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Wang Y, Tang T, Yuan Y, Li N, Wang X, Guan J. Copper and Copper Complexes in Tumor Therapy. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400060. [PMID: 38443744 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Copper (Cu), a crucial trace element in physiological processes, has garnered significant interest for its involvement in cancer progression and potential therapeutic applications. The regulation of cellular copper levels is essential for maintaining copper homeostasis, as imbalances can lead to toxicity and cell death. The development of drugs that target copper homeostasis has emerged as a promising strategy for anticancer treatment, with a particular focus on copper chelators, copper ionophores, and novel copper complexes. Recent research has also investigated the potential of copper complexes in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqiao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingxi Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Rho S, Sanders HS, Smith BD, O'Sullivan TD. Miniature wireless LED-device for photodynamic-induced cell pyroptosis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 47:104209. [PMID: 38734196 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The inability of visible light to penetrate far through biological tissue limits its use for phototherapy and photodiagnosis of deep-tissue sites of disease. This is unfortunate because many visible dyes are excellent photosensitizers and photocatalysts that can induce a wide range of photochemical processes, including photogeneration of reactive oxygen species. One potential solution is to bring the light source closer to the site of disease by using a miniature implantable LED. With this goal in mind, we fabricated a wireless LED-based device (volume of 23 mm3) that is powered by RF energy and emits light with a wavelength of 573 nm. It has the capacity to excite the green absorbing dye Rose Bengal, which is an efficient type II photosensitizer. The wireless transfer of RF power is effective even when the device is buried in chicken breast and located 6 cm from the transmitting antenna. The combination of a wireless device as light source and Rose Bengal as photosensitizer was found to induce cell death of cultured HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Time-dependent generation of protruding bubbles was observed in the photoactivated cells suggesting cell death by light-induced pyroptosis and supporting evidence was gained by cell staining with the fluorescence probes Annexin-V FITC and Propidium Iodide. The results reveal a future path towards a wireless implanted LED-based device that can trigger photodynamic immunogenic cell death in deep-seated cancerous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghoon Rho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656, USA
| | - Hailey S Sanders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Thomas D O'Sullivan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656, USA.
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Wu D, Wang J, Du X, Cao Y, Ping K, Liu D. Cucurbit[8]uril-based supramolecular theranostics. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:235. [PMID: 38725031 PMCID: PMC11084038 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Different from most of the conventional platforms with dissatisfactory theranostic capabilities, supramolecular nanotheranostic systems have unparalleled advantages via the artful combination of supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology. Benefiting from the tunable stimuli-responsiveness and compatible hierarchical organization, host-guest interactions have developed into the most popular mainstay for constructing supramolecular nanoplatforms. Characterized by the strong and diverse complexation property, cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) shows great potential as important building blocks for supramolecular theranostic systems. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of CB[8]-based supramolecular theranostics regarding the design, manufacture and theranostic mechanism. Meanwhile, the current limitations and corresponding reasonable solutions as well as the potential future development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianlong Du
- Bethune First Clinical Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibin Cao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunmin Ping
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Dahai Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China.
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Tyagi N, Arya RKK, Bisht D, Wadhwa P, Kumar Upadhyay T, Kumar Sethiya N, Jindal DK, Pandey S, Kumar D. Mechanism and potentialities of photothermal and photodynamic therapy of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) against cancer. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4770. [PMID: 38751216 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of nanoparticle-based phototherapy is to suppress tumor growth. Photothermal therapy (PTT) and photothermal photodynamic therapy (PDT) are two types of physicochemical therapy that use light radiation with multiple wavelength ranges in the near-infrared to treat cancer. When a laser is pointed at tissue, photons are taken in the intercellular and intracellular regions, converting photon energy to heat. It has attracted much interest and research in recent years. The advent of transition materials dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is a revolutionary step in PDT/PTT-based cancer therapy. The TMDCs is a multilayer 2D nano-composite. TMDCs contain three atomic layers in which two chalcogens squash in the transition metal. The chalcogen atoms are highly reactive, and the surface characteristics of TMDCs help them to target deep cancer cells. They absorb Near Infrared (NIR), which kills deep cancer cells. In this review, we have discussed the history and mechanism of PDT/PTT and the use of TMDCs and nanoparticle-based systems, which have been practiced for theranostics purposes. We have also discussed PDT/PTT combined with immunotherapy, in which the cancer cell apoptosis is done by activating the immune cells, such as CD8+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tyagi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indraprastha Institute of Management & Technology Saharanpur, U.P., India
| | - Rajeshwar Kamal Kant Arya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus Bhimtal, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dheeraj Bisht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus Bhimtal, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
- Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy (Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University Dehradun), Rudrapur, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pankaj Wadhwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences & Research and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Deepak Kumar Jindal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Sadanand Pandey
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Jing Y, Shu R, Wu T, Liu D, Luo X, Sun J, Chen F. Clinical efficacy of photodynamic therapy of oral potentially malignant disorder. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 46:104026. [PMID: 38403144 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical efficacy of aminovalerate hydrochloride photodynamic therapy (PDT) for oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD),oral leukoplakia (OLK), along with identifying the influencing factors.Additionally, the study aims to detect the rates of recurrence and malignancy after PDT. METHOD 60 patients with OPMD who received PDT at our hospital from 2006 to 2021 were included in this study. Relevant patient medical data were collected and analyzed using SAS 9.4 software.The Mann-Whitney U test was used to retrospectively analyze the factors influencing clinical efficacy, as well as recurrence rate and malignant transformation rate (MTR) after treatment. RESULT Among the 60 OPMD patients receiving PDT, complete remission in 13 (21.67 %), partial remission in 39 (65.00 %), and no remission in eight (13.33 %), resulting in an overall effective rate of 86.67 %.Fifteen patients experienced relapse, leading to a recurrence rate of 25.00 %. Among these relapses,11 patients occurred within one year after treatment, corresponding to an 18.33 % recurrence rate during that period. Moreover, nine patients developed malignant transformation (MT), resulting in an MTR of 15.00 %. Out of these patients, six individuals developed MT within one year after treatment, resulting in a one-year MTR of 10.00 %. CONCLUSION The study findings indicate that PDT shows promising clinical efficacy in the treatment of OPMD, with relatively limited and tolerable postoperative adverse reactions. However, there remains a certain rate of recurrence and malignancy after treatment. Therefore, close attention should be paid to postoperative monitoring, regular follow-up, and further expansion of the sample size to observe its long-term efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Jing
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Rong Shu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Dongqi Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Fangchun Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China.
