1
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Debuysschere C, Nekoua MP, Alidjinou EK, Hober D. The relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:588-599. [PMID: 38890459 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-01004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Environmental factors, in particular viral infections, are thought to have an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The COVID-19 pandemic reinforced this hypothesis as many observational studies and meta-analyses reported a notable increase in the incidence of T1DM following infection with SARS-CoV-2 as well as an association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the risk of new-onset T1DM. Experimental evidence suggests that human β-cells express SARS-CoV-2 receptors and that SARS-CoV-2 can infect and replicate in β-cells, resulting in structural or functional alterations of these cells. These alterations include reduced numbers of insulin-secreting granules, impaired pro-insulin (or insulin) secretion, and β-cell transdifferentiation or dedifferentiation. The inflammatory environment induced by local or systemic SARS-CoV-2 infection might result in a set of signals (such as pro-inflammatory cytokines) that lead to β-cell alteration or apoptosis or to a bystander activation of T cells and disruption of peripheral tolerance that triggers autoimmunity. Other mechanisms, such as viral persistence, molecular mimicry and activation of endogenous human retroviruses, are also likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of T1DM following SARS-CoV-2 infection. This Review addresses the issue of the involvement of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the development of T1DM using evidence from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Debuysschere
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de virologie ULR3610, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Didier Hober
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de virologie ULR3610, Lille, France.
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2
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Arévalo-Cortés A, Rodriguez-Pinto D, Aguilar-Ayala L. Evidence for Molecular Mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 and Human Antigens: Implications for Autoimmunity in COVID-19. Autoimmune Dis 2024; 2024:8359683. [PMID: 39247752 PMCID: PMC11380714 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8359683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
As for other viral diseases, the mechanisms behind the apparent relationship between COVID-19 and autoimmunity are yet to be clearly defined. Molecular mimicry, the existence of sequence and/or conformational homology between viral and human antigens, could be an important contributing factor. Here, we review the accumulated evidence supporting the occurrence of mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins. Both bioinformatic approaches and antibody cross-reactions have yielded a significant magnitude of mimicry events, far more common than expected to happen by chance. The clinical implication of this phenomenon is ample since many of the identified antigens may participate in COVID-19 pathophysiology or are targets of autoimmune diseases. Thus, autoimmunity related to COVID-19 may be partially explained by molecular mimicry and further research designed specifically to address this possibility is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Pinto
- Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 110108, Ecuador
| | - Leonardo Aguilar-Ayala
- Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 110108, Ecuador
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3
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D’Anna SE, Vitale AM, D’Amico G, Caruso Bavisotto C, Ambrosino P, Cappello F, Maniscalco M, Marino Gammazza A. Autoimmunity against Nucleus Ambiguous Is Putatively Possible in Both Long-COVID-19 and Vaccinated Subjects: Scientific Evidence and Working Hypothesis. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:359. [PMID: 38927239 PMCID: PMC11200469 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
As reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), about 10-20% of people have experienced mid- to long-term effects following SARS-CoV-2 infection, collectively referred to as post-COVID-19 condition or long-COVID, including some neurovegetative symptoms. Numerous findings have suggested that the onset of these neurovegetative symptoms upon viral infection may be caused by the production of autoantibodies through molecular mimicry phenomena. Accordingly, we had previously demonstrated that 22 of the human proteins sharing putatively immunogenic peptides with SARS-CoV-2 proteins are expressed in the dorsal motor nucleus and nucleus ambiguous. Therefore, if molecular mimicry occurs following severe forms of COVID-19, there could be transitory or permanent damage in some vagal structures, resulting in a lower vagal tone and all the related clinical signs. We investigated the presence of autoantibodies against two proteins of vagal nuclei sharing a peptide with SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using an immunoassay test on blood obtained from patients with cardiorespiratory symptoms in patients affected by ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 (long-COVID), subjects vaccinated without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and subjects not vaccinated without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interestingly, putative autoantibodies were present in both long-COVID-19 and vaccinated groups, opening interesting questions about pathogenic mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Maria Vitale
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.M.V.); (G.D.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Giuseppa D’Amico
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.M.V.); (G.D.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.M.V.); (G.D.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ambrosino
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.E.D.); (P.A.)
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.M.V.); (G.D.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mauro Maniscalco
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.E.D.); (P.A.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.M.V.); (G.D.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
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4
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Böröcz K, Kinyó Á, Simon D, Erdő-Bonyár S, Németh P, Berki T. Complexity of the Immune Response Elicited by Different COVID-19 Vaccines, in the Light of Natural Autoantibodies and Immunomodulatory Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076439. [PMID: 37047412 PMCID: PMC10094397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the abundance of data on the COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune activation, the impact of natural autoantibodies (nAAbs) on these processes is less well defined. Therefore, we investigated potential connections between vaccine efficacy and nAAb levels. We were also interested in the impact of immunomodulatory therapies on vaccine efficacy. Clinical residual samples were used for the assessment of the COVID-19 vaccine-elicited immune response (IR) (n=255), as well as for the investigation of the immunization-associated expansion of the nAAb pool (n=185). In order to study the potential interaction between immunomodulatory therapies and the vaccine-induced IR, untreated, healthy individuals and patients receiving anti-TNFα or anti-IL-17 therapies were compared (n total =45). In-house ELISAs (anticitrate synthase, anti-HSP60 and-70) and commercial ELISAs (anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISAs IgG, IgA, NeutraLISA and IFN-γ release assay 'IGRA') were applied. We found significant differences in the IR given to different vaccines. Moreover, nAAb levels showed plasticity in response to anti-COVID-19 immunization. We conclude that our findings may support the theorem about the non-specific beneficial 'side effects' of vaccination, including the broadening of the nAAb repertoire. Considering immunomodulation, we suggest that anti-TNFα and anti-IL17 treatments may interfere negatively with MALT-associated IR, manifested as decreased IgA titers; however, the modest sample numbers of the herein presented model might be a limiting factor of reaching a more comprehensive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Böröcz
