466. [PMID: 34071103 PMCID: PMC8224623 DOI: 10.3390/life11060466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors are a novel group of hypolipidemic drugs that are recommended particularly for high-risk hypercholesterolemia patients, including those with primary hypercholesterolemia (PH), where lifelong exposure to high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels results in an elevated risk of atherosclerosis at an early age. The onset and progression of atherosclerosis is significantly influenced by activated platelets. Oxidized LDL influences platelet activation by interacting with their surface receptors and remodeling the composition of their cell membrane. This results in platelet aggregation, endothelial cell activation, promotion of inflammation and oxidative stress, and acceleration of lipid accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques. PCSK9 inhibitors reduce platelet activation by both significantly lowering LDL levels and reducing the LDL receptor-mediated activation of platelets by PCSK9. They also work synergistically with other hypolipidemic and antithrombotic drugs, including statins, ezetimibe, acetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel, and ticagrelor, which enhances their antiplatelet and LDL-lowering effects. In this review, we summarize the currently available evidence on platelet hyperreactivity in PH, the effects of PCSK9 inhibitors on platelets, and their synergism with other drugs used in PH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Pęczek
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland; (P.P.); (M.L.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Mateusz Leśniewski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland; (P.P.); (M.L.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Tomasz Mazurek
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland; (P.P.); (M.L.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Lukasz Szarpak
- Department of Research Outcomes, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy in Warsaw, 03-411 Warsaw, Poland;
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Center, Department of Research Outcomes, 15-027 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof J. Filipiak
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland; (P.P.); (M.L.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Aleksandra Gąsecka
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland; (P.P.); (M.L.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Collado A, Domingo E, Marques P, Perello E, Martínez-Hervás S, Piqueras L, Ascaso JF, Real JT, Sanz MJ. Oral Unsaturated Fat Load Impairs Postprandial Systemic Inflammation in Primary Hypercholesterolemia Patients. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:656244. [PMID: 33959024 PMCID: PMC8093814 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.656244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Primary hypercholesterolemia (PH) is a lipid disorder characterized by elevated levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Low-grade systemic inflammation is associated with PH, which might explain the higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases in this setting. Objective: To evaluate the effect of an oral unsaturated fat load (OUFL) on different immune parameters and functional consequences in patients with PH in postprandial state. Design: A commercial liquid preparation of long-chain triglycerides (Supracal®; ω6/ω3 ratio >20/1, OUFL) was administered to 20 patients and 10 age-matched controls. Whole blood was collected before (fasting state) and 4 h after administration (postprandial state). Flow cytometry was employed to determine platelet and leukocyte activation, and the levels of circulating platelet-leukocyte aggregates. Soluble markers were determined by ELISA, and the parallel-plate flow chamber was employed to study leukocyte adhesion to the dysfunctional arterial endothelium. Results: The PH group had a lower percentage of activated platelets and circulating type 1 monocytes, and blunted neutrophil activation after the OUFL, accompanied by a significant increase in the percentage of regulatory T lymphocytes. In this group, the OUFL led to a significant impairment of leukocyte adhesion to the dysfunctional [tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-stimulated] endothelium and reduced the plasma levels of soluble P-selectin, platelet factor-4 (PF-4)/CXCL4, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL5, and TNFα. Conclusion: The OUFL has a beneficial impact on the pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory state of PH patients and might be a promising macronutrient approach to dampen the systemic inflammation associated with PH and the development of further cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Collado
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Domingo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patrice Marques
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Perello
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Hervás
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Piqueras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F Ascaso
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José T Real
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria-Jesus Sanz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Akhtar S, Sharma A. Endothelial dysfunction sustains immune response in atherosclerosis: potential cause for ineffectiveness of prevailing drugs. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:123-134. [PMID: 33439070 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1866568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial dysfunction (ED) forms the cornerstone in the development of atherosclerotic lesions that clinically manifest as ischemia, myocardial infarction, stroke or peripheral arterial disease. ED can be triggered by various risk factors including hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, hyperhomocystenemia and chronic low-grade inflammation. These risk factors also activate immune response systemically. Current drugs used for managing atherosclerosis not only aid in subsiding the risk factor but also suppress the immune activation. Nonetheless, their effectiveness in treating ED is still questionable. Here, we discuss how pathologic molecules and processes pertaining to ED can activate innate and adaptive arms of the immune system leading to disease progression even in the absence of cardiovascular risk factors and the potential of the current drugs, used in the management of atherosclerotic patients, in reversing them. We mainly focus on activated endothelium, endothelial microparticles, mechanically stretched endothelial cells, endothelial mesenchymal transition and endothelial glycocalyx sheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamima Akhtar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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19