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Li X, Wang X, Shen T, Xiong J, Ma Q, Guo G, Zhu F. Advances in photodynamic therapy of pathologic scar. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 46:104040. [PMID: 38462122 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Pathologic scars include keloids and hypertrophic scars due to abnormal wound healing. Both cause symptoms of itching and pain; they also affect one's appearance and may even constrain movement. Such scars place a heavy burden on the individual's physical and mental health; moreover, treatment with surgery alone is highly likely to leave more scarring. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a treatment that is both minimally invasive and convenient. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging safe and noninvasive technology wherein photosensitizers and specific light sources are used to treat malignant tumors and skin diseases. Research on PDT from both the laboratory and clinic has been reported. These findings on the treatment of pathologic scars using photosensitizers, light sources, and other mechanisms are reviewed in the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Medical Center of Burn Plastic and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Medical Center of Burn Plastic and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Tuo Shen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jianxiang Xiong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qimin Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Guanghua Guo
- Medical Center of Burn Plastic and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
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Liu X, Feng Z, Ran Z, Zeng Y, Cao G, Li X, Ye H, Wang M, Liang W, He Y. External Stimuli-Responsive Strategies for Surface Modification of Orthopedic Implants: Killing Bacteria and Enhancing Osteogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38497341 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial infection and insufficient osteogenic activity are the main causes of orthopedic implant failure. Conventional surface modification methods are difficult to meet the requirements for long-term implant placement. In order to better regulate the function of implant surfaces, especially to improve both the antibacterial and osteogenic activity, external stimuli-responsive (ESR) strategies have been employed for the surface modification of orthopedic implants. External stimuli act as "smart switches" to regulate the surface interactions with bacteria and cells. The balance between antibacterial and osteogenic capabilities of implant surfaces can be achieved through these specific ESR manifestations, including temperature changes, reactive oxygen species production, controlled release of bioactive molecules, controlled release of functional ions, etc. This Review summarizes the recent progress on different ESR strategies (based on light, ultrasound, electric, and magnetic fields) that can effectively balance antibacterial performance and osteogenic capability of orthopedic implants. Furthermore, the current limitations and challenges of ESR strategies for surface modification of orthopedic implants as well as future development direction are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujie Liu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenzhen Feng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhili Ran
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yaoxun Zeng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guining Cao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huiling Ye
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meijing Wang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wanting Liang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan He
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Prasad A, Wynands E, Roche SM, Romo-Bernal C, Allan N, Olson M, Levengood S, Andersen R, Loebel N, Sabino CP, Ross JA. Photodynamic Inactivation of Foodborne Bacteria: Screening of 32 Potential Photosensitizers. Foods 2024; 13:453. [PMID: 38338588 PMCID: PMC10855769 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of novel antimicrobial technologies for the food industry represents an important strategy to improve food safety. Antimicrobial photodynamic disinfection (aPDD) is a method that can inactivate microbes without the use of harsh chemicals. aPDD involves the administration of a non-toxic, light-sensitive substance, known as a photosensitizer, followed by exposure to visible light at a specific wavelength. The objective of this study was to screen the antimicrobial photodynamic efficacy of 32 food-safe pigments tested as candidate photosensitizers (PSs) against pathogenic and food-spoilage bacterial suspensions as well as biofilms grown on relevant food contact surfaces. This screening evaluated the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC), and colony forming unit (CFU) reduction against Salmonella enterica, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas fragi, and Brochothrix thermosphacta. Based on multiple characteristics, including solubility and the ability to reduce the biofilms by at least 3 log10 CFU/sample, 4 out of the 32 PSs were selected for further optimization against S. enterica and MRSA, including sunset yellow, curcumin, riboflavin-5'-phosphate (R-5-P), and erythrosin B. Optimized factors included the PS concentration, irradiance, and time of light exposure. Finally, 0.1% w/v R-5-P, irradiated with a 445 nm LED at 55.5 J/cm2, yielded a "max kill" (upwards of 3 to 7 log10 CFU/sample) against S. enterica and MRSA biofilms grown on metallic food contact surfaces, proving its potential for industrial applications. Overall, the aPDD method shows substantial promise as an alternative to existing disinfection technologies used in the food processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Prasad
- Chinook Contract Research Inc., Airdrie, AB T4A 0C3, Canada; (A.P.); (N.A.); (M.O.)
| | - Erin Wynands
- ACER Consulting, Guelph, ON N1G 5L3, Canada; (E.W.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Steven M. Roche
- ACER Consulting, Guelph, ON N1G 5L3, Canada; (E.W.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Cristina Romo-Bernal
- Ondine Biomedical Inc., Bothell, WA 98011, USA; (C.R.-B.); (S.L.); (R.A.); (N.L.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Nicholas Allan
- Chinook Contract Research Inc., Airdrie, AB T4A 0C3, Canada; (A.P.); (N.A.); (M.O.)
| | - Merle Olson
- Chinook Contract Research Inc., Airdrie, AB T4A 0C3, Canada; (A.P.); (N.A.); (M.O.)
| | - Sheeny Levengood
- Ondine Biomedical Inc., Bothell, WA 98011, USA; (C.R.-B.); (S.L.); (R.A.); (N.L.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Roger Andersen
- Ondine Biomedical Inc., Bothell, WA 98011, USA; (C.R.-B.); (S.L.); (R.A.); (N.L.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Nicolas Loebel
- Ondine Biomedical Inc., Bothell, WA 98011, USA; (C.R.-B.); (S.L.); (R.A.); (N.L.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Caetano P. Sabino
- Ondine Biomedical Inc., Bothell, WA 98011, USA; (C.R.-B.); (S.L.); (R.A.); (N.L.); (C.P.S.)
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Energy and Nuclear Research Institute, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Joseph A. Ross
- Chinook Contract Research Inc., Airdrie, AB T4A 0C3, Canada; (A.P.); (N.A.); (M.O.)
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Ansari MA, Shoaib S, Chauhan W, Gahtani RM, Hani U, Alomary MN, Alasiri G, Ahmed N, Jahan R, Yusuf N, Islam N. Nanozymes and carbon-dots based nanoplatforms for cancer imaging, diagnosis and therapeutics: Current trends and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117522. [PMID: 37967707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer patients face a significant clinical and socio-economic burden due to increased incidence, mortality, and poor survival. Factors like late diagnosis, recurrence, drug resistance, severe side effects, and poor bioavailability limit the scope of current therapies. There is a need for novel, cost-effective, and safe diagnostic methods, therapeutics to overcome recurrence and drug resistance, and drug delivery vehicles with enhanced bioavailability and less off-site toxicity. Advanced nanomaterial-based research is aiding cancer biologists by providing solutions for issues like hypoxia, tumor microenvironment, low stability, poor penetration, target non-specificity, and rapid drug clearance. Currently, nanozymes and carbon-dots are attractive due to their low cost, high catalytic activity, biocompatibility, and lower toxicity. Nanozymes and carbon-dots are increasingly used in imaging, biosensing, diagnosis, and targeted cancer therapy. Integrating these materials with advanced diagnostic tools like CT scans and MRIs can aid in clinical decision-making and enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy, photothermal, photodynamic, and sonodynamic therapies, with minimal invasion and reduced collateral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shoaib Shoaib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Waseem Chauhan
- Division of Hematology, Duke Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Reem M Gahtani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of pharmaceutics, Collage of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad N Alomary
- Advanced Diagnostic and Therapeutic Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Glowi Alasiri
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13317, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabeel Ahmed
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Roshan Jahan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Najmul Islam
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
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10
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Yang YC, Zhu Y, Sun SJ, Zhao CJ, Bai Y, Wang J, Ma LT. ROS regulation in gliomas: implications for treatment strategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1259797. [PMID: 38130720 PMCID: PMC10733468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are one of the most common primary malignant tumours of the central nervous system (CNS), of which glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most common and destructive type. The glioma tumour microenvironment (TME) has unique characteristics, such as hypoxia, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumour neovascularization. Therefore, the traditional treatment effect is limited. As cellular oxidative metabolites, ROS not only promote the occurrence and development of gliomas but also affect immune cells in the immune microenvironment. In contrast, either too high or too low ROS levels are detrimental to the survival of glioma cells, which indicates the threshold of ROS. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of ROS production and scavenging, the threshold of ROS, and the role of ROS in the glioma TME can provide new methods and strategies for glioma treatment. Current methods to increase ROS include photodynamic therapy (PDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), and chemodynamic therapy (CDT), etc., and methods to eliminate ROS include the ingestion of antioxidants. Increasing/scavenging ROS is potentially applicable treatment, and further studies will help to provide more effective strategies for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- College of Health, Dongguan Polytechnic, Dongguan, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Jia Sun
- Department of Postgraduate Work, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Can-Jun Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Free Radical and Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Li-Tian Ma
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment in Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an, China
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11
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Zou D, Liu R, Lv Y, Guo J, Zhang C, Xie Y. Latest advances in dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase B against Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2270781. [PMID: 37955252 PMCID: PMC10653629 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2270781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain disease characterised by progressive memory loss and cognition impairment, ultimately leading to death. There are three FDA-approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine, AChEIs) for the symptomatic treatment of AD. Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) has been considered to contribute to pathologies of AD. Therefore, we reviewed the dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and MAO-B developed in the last five years. In this review, these dual-target inhibitors were classified into six groups according to the basic parent structure, including chalcone, coumarin, chromone, benzo-fused five-membered ring, imine and hydrazine, and other scaffolds. Their design strategies, structure-activity relationships (SARs), and molecular docking studies with AChE and MAO-B were analysed and discussed, giving valuable insights for the subsequent development of AChE and MAO-B dual inhibitors. Challenges in the development of balanced and potent AChE and MAO-B dual inhibitors were noted, and corresponding solutions were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajiang Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renzheng Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangjing Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changjun Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceutical, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Sun H, Yang W, Ong Y, Busch TM, Zhu TC. Fractionated Photofrin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Significantly Improves Long-Term Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5682. [PMID: 38067385 PMCID: PMC10705090 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15235682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of fractionated (two-part) PDT on the long-term local control rate (LCR) using the concentration of reactive oxygen species ([ROS]rx) as a dosimetry quantity. Groups with different fractionation schemes are examined, including a 2 h interval between light delivery sessions to cumulative fluences of 135, 180, and 225 J/cm2. While the total treatment time remains constant within each group, the division of treatment time between the first and second fractionations are explored to assess the impact on long-term survival at 90 days. In all preclinical studies, Photofrin is intravenously administered to mice at a concentration of 5 mg/kg, with an incubation period between 18 and 24 h before the first light delivery session. Fluence rate is fixed at 75 mW/cm2. Treatment ensues via a collimated laser beam, 1 cm in diameter, emitting light at 630 nm. Dosimetric quantities are assessed for all groups along with long-term (90 days) treatment outcomes. This study demonstrated a significant improvement in long-term survival after fractionated treatment schemes compared to single-fraction treatment, with the optimal 90-day survival increasing to 63%, 86%, and 100% vs. 20%, 25%, and 50%, respectively, for the three cumulative fluences. The threshold [ROS]rx for the optimal scheme of fractionated Photofrin-mediated PDT, set at 0.78 mM, is significantly lower than that for the single-fraction PDT, at 1.08 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjing Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.S.); (W.Y.); (T.M.B.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Weibing Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.S.); (W.Y.); (T.M.B.)