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kinyó
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Oncodermatology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Diana Simon
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szabina Erdő-Bonyár
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Németh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Timea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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5
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Aktan Suzgun M, Kochan Kızılkılıc E, Ucar Bostan B, Tutuncu M, Kızıltan G. Parainfectious autoimmune encephalitis related to SARS-CoV-2 infection, presented with catatonia. Int J Psychiatry Med 2023:912174231161393. [PMID: 36853927 DOI: 10.1177/00912174231161393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE SARS-CoV-2 infection commonly affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems. In this way, different neurological and psychiatric clinical pictures emerge. Whereas the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on neuronal structures in the short and long term are still controversial. Neurological involvement secondary to SARS-CoV-2 is heterogeneous in terms of both clinical presentation and treatment responses and prognosis. METHOD A case of autoimmune encephalitis developing after SARS-CoV-2 was presented. RESULTS This case was admitted to the clinic with classical catatonia signs and encephalopathy together. The emergence of neuropsychiatric problems after the relief of SARS-CoV-2 symptoms, suggests that this picture was primarily related to immune processes. The presented case showed a good clinical response to symptomatic catatonia treatment and immune-modulatory agents and recovered both physically and cognitively without any sequelae. CONCLUSION In terms of clinical presentation and treatment response, SARS-CoV-2 infection may create a distinct encephalitic involvement after the infection itself by triggering some defined or not-yet-defined autoimmune pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Aktan Suzgun
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, 532719Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Kochan Kızılkılıc
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, 532719Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Ucar Bostan
- Department of Psychiatry, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, 532719Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melih Tutuncu
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, 532719Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunes Kızıltan
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, 532719Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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6
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Pal A, Roongta R, Mondal S, Sinha D, Sinhamahapatra P, Ghosh A, Chattopadhyay A. Does post-COVID reactive arthritis exist? Experience of a tertiary care centre with a review of the literature. REUMATOLOGIA CLINICA 2023; 19:67-73. [PMID: 35578636 PMCID: PMC9096625 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Rheumatological manifestations following COVID-19 are various, including Reactive Arthritis (ReA), which is a form of asymmetric oligoarthritis mainly involving the lower limbs, with or without extra-articular features. The current case series describes the clinical profile and treatment outcome of 23 patients with post-COVID-19 ReA. Methods A retrospective, observational study of patients with post-COVID-19 arthritis over one year was conducted at a tertiary care centre in India. Patients (n = 23) with either a positive polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV2 or an anti-COVID-19 antibody test were included. Available demographic details, musculoskeletal symptoms, inflammatory markers, and treatment given were documented. Results Sixteen out of 23 patients were female. The mean age of the patients was 42.8 years. Nineteen patients had had symptomatic COVID-19 infection in the past. The duration between onset of COVID-19 symptoms and arthritis ranged from 5 to 52 days with a mean of 25.9 days. The knee was the most involved joint (16 out of 23 cases). Seven patients had inflammatory lower back pain and nine had enthesitis. Most patients were treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids - either depot injection or a short oral course. Three patients required treatment with hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate which were eventually stopped. No relapse was reported in any of the patients. Conclusion On combining our data with 21 other case reports of ReA, a lower limb predominant, oligoarticular, asymmetric pattern of arthritis was seen with a female preponderance. The mean number of joints involved was 2.8. Axial symptoms and enthesitis were often coexistent. Treatment with NSAIDs and intra-articular steroids was effective. However, whether COVID-19 was the definitive aetiology of the arthritis is yet to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Pal
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Rashmi Roongta
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sumantro Mondal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Debanjali Sinha
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Pradyot Sinhamahapatra
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Alakendu Ghosh
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Arghya Chattopadhyay
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India,Corresponding author
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7
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Does post-COVID reactive arthritis exist? Experience of a tertiary care centre with a review of the literature. REUMATOLOGIA CLINICA 2023; 19:67-73. [PMID: 36739121 PMCID: PMC9892928 DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatological manifestations following COVID-19 are various, including Reactive Arthritis (ReA), which is a form of asymmetric oligoarthritis mainly involving the lower limbs, with or without extra-articular features. The current case series describes the clinical profile and treatment outcome of 23 patients with post-COVID-19 ReA. METHODS A retrospective, observational study of patients with post-COVID-19 arthritis over one year was conducted at a tertiary care centre in India. Patients (n=23) with either a positive polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV2 or an anti-COVID-19 antibody test were included. Available demographic details, musculoskeletal symptoms, inflammatory markers, and treatment given were documented. RESULTS Sixteen out of 23 patients were female. The mean age of the patients was 42.8 years. Nineteen patients had had symptomatic COVID-19 infection in the past. The duration between onset of COVID-19 symptoms and arthritis ranged from 5 to 52 days with a mean of 25.9 days. The knee was the most involved joint (16 out of 23 cases). Seven patients had inflammatory lower back pain and nine had enthesitis. Most patients were treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids - either depot injection or a short oral course. Three patients required treatment with hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate which were eventually stopped. No relapse was reported in any of the patients. CONCLUSION On combining our data with 21 other case reports of ReA, a lower limb predominant, oligoarticular, asymmetric pattern of arthritis was seen with a female preponderance. The mean number of joints involved was 2.8. Axial symptoms and enthesitis were often coexistent. Treatment with NSAIDs and intra-articular steroids was effective. However, whether COVID-19 was the definitive aetiology of the arthritis is yet to be proven.