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Li GH. Effects of Tirofiban and Nicorandil on Effective Reperfusion and the Levels of IL-4 and sICAM-1 After PCI for Chronic Coronary Total Occlusion. CARDIOVASCULAR INNOVATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.15212/cvia.2021.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The effects of tirofiban combined with nicorandil on effective reperfusion, and the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4)and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic coronary total occlusion (CTO) were investigated.Method: From January 1, 2017, to June 31, 2019, a total of 40 patients with CTO receiving PCI in Shandong QianfoshanHospital were randomly divided into a control group (treated with single tirofiban) and a cocktail group (treated with nicorandil combined with tirofiban). Effective reperfusion was compared between groups. In addition, differences in coronary serum IL-4 and sICAM-1 levels before and 10 min after the operation were compared between groups, and the incidence rates of adverse reactions were observed. Finally, patient follow-up occurred at 1 month and 6 months, and the total incidence rates of adverse cardiac events in both groups were assessed.Results: The levels of IL-4 and sICAM-1 in the cocktail group significantly decreased after the operation (P < 0.05).In addition, after the operation, significantly greater decreases in the IL-4 and sICAM-1 levels were observed in thecocktail group than the control group (P < 0.05). The Seattle Angina Scale (SAQ) score of the cocktail group, comparedwith the control group, showed a significant improvement after vessel opening in the patients with CTO. At the 1-month follow-up, the SAQ score of the cocktail group, compared with the control group, indicated further improvements in terms of angina attack frequency. No significant differences were observed in the incidence rates of adverse reactions between groups (P > 0.05).Conclusion: The treatment of patients with CTO undergoing PCI with nicorandil and tirofiban alleviated the inflammatoryresponse, improved the SAQ scores, and decreased the occurrence of angina pectoris in patients. Moreover, this treatment is safe and reliable, and has important clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University
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Aminuddin A, Lazim MRMLM, Hamid AA, Hui CK, Mohd Yunus MH, Kumar J, Ugusman A. The Association between Inflammation and Pulse Wave Velocity in Dyslipidemia: An Evidence-Based Review. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:4732987. [PMID: 32908450 PMCID: PMC7450307 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4732987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is associated with increased arterial stiffness (AS) which may lead to hypertension. Among the methods to assess AS are carotid-femoral and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. Dyslipidemia is also known to trigger inflammation. C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the commonest inflammatory markers measured in the clinical setting. However, the association between inflammation and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in people with dyslipidemia is less studied. Therefore, this review investigated the association between inflammation (as measured by CRP) and PWV in dyslipidemia patients. The search of the literature was conducted via PubMed and Scopus database. The keywords used were "aortic stiffness" OR "arterial stiffness" OR "pulse wave velocity" OR "vascular stiffness" OR "carotid femoral pulse wave velocity" OR "pulse wave analysis" AND "inflammation" OR "c reactive protein" OR "c-reactive protein" OR "high sensitivity c reactive protein" AND "dyslipidemia" OR "hyperlipidemia" OR "hypercholesterolemia" OR "hyperlipoproteinemia" OR "hypertriglyceridemia". The following criteria were used: (1) only full-length original articles published in English language, (2) articles that reported the association between arterial stiffness measured as carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV) or brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) and CRP or high-sensitivity CRP, and (3) study involving human subjects. The search identified 957 articles published between 1980 and February 2020. Only eight articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were used for data extraction. Five of the studies were cross-sectional studies while another three studies were interventional studies. Seven out of eight papers found a significant positive association between AS and CRP, and the correlation ranged from mild to moderate association (Pearson r = 0.33 to r = 0.624). In conclusion, inflammation is associated with increased PWV in patients with dyslipidemia. This supports the involvement of inflammation in the development of AS in dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amilia Aminuddin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Md Rizman M. L. M. Lazim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Adila A. Hamid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chua K. Hui
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd H. Mohd Yunus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ovarian cancer risk in relation to blood lipid levels and hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational epidemiologic studies. Eur J Cancer Prev 2020; 30:161-170. [DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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