| | - Yihong Ong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.S.); (W.Y.); (T.M.B.)
| | - Theresa M. Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.S.); (W.Y.); (T.M.B.)
| | - Timothy C. Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.S.); (W.Y.); (T.M.B.)
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13
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Ibarra AMC, Aguiar EMG, Ferreira CBR, Siqueira JM, Corrêa L, Nunes FD, Franco ALDS, Cecatto RB, Hamblin MR, Rodrigues MFSD. Photodynamic therapy in cancer stem cells - state of the art. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:251. [PMID: 37919479 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant efforts to control cancer progression and to improve oncology treatment outcomes, recurrence and tumor resistance are frequently observed in cancer patients. These problems are partly related to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been developed as a therapeutic approach for solid tumors; however, it remains unclear how this therapy can affect CSCs. In this review, we focus on the effects of PDT on CSCs and the possible changes in the CSC population after PDT exposure. Tumor response to PDT varies according to the photosensitizer and light parameters employed, but most studies have reported the successful elimination of CSCs after PDT. However, some studies have reported that CSCs were more resistant to PDT than non-CSCs due to the increased efflux of photosensitizer molecules and the action of autophagy. Additionally, using different PDT approaches to target the CSCs resulted in increased sensitivity, reduction of sphere formation, invasiveness, stem cell phenotype, and improved response to chemotherapy. Lastly, although mainly limited to in vitro studies, PDT, combined with targeted therapies and/or chemotherapy, could successfully target CSCs in different solid tumors and promote the reduction of stemness, suggesting a promising therapeutic approach requiring evaluation in robust pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Melissa C Ibarra
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cássia B R Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Corrêa
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo - FOUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio D Nunes
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo - FOUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rebeca B Cecatto
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Fernanda S D Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil.
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14
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Luo H, Gao S. Recent advances in fluorescence imaging-guided photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy for cancer: From near-infrared-I to near-infrared-II. J Control Release 2023; 362:425-445. [PMID: 37660989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Phototherapy (including photothermal therapy, PTT; and photodynamic therapy, PDT) has been widely used for cancer treatment, but conventional PTT/PDT show limited therapeutic effects due to the lack of disease recognition ability. The integration of fluorescence imaging with PTT/PDT can reveal tumor locations in a real-time manner, holding great potential in early diagnosis and precision treatment of cancers. However, the traditional fluorescence imaging in the visible and near-infrared-I regions (VIS/NIR-I, 400-900 nm) might be interfered by the scattering and autofluorescence from tissues, leading to a low imaging resolution and high false positive rate. The deeper near-infrared-II (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) fluorescence imaging can address these interferences. Combining NIR-II fluorescence imaging with PTT/PDT can significantly improve the accuracy of tumor theranostics and minimize damages to normal tissues. This review summarized recent advances in tumor PTT/PDT and NIR-II fluorophores, especially discussed achievements, challenges and prospects around NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided PTT/PDT for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangqi Luo
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Shuai Gao
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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15
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Helmi M. Knowledge and application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy among restorative dentist in Saudi Arabia. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 43:103679. [PMID: 37380113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to identify the restorative dentist, knowledge and application of Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in dental practice; and to provide an overview of the potential challenges faced by restorative dentists (RD) in Saudi Arabia. METHODS A 15-item cross sectional study questionnaire was distributed through online portal to assess the knowledge, and practice of RD towards aPDT and its practice. The questionnaire consisted of 3 sections, exploring the demographics of participants, knowledge, application and perception of aPDT using yes/no response and Likert scale. Response means, frequencies, and chi-square tests to compare subgroups based on gender, education level, and practice experience. RESULTS Out of 500 participants, 375 completed the survey forms (75% response rate). The majority was male (68%) with a mean age of 46 years. Respondents demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge (60.5%). Only 33% expressed confidence in aPDT as a standalone treatment, while 67% showed limited referrals to specialists. However, 88.5% expressed interest in receiving training and attending workshops for aPDT therapy. Education and experience significantly influenced overall knowledge question responses (p = 0.031). CONCLUSION Majority of restorative dentists demonstrated a moderate understanding of the role of aPDT in dentistry. More than two thirds of respondents (77%) believed that aPDT is an effective adjuvant therapy. Increased experience (> 10 years) and education (Post-graduates) showed higher application of aPDT. The study reveals the potential for incorporating aPDT knowledge into restorative dental practices, particularly among general dentists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Helmi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Tian Z, Li H, Liu Z, Yang L, Zhang C, He J, Ai W, Liu Y. Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy by Improved Light Energy Capture Efficiency of Porphyrin Photosensitizers. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2023; 24:1274-1292. [PMID: 37407889 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-023-01120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has garnered increasing attention in cancer treatment because of its advantages such as minimal invasiveness and selective destruction. With the development of PDT, impressive progress has been made in the preparation of photosensitizers, particularly porphyrin photosensitizers. However, the limited tissue penetration of the activating light wavelengths and relatively low light energy capture efficiency of porphyrin photosensitizers are two major disadvantages in conventional photosensitizers. Therefore, tissue penetration needs to be enhanced and the light energy capture efficiency of porphyrin photosensitizers improved through structural modifications. The indirect excitation of porphyrin photosensitizers using fluorescent donors (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) has been successfully used to address these issues. In this review, the enhancement of the light energy capture efficiency of porphyrins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejie Tian
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, 28 Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, 28 Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, 28 Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Lingyan Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, 28 Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Wenbin Ai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Yunmei Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, 28 Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China.
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17
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Udrea AM, Smarandache A, Dinache A, Mares C, Nistorescu S, Avram S, Staicu A. Photosensitizers-Loaded Nanocarriers for Enhancement of Photodynamic Therapy in Melanoma Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2124. [PMID: 37631339 PMCID: PMC10460031 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma poses a significant global health burden. It is the most aggressive and lethal form of skin cancer, attributed to various risk factors such as UV radiation exposure, genetic modifications, chemical carcinogens, immunosuppression, and fair complexion. Photodynamic therapy is a promising minimally invasive treatment that uses light to activate a photosensitizer, resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, which ultimately promote cell death. When selecting photosensitizers for melanoma photodynamic therapy, the presence of melanin should be considered. Melanin absorbs visible radiation similar to most photosensitizers and has antioxidant properties, which undermines the reactive species generated in photodynamic therapy processes. These characteristics have led to further research for new photosensitizing platforms to ensure better treatment results. The development of photosensitizers has advanced with the use of nanotechnology, which plays a crucial role in enhancing solubility, optical absorption, and tumour targeting. This paper reviews the current approaches (that use the synergistic effect of different photosensitizers, nanocarriers, chemotherapeutic agents) in the photodynamic therapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Udrea
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.); (S.N.)