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8
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Vakili K, Fathi M, Yaghoobpoor S, Sayehmiri F, Nazerian Y, Nazerian A, Mohamadkhani A, Khodabakhsh P, Réus GZ, Hajibeygi R, Rezaei-Tavirani M. The contribution of gut-brain axis to development of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 recovered patients: A hypothesis and review of literature. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:983089. [PMID: 36619768 PMCID: PMC9815719 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.983089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota undergoes significant alterations in response to viral infections, particularly the novel SARS-CoV-2. As impaired gut microbiota can trigger numerous neurological disorders, we suggest that the long-term neurological symptoms of COVID-19 may be related to intestinal microbiota disorders in these patients. Thus, we have gathered available information on how the virus can affect the microbiota of gastrointestinal systems, both in the acute and the recovery phase of the disease, and described several mechanisms through which this gut dysbiosis can lead to long-term neurological disorders, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic fatigue, psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety, and even neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. These mechanisms may be mediated by inflammatory cytokines, as well as certain chemicals such as gastrointestinal hormones (e.g., CCK), neurotransmitters (e.g., 5-HT), etc. (e.g., short-chain fatty acids), and the autonomic nervous system. In addition to the direct influences of the virus, repurposed medications used for COVID-19 patients can also play a role in gut dysbiosis. In conclusion, although there are many dark spots in our current knowledge of the mechanism of COVID-19-related gut-brain axis disturbance, based on available evidence, we can hypothesize that these two phenomena are more than just a coincidence and highly recommend large-scale epidemiologic studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Nazerian
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ashraf Mohamadkhani
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pariya Khodabakhsh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gislaine Z. Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Ramtin Hajibeygi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Tharwat S, Shabana NM, Nassar MK. Lifting the Mask on Musculoskeletal Manifestations of COVID-19: Results of an Interview-Based Study. Open Access Rheumatol 2022; 14:211-220. [PMID: 36217355 PMCID: PMC9547602 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s376289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is considered a multi-system disease that might present with or develop complications during the acute phase of illness. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of musculoskeletal (MSK) manifestations in patients with COVID-19 infection and investigate their clinical correlations. Methods This study was carried out on 110 patients with a history of RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 infection. They completed a questionnaire that covered detailed information on their sociodemographic characteristics, clinical data of COVID-19 infection in addition to MSK discomfort form based on the Nordic MSK Questionnaire. Results The mean age of the patients was 37.7 years (SD 12.9), 72.7% were females. The majority of patients (90.9%) reported MSK symptoms that occur during or shortly after the acute attack of COVID-19 infection. The median duration of onset of MSK symptoms was 2 days from the first day of COVID-19 infection (min-max: 0–45 days) with a median duration of MSK symptoms of 7 days. Myalgia was the main complaint (85.5%) followed by arthralgia 90 (81.8%). However, swollen joints were reported in only 9 patients (8.2%). According to the body areas, maximum number of patients felt pain at the lower back (60%), followed by neck (39.1%), and upper back (32.5%) followed by right and left shoulder (20.9%). Patients with MSK manifestations were associated higher severity of COVID-19 infection (p < 0.001), prolonged duration of COVID-19 symptoms (p < 0.001) and higher prevalence of fatigue (p < 0.001). Conclusion MSK manifestations are common in COVID-19 patients and related to disease severity, duration and fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Tharwat
- Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt,Correspondence: Samar Tharwat, Mansoura University Hospital, El Gomhouria St, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, Tel +20 1091784143, Fax +2 50 2202834, Email
| | - Noran Mohamed Shabana
- Mansoura Manchester Programme for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Kamal Nassar
- Mansoura Nephrology & Dialysis Unit (MNDU), Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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10
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Caillet C, Stofberg ML, Muleya V, Shonhai A, Zininga T. Host cell stress response as a predictor of COVID-19 infectivity and disease progression. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:938099. [PMID: 36032680 PMCID: PMC9411049 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.938099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by a coronavirus identified in December 2019 has caused a global pandemic. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic in March 2020 and has led to more than 6.3 million deaths. The pandemic has disrupted world travel, economies, and lifestyles worldwide. Although vaccination has been an effective tool to reduce the severity and spread of the disease there is a need for more concerted approaches to fighting the disease. COVID-19 is characterised as a severe acute respiratory syndrome . The severity of the disease is associated with a battery of comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic lung disease, and renal disease. These underlying diseases are associated with general cellular stress. Thus, COVID-19 exacerbates outcomes of the underlying conditions. Consequently, coronavirus infection and the various underlying conditions converge to present a combined strain on the cellular response. While the host response to the stress is primarily intended to be of benefit, the outcomes are occasionally unpredictable because the cellular stress response is a function of complex factors. This review discusses the role of the host stress response as a convergent point for COVID-19 and several non-communicable diseases. We further discuss the merits of targeting the host stress response to manage the clinical outcomes of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Caillet
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Victor Muleya
- Department of Biochemistry, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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11
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Riquelme IL, Ballesteros MDF, Ordoñez AS, Díaz DJG. COVID-19 and autoimmune phenomena: vitiligo after Astrazeneca vaccine. Dermatol Ther 2022; 35:e15502. [PMID: 35393710 PMCID: PMC9111626 DOI: 10.1111/dth.15502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease in which there is a progressive depigmentation due to the loss of melanocytes in epidermis. Recently, some cases of vitiligo after COVID-19 vaccination have been reported. A relation between COVID-19 and other autoimmune phenomena has been suggested, considering molecular mimicry between antigenic epitopes of the virus and certain human proteins as a possible explanation. In the case of vitiligo, another theory contends that COVID-19 infection would stimulate dendritic cells to produce massive amounts of IFN-I, leading to melanocyte death. Although mechanism remains unclear, these hypothesis deserve further investigation.