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Adriana Smarandache
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Andra Dinache
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Catalina Mares
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Simona Nistorescu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Speranta Avram
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Angela Staicu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.); (S.N.)
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Algorri JF, López-Higuera JM, Rodríguez-Cobo L, Cobo A. Advanced Light Source Technologies for Photodynamic Therapy of Skin Cancer Lesions. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2075. [PMID: 37631289 PMCID: PMC10458875 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an increasingly popular dermatological treatment not only used for life-threatening skin conditions and other tumors but also for cosmetic purposes. PDT has negligible effects on underlying functional structures, enabling tissue regeneration feasibility. PDT uses a photosensitizer (PS) and visible light to create cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, which can damage cellular organelles and trigger cell death. The foundations of modern photodynamic therapy began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in recent times, it has gained more attention due to the development of new sources and PSs. This review focuses on the latest advancements in light technology for PDT in treating skin cancer lesions. It discusses recent research and developments in light-emitting technologies, their potential benefits and drawbacks, and their implications for clinical practice. Finally, this review summarizes key findings and discusses their implications for the use of PDT in skin cancer treatment, highlighting the limitations of current approaches and providing insights into future research directions to improve both the efficacy and safety of PDT. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of PDT for skin cancer treatment, covering various aspects ranging from the underlying mechanisms to the latest technological advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Algorri
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - José Miguel López-Higuera
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Luís Rodríguez-Cobo
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Adolfo Cobo
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
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Kuwatani M, Sakamoto N. Promising Highly Targeted Therapies for Cholangiocarcinoma: A Review and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3686. [PMID: 37509347 PMCID: PMC10378186 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To overcome the poor prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), highly targeted therapies, such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), photodynamic therapy (PDT) with/without systemic chemotherapy, and experimental photoimmunotherapy (PIT), have been developed. Three preclinical trials have investigated the use of ADCs targeting specific antigens, namely HER2, MUC1, and glypican-1 (GPC1), for CCA. Trastuzumab emtansine demonstrated higher antiproliferative activity in CCA cells expressing higher levels of HER2. Similarly, "staphylococcal enterotoxin A-MUC1 antibody" and "anti-GPC1 antibody-monomethyl auristatin F" conjugates showed anticancer activity. PDT is effective in areas where appropriate photosensitizers and light coexist. Its mechanism involves photosensitizer excitation and subsequent reactive oxygen species production in cancer cells upon irradiation. Hematoporphyrin derivatives, temoporfin, phthalocyanine-4, talaporfin, and chlorine e6 derivatives have mainly been used clinically and preclinically in bile duct cancer. Currently, new forms of photosensitizers with nanotechnology and novel irradiation catheters are being developed. PIT is the most novel anti-cancer therapy developed in 2011 that selectively kills targeted cancer cells using a unique photosensitizer called "IR700" conjugated with an antibody specific for cancer cells. PIT is currently in the early stages of development for identifying appropriate CCA cell targets and irradiation devices. Future human and artificial intelligence collaboration has potential for overcoming challenges related to identifying universal CCA cell targets. This could pave the way for highly targeted therapies for CCA, such as ADC, PDT, and PIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kuwatani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Hospital, North 14, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Hospital, North 14, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan
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20
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Say B, Tatar B, Üzülmez B, Bakırcı ME, Gülseren G, Cakmak Y. Caging of Bodipy Photosensitizers through Hydrazone Bond Formation and their Activation Dynamics. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300199. [PMID: 37078232 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Three unique hydrazone-based small-molecule-activatable photosensitizers were designed and synthesized. Two of them work efficiently in a low-pH environment, resembling the microenvironment of the cancerous tissues. The activation pathway is unique and based on hydrazone bond cleavage. They were investigated through in vitro cellular studies in aggressive cancer lines, and tumor-specific culture conditions successfully initiated the cleavage and activation of the cytotoxic singlet oxygen generation in the relevant time period. The interesting photophysical characteristics of the α- and β-substituted hydrazone derivatives of the Bodipy structures and their mild hydrolysis methodologies were also investigated successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Say
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural & Applied Sciences, Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080, Konya, Turkey
| | - Beytullah Tatar
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural & Applied Sciences, Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080, Konya, Turkey
| | - Betül Üzülmez
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural & Applied Sciences, Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080, Konya, Turkey
| | - Melike Ebrar Bakırcı
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gülcihan Gülseren
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural & Applied Sciences, Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080, Konya, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080, Konya, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Cakmak
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural & Applied Sciences, Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080, Konya, Turkey
- Department of Bioengineering, Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080, Konya, Turkey
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & BITAM-Science and Technology Research and Application Center, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090, Konya, Turkey
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21
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Penetra M, Arnaut LG, Gomes-da-Silva LC. Trial watch: an update of clinical advances in photodynamic therapy and its immunoadjuvant properties for cancer treatment. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2226535. [PMID: 37346450 PMCID: PMC10281486 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2226535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical treatment used to target solid tumors, where the administration of a photosensitizing agent and light generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus resulting in strong oxidative stress that selectively damages the illuminated tissues. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated that PDT can prime the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells throughout the body. However, there is still limited evidence of PDT-mediated anti-tumor immunity in clinical settings. In the last decade, several clinical trials on PDT for cancer treatment have been initiated, indicating that significant efforts are being made to improve current PDT protocols. However, most of these studies disregarded the immunological dimension of PDT. The immunomodulatory properties of PDT can be combined with standard therapy and/or emerging immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs), to achieve better disease control. Combining PDT with immunotherapy has shown synergistic effects in some preclinical models. However, the value of this combination in patients is still unknown, as the first clinical trials evaluating the combination of PDT with ICBs are just being initiated. Overall, this Trial Watch provides a summary of recent clinical information on the immunomodulatory properties of PDT and ongoing clinical trials using PDT to treat cancer patients. It also discusses the future perspectives of PDT for oncological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Penetra
- CQC - Coimbra Chemistry Center, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís G. Arnaut
- CQC - Coimbra Chemistry Center, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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22
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Martin MI, Pham TN, Ward KN, Rice AT, Hertler PR, Yap GPA, Gilmartin PH, Rosenthal J. Mapping the influence of ligand electronics on the spectroscopic and 1O 2 sensitization characteristics of Pd(II) biladiene complexes bearing phenyl-alkynyl groups at the 2- and 18-positions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:7512-7523. [PMID: 37199710 PMCID: PMC10263192 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00691c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment for certain cancers that proceeds via sensitization of ground state 3O2 to generate reactive 1O2. Classic macrocyclic tetrapyrrole ligand scaffolds, such as porphyrins and phthalocyanines, have been studied in detail for their 1O2 photosensitization capabilities. Despite their compelling photophysics, these systems have been limited in PDT applications because of adverse biological side effects. Conversely, the development of non-traditional oligotetrapyrrole ligands metalated with palladium (Pd[DMBil1]) have established new candidates for PDT that display excellent biocompatibility. Herein, the synthesis, electrochemical, and photophysical characterization of a new family of 2,18-bis(phenylalkynyl)-substituted PdII 10,10-dimethyl-5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-biladiene (Pd[DMBil2-R]) complexes is presented. These second generation biladienes feature extended conjugation relative to previously characterized PdII biladiene scaffolds (Pd[DMBil1]). We show that these new derivatives can be prepared in good yield and, that the electronic nature of the phenylalkynyl appendages dramatically influence the PdII biladiene photophysics. Extending the conjugation of the Pd[DMBil1] core through installation of phenylacetylene resulted in a ∼75 nm red-shift of the biladiene absorption spectrum into the phototherapeutic window (600-900 nm), while maintaining the PdII biladiene's steady-state spectroscopic 1O2 sensitization characteristics. Varying the electronics of the phenylalkyne groups via installation of electron donating or withdrawing groups dramatically influences the steady-state spectroscopic and photophysical properties of the resulting Pd[DMBil2-R] family of complexes. The most electron rich variants (Pd[DMBil2-N(CH3)2]) can absorb light as far red as ∼700 nm but suffer from significantly reduced ability to sensitize formation of 1O2. By contrast, Pd[DMBil2-R] derivatives bearing electron withdrawing functionalities (Pd[DMBil2-CN] and Pd[DMBil2-CF3]) display 1O2 quantum yields above 90%. The collection of results we report suggest that excited state charge transfer from more electron-rich phenyl-alkyne appendages to the electron deficient biladiene core circumvents triplet sensitization. The spectral and redox properties, as well as the triplet sensitization efficiency of each Pd[DMBil2-R] derivative is considered in relation to the Hammett value (σp) for each biladiene's R-group. More broadly, the results reported in this study clearly demonstrate that biladiene redox properties, spectral properties, and photophysics can be perturbed greatly by relatively minor alterations to biladiene structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell I Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Trong-Nhan Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Kaytlin N Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Anthony T Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Phoebe R Hertler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Philip H Gilmartin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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Yang F, Xu M, Chen X, Luo Y. Spotlight on porphyrins: Classifications, mechanisms and medical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114933. [PMID: 37236030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) are non-invasive treatment methods with obvious inhibitory effect on tumors and have few side effects, which have been widely concerned and explored by researchers. Sensitizer is the main factor in determining the therapeutic effect of PDT and SDT. Porphyrins, a group of organic compounds widespread in nature, can be activated by light or ultrasound and produce reactive oxygen species. Therefore, porphyrins as sensitizers in PDT have been widely explored and investigated for many years. Herein, we summarize the classical porphyrin compounds and their applications and mechanisms in PDT and SDT. The application of porphyrin in clinical diagnosis and imaging is also discussed. In conclusion, porphyrins have good application prospects in disease treatment as an important part of PDT or SDT, and in clinical diagnosis and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Yang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Meiqi Xu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Neonatal, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Yakun Luo
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
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Zhang JY, Gao WD, Lin JY, Xu S, Zhang LJ, Lu XC, Luan X, Peng JQ, Chen Y. Nanotechnology-based photo-immunotherapy: a new hope for inhibition of melanoma growth and metastasis. J Drug Target 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37216425 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2216402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and there is a need for the development of effective anti-melanoma therapies as it shows high metastatic ability and low response rate. In addition, it has been identified that traditional phototherapy could trigger immunogenic cell death (ICD) to activate antitumor immune response, which could not only effectively arrest primary tumor growth, but also exhibit superior effects in terms of anti-metastasis, anti-recurrence for metastatic melanoma treatment However, the limited tumor accumulation of photosensitizers/photothermal agents and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment severely weaken the immune effects. The application of nanotechnology facilitates a higher accumulation of photosensitizers/photothermal agents at the tumor site, which can thus improve the antitumor effects of photo-immunotherapy (PIT). In this review, we summarize the basic principles of nanotechnology-based PIT and highlight novel nanotechnologies that are expected to enhance the antitumor immune response for improved therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei-Dong Gao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia-Yi Lin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin-Chen Lu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Luan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian-Qing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
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25
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Liu WT, Wang HT, Yeh YH, Wong TW. An Update on Recent Advances of Photodynamic Therapy for Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051328. [PMID: 37242570 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cutaneous lymphomas are rare non-Hodgkin lymphomas consisting of heterogeneous disease entities. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizing photosensitizers irradiated with a specific wavelength of light in the presence of oxygen exerts promising anti-tumor effects on non-melanoma skin cancer, yet its application in primary cutaneous lymphomas remains less recognized. Despite many in vitro data showing PDT could effectively kill lymphoma cells, clinical evidence of PDT against primary cutaneous lymphomas is limited. Recently, a phase 3 "FLASH" randomized clinical trial demonstrated the efficacy of topical hypericin PDT for early-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. An update on recent advances of photodynamic therapy in primary cutaneous lymphomas is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Cancer Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Han-Tang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Cancer Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Yeh
- School of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, Cancer Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Jacquemin L, Song Z, Le Breton N, Nishina Y, Choua S, Reina G, Bianco A. Mechanisms of Radical Formation on Chemically Modified Graphene Oxide under Near Infrared Irradiation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207229. [PMID: 36670336 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the mechanisms of radical generation on different functionalized graphene oxide (GO) conjugates under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation are investigated. The GO conjugates are designed to understand how chemical functionalization can influence the generation of radicals. Both pristine and functionalized GO are irradiated by a NIR laser, and the production of different reactive oxygen species (ROS) is investigated using fluorimetry and electron paramagnetic resonance to describe the type of radicals present on the surface of GO. The mechanism of ROS formation involves a charge transfer from the material to the oxygen present in the media, via the production of superoxide and singlet oxygen. Cytotoxicity and effects of ROS generation are then evaluated using breast cancer cells, evidencing a concentration dependent cell death associated to the heat and ROS. The study provides new hints to understand the photogeneration of radicals on the surface of GO upon near infrared irradiation, as well as, to assess the impact on these radicals in the context of a combined drug delivery system and phototherapeutic approach. These discoveries open the way for a better control of phototherapy-based treatments employing graphene-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Jacquemin
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Zhengmei Song
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Nolwenn Le Breton
- Institute of Chemistry, UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Yuta Nishina
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Sylvie Choua
- Institute of Chemistry, UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Giacomo Reina
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, 67000, France
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Park J, Kong C, Shin J, Park JY, Na YC, Han SH, Chang JW, Song SH, Chang WS. Combined Effects of Focused Ultrasound and Photodynamic Treatment for Malignant Brain Tumors Using C6 Glioma Rat Model. Yonsei Med J 2023; 64:233-242. [PMID: 36996894 PMCID: PMC10067799 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2022.0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) is an intractable disease for which various treatments have been attempted, but with little effect. This study aimed to measure the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT), which are currently being used to treat brain tumors, as well as sono-photodynamic therapy (SPDT), which is the combination of these two. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with C6 glioma cells in a cortical region and treated with PDT, SDT, and SPDT. Gd-MRI was monitored weekly and 18F-FDG-PET the day before and 1 week after the treatment. The acoustic power used during sonication was 5.5 W/cm² using a 0.5-MHz single-element transducer. The 633-nm laser was illuminated at 100 J/cm². Oxidative stress and apoptosis markers were evaluated 3 days after treatment using immunohistochemistry (IHC): 4-HNE, 8-OhdG, and Caspase-3. RESULTS A decrease in tumor volume was observed in MRI imaging 12 days after the treatment in the PDT group (p<0.05), but the SDT group showed a slight increase compared to the 5-Ala group. The high expression rates of reactive oxygen species-related factors, such as 8-OhdG (p<0.001) and Caspase-3 (p<0.001), were observed in the SPDT group compared to other groups in IHC. CONCLUSION Our findings show that light with sensitizers can inhibit GBM growth, but not ultrasound. Although SPDT did not show the combined effect in MRI, high oxidative stress was observed in IHC. Further studies are needed to investigate the safety parameters to apply ultrasound in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwon Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chanho Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaewoo Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Cheol Na
- Department of Neurosurgery, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seung Hee Han
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jin Woo Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Song
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Won Seok Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Sun JD, Liu Y, Zhao Z, Yu SB, Qi QY, Zhou W, Wang H, Hu K, Zhang DW, Li ZT. Host-guest binding of tetracationic cyclophanes to photodynamic agents inhibits posttreatment phototoxicity and maintains antitumour efficacy. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:563-572. [PMID: 36970143 PMCID: PMC10034117 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become an effective method for the treatment of cancer. However, the posttreatment residue of photodynamic agents (PDAs) causes long-term skin phototoxicity. Here, we apply naphthalene-derived, box-like tetracationic cyclophanes, named NpBoxes, to bind to clinically used porphyrin-based PDAs to alleviate their posttreatment phototoxicity by reducing their free content in skin tissues and 1O2 quantum yield. We show that one of the cyclophanes, 2,6-NpBox, could include the PDAs to efficiently suppress their photosensitivity for the generation of reactive oxygen species. A tumour-bearing mouse model study revealed that, when Photofrin, the most widely used PDA in clinic, was administrated at a dose corresponding to the clinical one, 2,6-NpBox of the same dose could significantly suppress its posttreatment phototoxicity on the skin induced by simulated sunlight irradiation, without imposing a negative influence on its PDT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Da Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2205 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Yamin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2205 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Zijian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2205 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Shang-Bo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qiao-Yan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2205 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2205 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2205 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2205 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2205 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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29