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12
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Mobasheri L, Nasirpour MH, Masoumi E, Azarnaminy AF, Jafari M, Esmaeili SA. SARS-CoV-2 triggering autoimmune diseases. Cytokine 2022; 154:155873. [PMID: 35461172 PMCID: PMC8979824 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity, hyperstimulation of the immune system, can be caused by a variety of reasons. Viruses are thought to be important environmental elements that contribute to the development of autoimmune antibodies. It seems that viruses cause autoimmunity with mechanisms such as molecular mimicry, bystander activation of T cells, transient immunosuppression, and inflammation, which has also been seen in post-Covid-19 autoimmunity. Infection of respiratory epithelium by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) dysregulates the immune response, triggers both innate and acquired immunity that led to the immune system's hyperactivation, excessive cytokine secretion known as “cytokine storm,” and finally acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with high mortality. Any factor in the body that triggers chronic inflammation can contribute to autoimmune disease, which has been documented during the Covid-19 pandemic. It has been observed that some patients produce autoantibody and autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, leading to the loss of self-tolerance. However, there is a scarcity of evidence defining the precise molecular interaction between the virus and the immune system to elicit autoreactivity. Here, we present a review of the relevant immunological findings in Covid-19 and the current reports of autoimmune disease associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mobasheri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasirpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Masoumi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Mozhdeh Jafari
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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13
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Karrow NA, Shandilya UK, Pelech S, Wagter-Lesperance L, McLeod D, Bridle B, Mallard BA. Maternal COVID-19 Vaccination and Its Potential Impact on Fetal and Neonatal Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1351. [PMID: 34835282 PMCID: PMC8617890 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have been developed at "warp speed" to combat the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Although they are considered the best approach for preventing mortality, when assessing the safety of these vaccines, pregnant women have not been included in clinical trials. Thus, vaccine safety for this demographic, as well as for the developing fetus and neonate, remains to be determined. A global effort has been underway to encourage pregnant women to get vaccinated despite the uncertain risk posed to them and their offspring. Given this, post-hoc data collection, potentially for years, will be required to determine the outcomes of COVID-19 and vaccination on the next generation. Most COVID-19 vaccine reactions include injection site erythema, pain, swelling, fatigue, headache, fever and lymphadenopathy, which may be sufficient to affect fetal/neonatal development. In this review, we have explored components of the first-generation viral vector and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines that are believed to contribute to adverse reactions and which may negatively impact fetal and neonatal development. We have followed this with a discussion of the potential for using an ovine model to explore the long-term outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination during the prenatal and neonatal periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Umesh K. Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Steven Pelech
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada;
| | - Lauraine Wagter-Lesperance
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.W.-L.); (B.B.); (B.A.M.)
| | - Deanna McLeod
- Kaleidoscope Strategic Inc., Toronto, ON M6R 1E7, Canada;
| | - Byram Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.W.-L.); (B.B.); (B.A.M.)
| | - Bonnie A. Mallard
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.W.-L.); (B.B.); (B.A.M.)
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14
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Morphological Alterations and Stress Protein Variations in Lung Biopsies Obtained from Autopsies of COVID-19 Subjects. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113136. [PMID: 34831356 PMCID: PMC8623438 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones, many of which are heat shock proteins, play a role in cell stress response and regulate the immune system in various ways, such as in inflammatory/autoimmune reactions. It would be interesting to study the involvement of these molecules in the damage done to COVID-19-infected lungs. In our study, we performed a histological analysis and an immunomorphological evaluation on lung samples from subjects who succumbed to COVID-19 and subjects who died from other causes. We also assessed Hsp60 and Hsp90 distribution in lung samples to determine their location and post-translational modifications. We found histological alterations that could be considered pathognomonic for COVID-19-related lung disease. Hsp60 and Hsp90 immunopositivity was significantly higher in the COVID-19 group compared to the controls, and immunolocalization was in the plasma membrane of the endothelial cells in COVID-19 subjects. The colocalization ratios for Hsp60/3-nitrotyrosine and Hsp60/acetylate-lisine were significantly increased in the COVID-19 group compared to the control group, similar to the colocalization ratio for Hsp90/acetylate-lisine. The histological and immunohistochemical findings led us to hypothesize that Hsp60 and Hsp90 might have a role in the onset of the thromboembolic phenomena that lead to death in a limited number of subjects affected by COVID-19. Further studies on a larger number of samples obtained from autopsies would allow to confirm these data as well as discover new biomarkers useful in the battle against this disease.
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15
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Malkova A, Kudryavtsev I, Starshinova A, Kudlay D, Zinchenko Y, Glushkova A, Yablonskiy P, Shoenfeld Y. Post COVID-19 Syndrome in Patients with Asymptomatic/Mild Form. Pathogens 2021; 10:1408. [PMID: 34832564 PMCID: PMC8620929 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Post COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS) is a complex of various symptoms developing a month or more after the acute phase of the disease. The cases of PCS development among patients with asymptomatic/mild forms are frequently reported; however, the pathogenesis of PCS in this group of patients is still not completely clear. The publications about COVID-19 which were published in online databases from December 2019 to September 2021 are analyzed in this review. According to the analysis, PCS develops on average in 30-60% of patients, mainly among women. Fatigue, shortness of breath, cough, and anosmia were reported as the most common symptoms. The possible association between the described PCS symptoms and brain damage was revealed. We assume the possibility of an alternative course of COVID-19, which develops in genetically predisposed individuals with a stronger immune response, in which it predominantly affects the cells of the nervous system, possibly with the presence of an autoimmune component, which might have similarity with chronic fatigue syndrome or autoimmune disautonomia. Thus, the gender (female) and the presence of anosmia during an asymptomatic or mild course of the disease can be predictive factors for the development of PCS, which can be caused by autoimmune damage to neurons, glia, and cerebral vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annа Malkova
- Medical Department, St-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (P.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Igor Kudryavtsev
- Department of Immunology, Institution of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Anna Starshinova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Kudlay
- Medical Department, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia Zinchenko
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Anzhela Glushkova
- V.M. Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Piotr Yablonskiy
- Medical Department, St-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (P.Y.); (Y.S.)
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Medical Department, St-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (P.Y.); (Y.S.)