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de Faria Lopes L, Jandova J, Justiniano R, Perer J, Baptista MS, Wondrak GT. The Glycolysis-derived α-Dicarbonyl Metabolite Methylglyoxal is a UVA-photosensitizer Causing the Photooxidative Elimination of HaCaT Keratinocytes with Induction of Oxidative and Proteotoxic Stress Response Gene Expression †. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:826-834. [PMID: 36109156 PMCID: PMC10321145 DOI: 10.1111/php.13717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cellular oxidative stress contributes to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. Light-driven electron and energy transfer reactions involving non-DNA chromophores are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin, and the molecular identity of numerous endogenous chromophores acting as UV-photosensitizers has been explored. Methylglyoxal (MG), a glycolytic byproduct bearing a UV-active α-dicarbonyl-chromophore, is generated under metabolic conditions of increased glycolytic flux, associated with posttranslational protein adduction in human tissue. Here, we undertook a photophysical and photochemical characterization of MG substantiating its fluorescence properties (Stokes shift), phosphorescence lifetime, and quantum yield of singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) formation. Strikingly, upon UV-excitation (290 nm), a clear emission (around 490 nm) was observed (phosphorescence-lifetime: 224.2 milliseconds). At micromolar concentrations, MG acts as a UVA-photosensitizer targeting human HaCaT-keratinocytes inducing photooxidative stress and caspase-dependent cell death substantiated by zVADfmk-rescue and Alexa-488 caspase-3 flow cytometry. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that MG (photoexcited by noncytotoxic doses of UVA) elicits expression changes not observable upon isolated MG- or UVA-treatment, with upregulation of the proteotoxic (CRYAB, HSPA6) and oxidative (HMOX1) stress response. Given the metabolic origin of MG and its role in human pathology, future investigations should address the potential involvement of MG-photosensitizer activity in human skin photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohanna de Faria Lopes
- Biochemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jana Jandova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RK Coit College of Pharmacy, and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Rebecca Justiniano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RK Coit College of Pharmacy, and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jessica Perer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RK Coit College of Pharmacy, and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Maurício S. Baptista
- Biochemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Georg T. Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RK Coit College of Pharmacy, and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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30
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Lee SS, Paliouras M, Trifiro MA. Functionalized Carbon Nanoparticles as Theranostic Agents and Their Future Clinical Utility in Oncology. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010108. [PMID: 36671680 PMCID: PMC9854994 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, research of nanoparticle applications in pre-clinical and clinical applications has greatly advanced our therapeutic and imaging approaches to many diseases, most notably neoplastic disorders. In particular, the innate properties of inorganic nanomaterials, such as gold and iron oxide, as well as carbon-based nanoparticles, have provided the greatest opportunities in cancer theranostics. Carbon nanoparticles can be used as carriers of biological agents to enhance the therapeutic index at a tumor site. Alternatively, they can also be combined with external stimuli, such as light, to induce irreversible physical damaging effects on cells. In this review, the recent advances in carbon nanoparticles and their use in cancer theranostics will be discussed. In addition, the set of evaluations that will be required during their transition from laboratory investigations toward clinical trials will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung S. Lee
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research—Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Miltiadis Paliouras
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research—Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Mark A. Trifiro
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research—Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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31
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Lv Y, Li P, Su R, Cai J, Zhong H, Wen F, Su W. Methylene Blue/Carbon Dots Composite with Photothermal and Photodynamic Properties: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Application. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:92-100. [PMID: 35879646 DOI: 10.1111/php.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy provide new ways to combat antibiotic resistance. In this research, methylene blue (MB) as an effective photosensitizer was conjugated with carbon quantum dots (CQDs), the composite product not only possessed good antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) due to excellent singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) production rate and light heat transfer performance, but also showed good biocompatibility. Combined with 808 nm and 660 nm laser irradiation, the minimum bactericidal concentration of CQDs-MB towards S. aureus and E. coli was 5 μm. Therefore, this study provides a potential candidate material based on CQDs for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbin Lv
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Rixiang Su
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Jinyun Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Haiyi Zhong
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Fangzhou Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
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32
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Photodynamic Therapy as an Effective Treatment for Cutaneous Lymphomas. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010047. [PMID: 36678676 PMCID: PMC9861941 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive treatment modality frequently used in dermatology to treat superficial skin cancers but also some inflammatory or infectious dermatoses. PDT appears a more and more promising therapeutic option also for cutaneous lymphomas, either of T- or B-cell origin. It is a well-tolerated treatment and has excellent cosmetic outcomes, less side effects compared to other therapies (steroids, surgery, radiotherapy, and so on), no particular contraindications, and is easily repeatable in case of relapses. However, how PDT works in the treatment of cutaneous lymphoproliferative diseases is poorly understood and the literature data are still controversial. Further randomized, controlled clinical trials involving a greater number of patients and centers with a long follow-up are necessary to assess the efficacy of PDT and establish a unique standardized treatment protocol in relation to the lymphomatous disease and the type, thickness, and location of the lesions.
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Prathyusha E, A P, Ahmed H, Dethe MR, Agrawal M, Gangipangi V, Sudhagar S, Krishna KV, Dubey SK, Pemmaraju DB, Alexander A. Investigation of ROS generating capacity of curcumin-loaded liposomes and its in vitro cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cell lines using photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103091. [PMID: 36031144 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is highly efficient in eradicating targetlesions by using photosensitizers (PS) triggered by external light energy. Nanotechnology may help increase the solubility and effective delivery of PS towards improving its efficacy. Curcumin (Cur) was used as a natural PS for PDT in the present work. Briefly, curcumin was encapsulated in liposomes (LPs) using the thin film hydration method and optimized using the QbD approach through the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to optimize the responses like entrapment efficiency and drug loading with a smaller vesicle size. The in vitro release studies performed using a dialysis bag (MWCO 12 KDa) suggested a sustained release of the Cur over 72 h in pH 7.4 PBS following the Weibull drug release kinetics. In addition, the ROS generating capabilities upon application of blue light (460 nm) and resulting cytotoxicity were evaluated in MCF-7 cell lines. The Cur-loaded liposome exhibited significant ROS generation and cytotoxicity to the cancer cells than free curcumin. Thus, the Cur-loaded liposomes could be used to treat breast cancer with photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eluri Prathyusha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-G), Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Prabakaran A
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-G), Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Hafiz Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-G), Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Mithun Rajendra Dethe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-G), Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Mukta Agrawal
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Polepally SEZ, Jadcherla, Telangana, India
| | - Vijayakumar Gangipangi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-G), Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - S Sudhagar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-G), Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Kowthavarapu Venkata Krishna
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata 700056, India
| | - Deepak B Pemmaraju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-G), Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-G), Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India.
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Li H, Kim H, Zhang C, Zeng S, Chen Q, Jia L, Wang J, Peng X, Yoon J. Mitochondria-targeted smart AIEgens: Imaging and therapeutics. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Guo K, Ma X, Li J, Zhang C, Wu L. Recent advances in combretastatin A-4 codrugs for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114660. [PMID: 35964428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CA4 is a potent microtubule polymerization inhibitor and vascular disrupting agent. However, the in vivo efficiency of CA4 is limited owing to its poor pharmacokinetics resulting from its high lipophilicity and low water solubility. To improve the water solubility, CA4 phosphate (CA4P) has been developed and shows potent antivascular and antitumor effects. CA4P had been evaluated as a vascular disrupting agent in previousc linical trials. However, it had been discontinued due to the lack of a meaningful improvement in progression-free survival and unfavorable partial response data. Codrug is a drug design approach to chemically bind two or more drugs to improve therapeutic efficiency or decrease adverse effects. This review describes the progress made over the last twenty years in developing CA4-based codrugs to improve the therapeutic profile and achieve targeted delivery to cancer tissues. It also discusses the existing problems and the developmental prospects of CA4 codrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xin Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Wang X, Liu Y, Liu T, Mustafa F, Guan Q. Doxorubicin and Zinc phthalocyanine loaded pH-responsive FA-BSP-SA/TPGS micelles for synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy against tumors. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kessel D, Obaid G, Rizvi I. Critical PDT theory II: Current concepts and indications. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102923. [PMID: 35605924 PMCID: PMC9458629 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While photodynamic therapy (PDT) is effective for the eradication of select neoplasia and certain other pathologic conditions, it has yet to achieve wide acceptance in clinical medicine. A variety of factors contribute to this situation including relations with the pharmaceutical industry that have often been problematic. Some current studies relating to photodynamic effects are 'phenomenological', i.e., they describe phenomena that only reiterate what is already known. The net result has been a tendency of granting agencies to become disillusioned with support for PDT research. This report is intended to provide some thoughts on current research efforts that improve clinical relevance and those that do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI 48201, USA.
| | - Girgis Obaid
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX 95080, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27695 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27693, USA
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Landino LM, Shuckrow ZT, Mooney AS, Lauderback CO, Lorenzi KE. Photo-oxidation and Photoreduction of Catechols by Chlorophyll Metabolites and Methylene Blue. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1851-1862. [PMID: 36044382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While plant-derived oxidants can protect cells from oxidative damage, limited research has examined the role of dietary chlorophyll. Photoreduction of ubiquinone by chlorophyll metabolites and red light has been reported in vitro and in animal models. Herein we examined photo-oxidation and photoreduction reactions of catechols, dopamine and hydrocaffeic acid. Photo-oxidation of dopamine by methylene blue and the chlorophyll metabolites pheophorbide A, chlorin e6 and sodium copper chlorophyllin was studied by monitoring aminochrome, the cyclized product of the dopamine o-quinone with its amine. Singlet oxygen scavengers including sodium azide, ascorbate and glutathione decreased aminochrome formation by methylene blue and pheophorbide A. Addition of EDTA, a tertiary amine electron donor, to the reaction of dopamine, photosensitizer and red light decreased aminochrome formation. Photoreduction of the dopamine o-quinone produced by mushroom tyrosinase was achieved by both methylene blue and pheophorbide A only when an electron donor was included. Due to limited solubility, photo-oxidation and photoreduction reactions by pheophorbide A required 5-7.5% dimethylformamide for optimal reactivity. Catalytic photoreduction of 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-p-benzoquinone by methylene blue or pheophorbide A and tertiary amine electron donors was observed. Among the chlorophyll metabolites, pheophorbide A was more effective than chlorin e6 or sodium copper chlorophyllin in photo-oxidation of dopamine and photoreduction reactions. Singlet oxygen inhibited lactate dehydrogenase A activity, and higher molecular weight protein cross-links were observed on SDS-PAGE. Hydrocaffeic acid competed with lactate dehydrogenase A for reaction with singlet oxygen produced by methylene blue; however, no protection by hydrocaffeic acid (HCA) was observed when pheophorbide A was used. Cysteine modification of lactate dehydrogenase A by the o-quinone of hydrocaffeic acid was detected using a redox cycling stain. Inclusion of an electron donor decreased protein labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Landino
- Department of Chemistry, William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Zachary T Shuckrow
- Department of Chemistry, William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Alexander S Mooney
- Department of Chemistry, William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Clare O Lauderback
- Department of Chemistry, William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Kristen E Lorenzi
- Department of Chemistry, William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
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Hao Y, Chung CK, Gu Z, Schomann T, Dong X, Veld RVHI‘, Camps MGM, ten Dijke P, Ossendorp FA, Cruz LJ. Combinatorial therapeutic approaches of photodynamic therapy and immune checkpoint blockade for colon cancer treatment. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:26. [PMID: 35974207 PMCID: PMC9381671 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown impressive therapeutic effects on various types of cancers by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and induction of immune responses. However, under certain conditions, the immune responses induced by PDT are not always sufficient to eradicate the remaining tumor cells. On the other hand, the photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG) can mediate PDT under near-infrared (NIR) illumination, thereby enhancing the penetration depth of the excitation light into the tumor. We found that ICG is rapidly taken up in vitro by colorectal MC38 and CT26 tumor cells and it promotes PDT-mediated cell-killing effects. Our results furthermore revealed that ICG induces immunogenic cell death (ICD), as dendritic cells (DCs) were found to engulf ICG-PDT-treated tumor cells and undergo phenotypic maturation. ICG accumulated in tumors 2 h after administration, as measured by fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. Considering the advantages of ICG as a photosensitizer, we sought to design a therapy that combines PDT and immune checkpoint blockade to maximize tumor control. To this end, a 25% thermosensitive polymer 407 hydrogel was included as a co-delivery platform for this treatment scheme. NIR-PDT under 808 nm irradiation in combination with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint blockade prolonged survival rate of colorectal tumor-bearing mice by inducing a series of immune responses, like the phagocytosis of tumor debris by macrophages and DCs, and induction of acute inflammation, leukocyte infiltration, maturation and activation of DCs. Altogether, our work presents a NIR-triggered PDT strategy in combination with immune checkpoint blockade. Compared to a single treatment, the combination treatment increased efficiency to inhibit solid tumor growth and improved the survival rate of tumor-bearing mice.
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Aires-Fernandes M, Amantino CF, do Amaral SR, Primo FL. Tissue Engineering and Photodynamic Therapy: A New Frontier of Science for Clinical Application -An Up-To-Date Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:837693. [PMID: 35782498 PMCID: PMC9240431 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.837693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) connects principles of life sciences and engineering to develop biomaterials as alternatives to biological systems and substitutes that can improve and restore tissue function. The principle of TE is the incorporation of cells through a 3D matrix support (scaffold) or using scaffold-free organoid cultures to reproduce the 3D structure. In addition, 3D models developed can be used for different purposes, from studies mimicking healthy tissues and organs as well as to simulate and study different pathologies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive therapeutic modality when compared to conventional therapies. Therefore, PDT has great acceptance among patients and proves to be quite efficient due to its selectivity, versatility and therapeutic simplicity. The PDT mechanism consists of the use of three components: a molecule with higher molar extinction coefficient at UV-visible spectra denominated photosensitizer (PS), a monochromatic light source (LASER or LED) and molecular oxygen present in the microenvironment. The association of these components leads to a series of photoreactions and production of ultra-reactive singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These species in contact with the pathogenic cell, leads to its target death based on necrotic and apoptosis ways. The initial objective of PDT is the production of high concentrations of ROS in order to provoke cellular damage by necrosis or apoptosis. However, recent studies have shown that by decreasing the energy density and consequently reducing the production of ROS, it enabled a specific cell response to photostimulation, tissues and/or organs. Thus, in the present review we highlight the main 3D models involved in TE and PS most used in PDT, as well as the applications, future perspectives and limitations that accompany the techniques aimed at clinical use.
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Choi J, Kim SY. Synthesis of near-infrared-responsive hexagonal-phase upconversion nanoparticles with controllable shape and luminescence efficiency for theranostic applications. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:646-658. [PMID: 35699103 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221108483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, photodynamic therapy has been studied as a therapeutic method by generating singlet oxygen through activation of a photosensitizer (PS) to kill cancer cells. However, the light within the activating wavelength range of commercial photosensitizers has a low penetration depth. In this study, we designed multifunctional upconversion nanoparticles (UCNs) that can emit high-energy light by absorbing low-energy near-infrared (NIR) light with excellent tissue permeability through a fluorescence resonance energy transfer procedure. This process can produce reactive oxygen species by activating the PS. We aimed to optimize the thermal decomposition synthesis procedure to produce lanthanide-doped UCNs with a uniform size and improve the photoluminescence efficiency for an NIR-regulated theranostic system. It was confirmed that the morphologies of UCNs can be controlled by varying the reaction time, reaction temperature, and feed molar ratio of the solvent and reactant. The crystalline morphology of the synthesized UCNs showed a thermodynamically stable hexagonal phase. The photoluminescence efficiency of the UCNs also was influenced by size, surface area, crystalline property, and stability in aqueous solution. Furthermore, the surface-modified UCNs with a folic acid-conjugated block copolymer and PS exhibited enhanced singlet oxygen generation and significantly improved aqueous solubility and photoluminescence efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseon Choi
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical engineering education, College of Education, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Ratkaj I, Mušković M, Malatesti N. Targeting Microenvironment of Melanoma and Head and Neck Cancers
in Photodynamic Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:3261-3299. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210709113032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), in comparison to other skin cancers,
is still far less effective for melanoma, due to the strong absorbance and the role of
melanin in cytoprotection. The tumour microenvironment (TME) has a significant role in
tumour progression, and the hypoxic TME is one of the main reasons for melanoma progression
to metastasis and its resistance to PDT. Hypoxia is also a feature of solid tumours
in the head and neck region that indicates negative prognosis.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to individuate and describe systematically the main
strategies in targeting the TME, especially hypoxia, in PDT against melanoma and head
and neck cancers (HNC), and assess the current success in their application.