- Ariel University, Kiryat HaMada 3, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5265601, Israel
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16
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Fuzimoto AD. An overview of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties of Artemisia annua, its antiviral action, protein-associated mechanisms, and repurposing for COVID-19 treatment. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2021; 19:375-388. [PMID: 34479848 PMCID: PMC8378675 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Artemisia annua and its phytocompounds have a rich history in the research and treatment of malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other diseases. Currently, the World Health Organization recommends artemisinin-based combination therapy as the first-line treatment for multi-drug-resistant malaria. Due to the various research articles on the use of antimalarial drugs to treat coronaviruses, a question is raised: would A. annua and its compounds provide anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) properties? PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed articles that investigated the antiviral effects and mechanisms of A. annua and its phytochemicals against SARS-CoVs. Particularly, articles that evidenced the herb’s role in inhibiting the coronavirus-host proteins were favored. Nineteen studies were retrieved. From these, fourteen in silico molecular docking studies demonstrated potential inhibitory properties of artemisinins against coronavirus-host proteins including 3CLPRO, S protein, N protein, E protein, cathepsin-L, helicase protein, nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3), nsp10, nsp14, nsp15, and glucose-regulated protein 78 receptor. Collectively, A. annua constituents may impede the SARS-CoV-2 attachment, membrane fusion, internalization into the host cells, and hinder the viral replication and transcription process. This is the first comprehensive overview of the application of compounds from A. annua against SARS-CoV-2/coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) describing all target proteins. A. annua’s biological properties, the signaling pathways implicated in the COVID-19, and the advantages and disadvantages for repurposing A. annua compounds are discussed. The combination of A. annua’s biological properties, action on different signaling pathways and target proteins, and a multi-drug combined-therapy approach may synergistically inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and assist in the COVID-19 treatment. Also, A. annua may modulate the host immune response to better fight the infection.
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17
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Peptides of H. sapiens and P. falciparum that are predicted to bind strongly to HLA-A*24:02 and homologous to a SARS-CoV-2 peptide. Acta Trop 2021; 221:106013. [PMID: 34146538 PMCID: PMC8255030 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study is looking for a common pathogenicity between SARS-CoV-2 and Plasmodium species, in individuals with certain HLA serotypes. METHODS 1. Tblastx searches of SARS-CoV-2 are performed by limiting searches to five Plasmodium species that infect humans. 2. Aligned sequences in the respective organisms' proteomes are searched with blastp. 3. Binding predictions of the identified SARS-CoV-2 peptide to HLA supertype representatives are performed. 4. Blastp searches of predicted epitopes that bind strongly to the identified HLA allele are performed by limiting searches to H. sapiens and Plasmodium species, separately. 5. Peptides with minimum 60% identity to the predicted epitopes are found in results. 6. Peptides among those, which bind strongly to the same HLA allele, are predicted. 7. Step-4 is repeated by limiting searches to H. sapiens, followed by the remaining steps until step-7, for peptides sourced by Plasmodium species after step-6. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 peptide with single letter amino acid code CFLGYFCTCYFGLFC has the highest identity to P. vivax. Its YFCTCYFGLF part is predicted to bind strongly to HLA-A*24:02. Peptides in the human proteome both homologous to YFCTCYFGLF and with a strong binding affinity to HLA-A*24:02 are YYCARRFGLF, YYCHCPFGVF, and YYCQQYFFLF. Such peptides in the Plasmodium species' proteomes are FFYTFYFELF, YFVACLFILF, and YFPTITFHLF. The first one belonging to P. falciparum has a homologous peptide (YFYLFSLELF) in the human proteome, which also has a strong binding affinity to the same HLA allele. CONCLUSION Immune responses to the identified-peptides with similar sequences and strong binding affinities to HLA-A*24:02 can be related to autoimmune response risk in individuals with HLA-A*24:02 serotypes, upon getting infected with SARS-CoV-2 or P. falciparum.
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18
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Pushparaj PN, Abdulkareem AA, Naseer MI. Identification of Novel Gene Signatures using Next-Generation Sequencing Data from COVID-19 Infection Models: Focus on Neuro-COVID and Potential Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:688227. [PMID: 34531741 PMCID: PMC8438179 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and belongs to the family Coronaviridae that causes sickness varying from the common cold to more severe illnesses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, sudden stroke, neurological complications (Neuro-COVID), multiple organ failure, and mortality in some patients. The gene expression profiles of COVID-19 infection models can be used to decipher potential therapeutics for COVID-19 and related pathologies, such as Neuro-COVID. Here, we used the raw RNA-seq reads (Single-End) in quadruplicates derived using Illumina Next Seq 500 from SARS-CoV-infected primary human bronchial epithelium (NHBE) and mock-treated NHBE cells obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) (GSE147507), and the quality control (QC) was evaluated using the CLC Genomics Workbench 20.0 (Qiagen, United States) before the RNA-seq analysis using BioJupies web tool and iPathwayGuide for gene ontologies (GO), pathways, upstream regulator genes, small molecules, and natural products. Additionally, single-cell transcriptomics data (GSE163005) of meta clusters of immune cells from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), such as T-cells/natural killer cells (NK) (TcMeta), dendritic cells (DCMeta), and monocytes/granulocyte (monoMeta) cell types for comparison, namely, Neuro-COVID versus idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), were analyzed using iPathwayGuide. L1000 fireworks display (L1000FWD) and L1000 characteristic direction signature search engine (L1000 CDS2) web tools were used to uncover the small molecules that could potentially reverse the COVID-19 and Neuro-COVID-associated gene signatures. We uncovered small molecules such as camptothecin, importazole, and withaferin A, which can potentially reverse COVID-19 associated gene signatures. In addition, withaferin A, trichostatin A, narciclasine, camptothecin, and JQ1 have the potential to reverse Neuro-COVID gene signatures. Furthermore, the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) preranked method and Metascape web tool were used to decipher and annotate the gene signatures that were potentially reversed by these small molecules. In conclusion, our study unravels a rapid approach for applying next-generation knowledge discovery (NGKD) platforms to discover small molecules with therapeutic potential against COVID-19 and its related disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angham Abdulrahman Abdulkareem
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Imran Naseer