Methods:
PubMed was used for searching, in MEDLINE and other databases, for the
most recent publications on PDT against melanoma and HNC in combination with the
TME targeting and hypoxia.
Results:
In PDT for melanoma and HNC, it is very important to control hypoxia levels,
and amongst the different approaches, oxygen self-supply systems are often applied. Vascular
targeting is promising, but to improve it, optimal drug-light interval, and formulation
to increase the accumulation of the photosensitiser in the tumour vasculature, have to
be established. On the other side, the use of angiogenesis inhibitors, such as those interfering
with VEGF signalling, is somewhat less successful than expected and needs to be
further investigated.
Conclusion:
The combination of PDT with immunotherapy by using multifunctional nanoparticles
continues to develop and seems to be the most promising for achieving a
complete and lasting antitumour effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ratkaj
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Martina Mušković
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nela Malatesti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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Chen C, Wu C, Yu J, Zhu X, Wu Y, Liu J, Zhang Y. Photodynamic-based combinatorial cancer therapy strategies: Tuning the properties of nanoplatform according to oncotherapy needs. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Jana A, Kundu P, Paul S, Kondaiah P, Chakravarty AR. Cobalt(III) Complexes for Light-Activated Delivery of Acetylacetonate-BODIPY, Cellular Imaging, and Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:6837-6851. [PMID: 35471858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt(III) complexes [Co(TPA)(L1)](ClO4)2 (1), [Co(4-COOH-TPA)(L1)](ClO4)2 (2), [Co(TPA)(L2)]Cl2 (3), and [Co(4-COOH-TPA)(L2)]Cl2 (4) having acetylacetonate-linked boron-dipyrromethene ligands (L1, acac-BODIPY; L2, acac-diiodo-BODIPY) were prepared and characterized, and their utility as bioimaging and phototherapeutic agents was evaluated (TPA, tris-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine; 4-COOH-TPA, 2-((bis-(2-pyridylmethyl)amino)methyl)isonicotinic acid). HL1, HL2, and complex 1 were structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Complexes 1 and 2 on photoactivation or in a reducing environment (excess GSH, ascorbic acid, and 3-mercaptopropionic acid) released the acac-BODIPY ligand. They exhibited strong absorbance near 501 nm (ε ∼ (5.2-5.8) × 104 M-1 cm-1) and emission bands near 513 nm (ΦF ∼ 0.13, λex = 490 nm) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Complexes 3 and 4 with absorption maxima at ∼536 and ∼538 nm (ε ∼ (1.2-1.8) × 104 M-1 cm-1), respectively, afforded high singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ ∼ 0.79) in DMSO. Complexes 1-4 showed Co(III)-Co(II) redox responses near -0.2 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE) in dimethylformamide (DMF)-0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP). The photocleavage of pUC19 DNA by complex 4 revealed the formation of both singlet oxygen and superoxide anion radicals as the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed the selective accumulation of complex 1 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in A-549 cells. Complex 4 exhibited a high phototherapeutic index value (PI > 7000) in HeLa cancer cells (IC50 ∼ 0.007 μM in visible light of 400-700 nm, total dose ∼5 J cm-2). The ancillary ligands in the complexes demonstrated a structure-activity relationship and modulated the Co(III)-Co(II) redox potential, the complex solubility, acac-BODIPY ligand release kinetics, and phototherapeutic efficacy.
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Yu XT, Sui SY, He YX, Yu CH, Peng Q. Nanomaterials-based photosensitizers and delivery systems for photodynamic cancer therapy. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 135:212725. [PMID: 35929205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increasing cancer morbidity and mortality requires the development of high-efficiency and low-toxicity anticancer approaches. In recent years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted much attention in cancer therapy due to its non-invasive features and low side effects. Photosensitizer (PS) is one of the key factors of PDT, and its successful delivery largely determines the outcome of PDT. Although a few PS molecules have been approved for clinical use, PDT is still limited by the low stability and poor tumor targeting capacity of PSs. Various nanomaterial systems have shown great potentials in improving PDT, such as metal nanoparticles, graphene-based nanomaterials, liposomes, ROS-sensitive nanocarriers and supramolecular nanomaterials. The small molecular PSs can be loaded in functional nanomaterials to enhance the PS stability and tumor targeted delivery, and some functionalized nanomaterials themselves can be directly used as PSs. Herein, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of PDT, and summarize the recent progress of nanomaterials-based PSs and delivery systems in anticancer PDT. In addition, the concerns of nanomaterials-based PDT including low tumor targeting capacity, limited light penetration, hypoxia and nonspecific protein corona formation are discussed. The possible solutions to these concerns are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shang-Yan Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu-Xuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chen-Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Kessel D. Photodynamic Therapy: Critical PDT Theory. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:199-203. [PMID: 35290667 DOI: 10.1111/php.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy can be useful for eradication of malignant cells at sites that are accessible to light delivery. There are few adverse effects, with many clinical reports indicating that PDT has curative potential. Patients with minimal disease, where success is more likely, are also sought by those promoting other protocols. New photosensitizing agents that initiate light-catalyzed reactions continue to be discovered. Reports describing advances in understanding fundamental aspects of photobiology are always of interest. But implications for treatment of neoplasia and other diseases are not always justified, especially when poorly-penetrating wavelengths of light are employed, often at very high light doses. Efficacy is sometimes estimated by protocols that may not accurately measure photokilling. Many reports claiming potential clinical relevance for in vitro observations are based on a limited understanding of the determinants of clinical efficacy. The future of photodynamic therapy depends on an appreciation of what can be accomplished, especially when used with other modalities, but will also depend on the goals and interests of granting agencies, pharmaceutical groups and clinical personnel. This commentary is intended to provide some thoughts on current research efforts, especially where clinical implications are suggested, hinted at or otherwise implied.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit
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Liu Y, Liu CZ, Wang ZK, Zhou W, Wang H, Zhang YC, Zhang DW, Ma D, Li ZT. Supramolecular organic frameworks improve the safety of clinically used porphyrin photodynamic agents and maintain their antitumor efficacy. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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48
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Activity control of pH-responsive photosensitizer bis(6-quinolinoxy)P(V)tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrin through intramolecular electron transfer. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Otvagin VF, Kuzmina NS, Kudriashova ES, Nyuchev AV, Gavryushin AE, Fedorov AY. Conjugates of Porphyrinoid-Based Photosensitizers with Cytotoxic Drugs: Current Progress and Future Directions toward Selective Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1695-1734. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasilii F. Otvagin
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia S. Kuzmina
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina S. Kudriashova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V. Nyuchev
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | | | - Alexey Yu. Fedorov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarina Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
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Combinatorial Therapeutic Approaches with Nanomaterial-Based Photodynamic Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010120. [PMID: 35057015 PMCID: PMC8780767 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), in which a light source is used in combination with a photosensitizer to induce local cell death, has shown great promise in therapeutically targeting primary tumors with negligible toxicity and minimal invasiveness. However, numerous studies have shown that noninvasive PDT alone is not sufficient to completely ablate tumors in deep tissues, due to its inherent shortcomings. Therefore, depending on the characteristics and type of tumor, PDT can be combined with surgery, radiotherapy, immunomodulators, chemotherapy, and/or targeted therapy, preferably in a patient-tailored manner. Nanoparticles are attractive delivery vehicles that can overcome the shortcomings of traditional photosensitizers, as well as enable the codelivery of multiple therapeutic drugs in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. Nanotechnology-based combination strategies have provided inspiration to improve the anticancer effects of PDT. Here, we briefly introduce the mechanism of PDT and summarize the photosensitizers that have been tested preclinically for various cancer types and clinically approved for cancer treatment. Moreover, we discuss the current challenges facing the combination of PDT and multiple cancer treatment options, and we highlight the opportunities of nanoparticle-based PDT in cancer therapies.
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