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Moody R, Wilson KL, Boer JC, Holien JK, Flanagan KL, Jaworowski A, Plebanski M. Predicted B Cell Epitopes Highlight the Potential for COVID-19 to Drive Self-Reactive Immunity. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 1:709533. [PMID: 36303764 PMCID: PMC9581003 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2021.709533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), whilst commonly characterised as a respiratory disease, is reported to have extrapulmonary manifestations in multiple organs. Extrapulmonary involvement in COVID-19 includes autoimmune-like diseases such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and Kawasaki disease, as well as the presence of various autoantibodies including those associated with autoimmune diseases such a systemic lupus erythematosus (e.g. ANA, anti-La). Multiple strains of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged globally, some of which are found to be associated with increased transmissibility and severe disease. We performed an unbiased comprehensive mapping of the potential for cross-reactivity with self-antigens across multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins and compared identified immunogenic regions across multiples strains. Using the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) B cell epitope prediction tool, regions predicted as antibody epitopes with high prediction scores were selected. Epitope sequences were then blasted to eight other global strains to identify mutations within these regions. Of the 15 sequences compared, eight had a mutation in at least one other global strain. Predicted epitopes were then compared to human proteins using the NCBI blast tool. In contrast to studies focusing on short sequences of peptide identity, we have taken an immunological approach to selection criteria for further analysis and have identified 136 alignments of 6–23 amino acids (aa) in 129 human proteins that are immunologically likely to be cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, to identify regions with significant potential to interfere with host cell function-or promote immunopathology, we identified epitope regions more likely to be accessible to pathogenic autoantibodies in the host, selected using a novel combination of sequence similarity, and modelling protein and alignment localization with a focus on extracellular regions. Our analysis identified 11 new predicted B-cell epitopes in host proteins, potentially capable of explaining key aspects of COVID-19 extrapulmonary pathology, and which were missed in other in silico studies which used direct identity rather than immunologically related functional criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiane Moody
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsty L. Wilson
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer C. Boer
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica K. Holien
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Katie L. Flanagan
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Magdalena Plebanski,
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20
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Burgio S, Conway de Macario E, Macario AJ, Cappello F. SARS-CoV-2 in patients with cancer: possible role of mimicry of human molecules by viral proteins and the resulting anti-cancer immunity. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:611-616. [PMID: 33977496 PMCID: PMC8112475 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A few reports suggest that molecular mimicry can have a role in determining the more severe and deadly forms of COVID-19, inducing endothelial damage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiorgan failure. Heat shock proteins/molecular chaperones can be involved in these molecular mimicry phenomena. However, tumor cells can display on their surface heat shock proteins/molecular chaperones that are mimicked by SARS-CoV-2 molecules (including the Spike protein), similarly to what happens in other bacterial or viral infections. Since molecular mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 and tumoral proteins can elicit an immune reaction in which antibodies or cytotoxic cells produced against the virus cross-react with the tumor cells, we want to prompt clinical studies to evaluate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on prognosis and follow up of various forms of tumors. These topics, including a brief historical overview, are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Burgio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, 90141, Palermo, Italy
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Alberto Jl Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, 90141, Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139, Palermo, Italy.
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21
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Mantej J, Bednarek M, Sitko K, Świętoń M, Tukaj S. Autoantibodies to heat shock protein 60, 70, and 90 are not altered in the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG-seropositive humans without or with mild symptoms. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:735-740. [PMID: 34080135 PMCID: PMC8172177 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly conserved heat shock proteins (Hsps) are localized in the cytoplasm and cellular organelles, and act as molecular chaperones or proteases. Members of Hsp families are released into the extracellular milieu under both normal and stress conditions. It is hypothesized that the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to elicit autoimmunity due to molecular mimicry between human extracellular Hsps and immunogenic proteins of the virus. To confirm the above hypothesis, levels of circulating autoantibodies directed to the key human chaperones i.e., Hsp60, Hsp70, and Hsp90 in the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG-seropositive participants have been evaluated. Twenty-six healthy volunteers who got two doses of the mRNA vaccine encoding the viral spike protein, anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG-positive participants (n = 15), and healthy naïve (anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG-negative) volunteers (n = 51) have been included in this study. We found that the serum levels of anti-Hsp60, anti-Hsp70, and anti-Hsp90 autoantibodies of the IgG, IgM, or IgA isotype remained unchanged in either the anti-COVID-19-immunized humans or the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG-positive participants when compared to healthy naïve volunteers, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results showing that the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 did not include the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that also recognized extracellular heat shock protein 60, 70, and 90 represent a partial evaluation of the autoimmunity hypothesis stated above. Further testing for cell-based immunity will be necessary to fully evaluate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Mantej
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sitko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Świętoń
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stefan Tukaj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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22
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Shoraka S, Ferreira MLB, Mohebbi SR, Ghaemi A. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Review on Potential Pathogenic Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674922. [PMID: 34040615 PMCID: PMC8141918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, the world has been facing an outbreak of a new disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by a novel beta-coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly affects the respiratory system. Recently, there have been some reports of extra-respiratory symptoms such as neurological manifestations in COVID-19. According to the increasing reports of Guillain-Barré syndrome following COVID-19, we mainly focused on SARS-CoV-2 infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome in this review. We tried to explain the possibility of a relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome and potential pathogenic mechanisms based on current and past knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Shoraka
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Macela A, Kubelkova K. Why Does SARS-CoV-2 Infection Induce Autoantibody Production? Pathogens 2021; 10:380. [PMID: 33809954 PMCID: PMC8004127 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the production of autoantibodies, which is significantly associated with complications during hospitalization and a more severe prognosis in COVID-19 patients. Such a response of the patient's immune system may reflect (1) the dysregulation of the immune response or (2) it may be an attempt to regulate itself in situations where the non-infectious self poses a greater threat than the infectious non-self. Of significance may be the primary virus-host cell interaction where the surface-bound ACE2 ectoenzyme plays a critical role. Here, we present a brief analysis of recent findings concerning the immune recognition of SARS-CoV-2, which, we believe, favors the second possibility as the underlying reason for the production of autoantibodies during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klara Kubelkova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
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Gasparotto M, Framba V, Piovella C, Doria A, Iaccarino L. Post-COVID-19 arthritis: a case report and literature review. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:3357-3362. [PMID: 33587197 PMCID: PMC7882861 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is the novel pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak. Researchers and clinicians are exploring the pathogenetic mechanisms of the viral-induced damage and growing interest is focusing on the short-term and long-term immune-mediated consequences triggered by the infection. We will focus on post-SARS-CoV2 infection arthritis which may arise as a new pathological condition associated with COVID-19. In this article, we describe a case of acute oligoarthritis occurring 13 days after a SARS-CoV2 severe pneumonia in a middle-aged Caucasian man and we go over a brief review of the current available literature. We hypothesize that molecular mimicry might be the basic immunological mechanism responsible for the onset of COVID-19-related arthritis based on the current knowledge of SARS-CoV2 and on the known pathogenetic mechanism of viral-induced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gasparotto
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - V Framba
- Internal Medicine Unit and Regional Liver Disease Reference Centre, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - C Piovella
- Internal Medicine Unit and Regional Liver Disease Reference Centre, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - A Doria
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Iaccarino
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. .,Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
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25
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Kasperkiewicz M. Covid-19, heat shock proteins, and autoimmune bullous diseases: a potential link deserving further attention. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:1-2. [PMID: 33196989 PMCID: PMC7667470 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A link between Covid-19 and development of autoimmunity has been reported. A possible explanation could be molecular mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins. Peptide sharing has been found between antigenic epitopes of this virus and heat shock proteins (Hsp) 60 and 90, both of which are associated with autoimmune diseases including those of the bullous type. In particular, there is evidence for the latter Hsp acting as a pathophysiological factor and treatment target in autoimmune blistering dermatoses. Considering multimodal anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action of anti-Hsp90 treatment and drug repositioning results, it may be hypothesized that Hsp90 inhibition could also be a treatment option for cytokine storm-mediated acute respiratory distress syndrome in Covid-19 patients. Hence, although Covid-19-induced autoimmune bullous diseases have not been described in the literature so far, the potential relationship between Covid-19, Hsp, and these autoimmune disorders deserves further attention with respect to both pathophysiology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kasperkiewicz
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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26
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Lyons-Weiler J, McFarland G, La Joie E. Impact of catch-up vaccination on aluminum exposure due to new laws and post social distancing. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126649. [PMID: 32980768 PMCID: PMC7505097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has placed significant stressors on the medical community and on the general public. Part of this includes patients skipping well-child visits to reduce risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus. Published estimates of the duration of whole-body aluminum (Al) toxicity from vaccines in infants from birth to six months indicate that CDC's recommended vaccination schedule leads to unacceptably long periods of time in which infants are in aluminum toxicity (as measured by %AlumTox). METHODS We utilize these established clearance and accumulation models to calculate expected per-body-weight whole-body toxicity of aluminum from vaccines considering for children of all ages under CDC's Catch-Up schedule from birth to ten years, assuming social distancing for 6 months. Our updated Pediatric Dose Limit (PDL) model assumes a linear improvement in renal function from birth to two years. RESULTS Our results indicate that due diligence in considering alternative spacing and use of non-aluminum containing vaccines when possible will reduce whole body toxicity and may reduce risk of morbidity associated with exposure to aluminum. CONCLUSIONS While reduction or elimination of aluminum exposure from all sources is always a good idea, our results indicate that careful consideration of expected aluminum exposures during regular and Catch-Up vaccination is found to be especially important for infants and children below 2 years of age. We urge caution in the mass re-starting of vaccination under CDC's Catch-Up schedule for children under 12 months and offer alternative strategies to minimize per-day/week/month exposure to aluminum hydroxide following the COVID-19 period of isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lyons-Weiler
- The Institute for Pure and Applied Knowledge, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Grant McFarland
- The Institute for Pure and Applied Knowledge, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Elaine La Joie
- The Institute for Pure and Applied Knowledge, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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27
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Verkhratsky A, Li Q, Melino S, Melino G, Shi Y. Can COVID-19 pandemic boost the epidemic of neurodegenerative diseases? Biol Direct 2020; 15:28. [PMID: 33246479 PMCID: PMC7691955 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-020-00282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents the world with the medical challenge associated with multifactorial nature of this pathology. Indeed COVID-19 affects several organs and systems and presents diversified clinical picture. COVID-19 affects the brain in many ways including direct infection of neural cells with SARS-CoV-2, severe systemic inflammation which floods the brain with pro-inflammatory agents thus damaging nervous cells, global brain ischaemia linked to a respiratory failure, thromboembolic strokes related to increased intravascular clotting and severe psychological stress. Often the COVID-19 is manifested by neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms that include dizziness, disturbed sleep, cognitive deficits, delirium, hallucinations and depression. All these indicate the damage to the nervous tissue which may substantially increase the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases and promote dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Qing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Sonia Melino
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Cracovia 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Cracovia 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Yufang Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
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28
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Ghosh R, De K, Roy D, Mandal A, Biswas S, Biswas S, Sengupta S, Naga D, Ghosh M, Benito-León J. A case of area postrema variant of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder following SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 350:577439. [PMID: 33333471 PMCID: PMC7657006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a disabling autoimmune astrocytopathic channelopathy, characterized by the presence of pathogenic antibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) water channels. Several viral infections including HIV, influenza virus, varicella zoster virus, and Epstein Barr virus, among others, have been alleged to trigger NMOSD in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Neurological manifestations of coronavirus infectious disease of 2019 (COVID-19) have been ever evolving and the spectrum of neuraxial involvement is broadening. Albeit it may affect any area of the neural axis, the involvement of the spinal cord is rare compared to that of the brain and of the peripheral nervous system. Cases with acute longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) have been recently reported in SARS-CoV-2 infection but did not fulfill the international consensus diagnostic criteria for NMOSD. AQP-4-antibody-seropositive NMOSD following SARS-CoV-2 infection had not yet been reported. We herein report a novel case of a previously healthy man who presented with a clinical picture of bouts of vomiting and hiccoughs (area postrema syndrome), which rapidly evolved to acute LETM, all following SARS-CoV-2 infection. He was finally diagnosed to be a case of seropositive NMOSD which presented as area postrema syndrome. The response to immunomodulatory drugs was excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwik Ghosh
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Kaustav De
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Devlina Roy
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Arpan Mandal
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Subrata Biswas
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhrajyoti Biswas
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Swagatam Sengupta
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Dinabandhu Naga
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Mrinalkanti Ghosh
- Department of Radiology, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Julián Benito-León
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Tremblay ME, Madore C, Bordeleau M, Tian L, Verkhratsky A. Neuropathobiology of COVID-19: The Role for Glia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:592214. [PMID: 33304243 PMCID: PMC7693550 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.592214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, which causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has a brain neurotropism through binding to the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expressed by neurones and glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia. Systemic infection which accompanies severe cases of COVID-19 also triggers substantial increase in circulating levels of chemokines and interleukins that compromise the blood-brain barrier, enter the brain parenchyma and affect its defensive systems, astrocytes and microglia. Brain areas devoid of a blood-brain barrier such as the circumventricular organs are particularly vulnerable to circulating inflammatory mediators. The performance of astrocytes and microglia, as well as of immune cells required for brain health, is considered critical in defining the neurological damage and neurological outcome of COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2, the implication of neuroinflammation, adaptive and innate immunity, autoimmunity, as well as astrocytic and microglial immune and homeostatic functions in the neurological and psychiatric aspects of COVID-19. The consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection during ageing, in the presence of systemic comorbidities, and for the exposed pregnant mother and foetus are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maude Bordeleau
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Leioa, Spain
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30
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The Role of Molecular Chaperones in Virus Infection and Implications for Understanding and Treating COVID-19. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113518. [PMID: 33143379 PMCID: PMC7693988 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic made imperative the search for means to end it, which requires a knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning the multiplication and spread of its cause, the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Many viruses use members of the hosts’ chaperoning system to infect the target cells, replicate, and spread, and here we present illustrative examples. Unfortunately, the role of chaperones in the SARS-CoV-2 cycle is still poorly understood. In this review, we examine the interactions of various coronaviruses during their infectious cycle with chaperones in search of information useful for future research on SARS-CoV-2. We also call attention to the possible role of molecular mimicry in the development of autoimmunity and its widespread pathogenic impact in COVID-19 patients. Viral proteins share highly antigenic epitopes with human chaperones, eliciting anti-viral antibodies that crossreact with the chaperones. Both, the critical functions of chaperones in the infectious cycle of viruses and the possible role of these molecules in COVID-19 autoimmune phenomena, make clear that molecular chaperones are promising candidates for the development of antiviral strategies. These could consist of inhibiting-blocking those chaperones that are necessary for the infectious viral cycle, or those that act as autoantigens in the autoimmune reactions causing generalized destructive effects on human tissues.
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31
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Schiaffino MT, Di Natale M, García-Martínez E, Navarro J, Muñoz-Blanco JL, Demelo-Rodríguez P, Sánchez-Mateos P. Immunoserologic Detection and Diagnostic Relevance of Cross-Reactive Autoantibodies in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1439-1443. [PMID: 32738141 PMCID: PMC7454719 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we detected a new immunofluorescence (IF) pattern in serum autoantibody (autoAb) screening of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients. Methods The IF pattern was composed of liver and gastric mucosa staining on rat kidney/liver/stomach sections. Results We describe 12 patients positive for the cross-reactive antibody, compared with a negative group of 43 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, finding association with either neurologic or thrombotic complications. In sequential pre- and post-COVID-19 serum samples, we confirmed autoAb seroconversion. Conclusions Our data indicate that autoAb screening in COVID-19 patients may be easily performed by IF and alert for autoreactive-mediated complications such as thrombotic or neurologic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Schiaffino
- Servicio de Inmunología Clínica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Di Natale
- Servicio de Inmunología Clínica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Martínez
- Servicio de Inmunología Clínica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Navarro
- Servicio de Inmunología Clínica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Demelo-Rodríguez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Mateos
- Servicio de Inmunología Clínica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
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32
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Abstract
COVID-19 patients may face a long and winding road to recovery. Outcomes of critically ill patients have been well described, including in China, Italy and the USA, and particularly in the comorbid elderly. However, short-, medium- and long-term health consequences are being realised not only in those that were hospitalised, but also in outpatients with milder or asymptomatic illness.
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33
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Lucchese G, Flöel A. SARS-CoV-2 and Guillain-Barré syndrome: molecular mimicry with human heat shock proteins as potential pathogenic mechanism. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:731-735. [PMID: 32729001 PMCID: PMC7387880 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 infection has been associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome. We investigated here the potential mechanism underlying the virus-induced damage of the peripheral nervous systems by searching the viral amino acid sequence for peptides common to human autoantigens associated with immune-mediated polyneuropathies. Our results show molecular mimicry between the virus and human heat shock proteins 90 and 60, which are associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome and other autoimmune diseases. Crucially, the shared peptides are embedded in immunoreactive epitopes that have been experimentally validated in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Lucchese
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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34
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Marino Gammazza A, Légaré S, Lo Bosco G, Fucarino A, Angileri F, Conway de Macario E, Macario AJ, Cappello F. Human molecular chaperones share with SARS-CoV-2 antigenic epitopes potentially capable of eliciting autoimmunity against endothelial cells: possible role of molecular mimicry in COVID-19. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:737-741. [PMID: 32754823 PMCID: PMC7402394 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of COVID-19 disease, has the potential to elicit autoimmunity because mimicry of human molecular chaperones by viral proteins. We compared viral proteins with human molecular chaperones, many of which are heat shock proteins, to determine if they share amino acid-sequence segments with immunogenic-antigenic potential, which can elicit cross-reactive antibodies and effector immune cells with the capacity to damage-destroy human cells by a mechanism of autoimmunity. We identified the chaperones that can putatively participate in molecular mimicry phenomena after SARS-CoV-2 infection, focusing on those for which endothelial cell plasma-cell membrane localization has already been demonstrated. We also postulate that post-translational modifications, induced by physical (shear) and chemical (metabolic) stress caused respectively by the risk factors hypertension and diabetes, might have a role in determining plasma-cell membrane localization and, in turn, autoimmune-induced endothelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sébastien Légaré
- Département d'Informatique de l'ÉNS, ÉNS, CNRS, Université PSL, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Inria de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Giosuè Lo Bosco
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Fucarino
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Angileri
- Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Alberto Jl Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.
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