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Gupta P, Meher MK, Tripathi S, Poluri KM. Nanoformulations for dismantling fungal biofilms: The latest arsenals of antifungal therapy. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 98:101290. [PMID: 38945048 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Globally, fungal infections have evolved as a strenuous challenge for clinicians, particularly in patients with compromised immunity in intensive care units. Fungal co-infection in Covid-19 patients has made the situation more formidable for healthcare practitioners. Surface adhered fungal population known as biofilm often develop at the diseased site to elicit antifungal tolerance and recalcitrant traits. Thus, an innovative strategy is required to impede/eradicate developed biofilm and avoid the formation of new colonies. The development of nanocomposite-based antibiofilm solutions is the most appropriate way to withstand and dismantle biofilm structures. Nanocomposites can be utilized as a drug delivery medium and for fabrication of anti-biofilm surfaces capable to resist fungal colonization. In this context, the present review comprehensively described different forms of nanocomposites and mode of their action against fungal biofilms. Amongst various nanocomposites, efficacy of metal/organic nanoparticles and nanofibers are particularly emphasized to highlight their role in the pursuit of antibiofilm strategies. Further, the inevitable concern of nanotoxicology has also been introduced and discussed with the exigent need of addressing it while developing nano-based therapies. Further, a list of FDA-approved nano-based antifungal formulations for therapeutic usage available to date has been described. Collectively, the review highlights the potential, scope, and future of nanocomposite-based antibiofilm therapeutics to address the fungal biofilm management issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India; Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Demmed to be Unievrsity), Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Meher
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shweta Tripathi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India; Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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Nouraei H, Zare S, Nemati M, Amirzadeh N, Motamedi M, Shabanzadeh S, Zomorodian K, Pakshir K. Comparative analysis of enzymatic profiles and biofilm formation in clinical and environmental Candida kefyr isolates. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13282. [PMID: 38923398 PMCID: PMC11194042 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The global landscape of Candida infections has seen a significant shift. Previously, Candida albicans was the predominant species. However, there has been an emergence of non-albicans Candida species, which are often less susceptible to antifungal treatment. Candida kefyr, in particular, has been increasingly associated with infections. This study aimed to investigate the profiles of enzymatic activity and biofilm formation in both clinical and non-clinical isolates of C. kefyr. A total of 66 C. kefyr isolates were analysed. The activities of proteinase and phospholipase were assessed using bovine serum albumin and egg yolk agar, respectively. Haemolysin, caseinolytic and esterase activities were evaluated using specific methods. Biofilm formation was investigated using crystal violet staining. The findings indicated that biofilm and proteinase activity were detected in 81.8% and 93.9% of all the isolates, respectively. Haemolysin activity was observed with the highest occurrence (95.5%) among normal microbiota isolates. Esterase activity was predominantly identified in dairy samples and was absent in hospital samples. Caseinase production was found with the highest occurrence (18.2%) in normal microbiota and hospital samples. Phospholipase activity was limited, found in only 3% of all the isolates. These findings reveal variations in enzyme activity between clinical and non-clinical C. kefyr isolates. This sheds light on their pathogenic potential and has implications for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasti Nouraei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Samira Zare
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Neda Amirzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Marjan Motamedi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Shafigheh Shabanzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Keyvan Pakshir
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
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3
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Kamath P, Paul S, Valdes J, Gil J, Solis M, Higa A, Davis SC. In vitro analysis of interactions between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans treated with silver sulfadiazine in wound infections. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024; 6:dlae075. [PMID: 38741896 PMCID: PMC11089415 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlae075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Microorganisms tend to rely on close relationships with other species to survive. Consequently, biofilms formed by interactions of different species have been shown to delay the wound healing process. Studies suggest these mixed-population infections contribute to the development of drug resistance and inhibition of host immune response. Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) has been shown to effectively decrease the risk of infection in an open wound. Typically, these are bacterial wound infections; however, the role of fungal species needs further attention. Objectives The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of SSD on interactions between Pseudomonas aeruginosa 09-009 (PA1) or P. aeruginosa 09-010 (PA2) and Candida albicans ATTC 64550 (CA). Methods A mixture of 4 mL of tryptic soy broth (TSB) and 100 µL of CA and/or PA1 or PA2 (∼106 log cfu/mL) inoculums were deposited into either wells or vials. The wells or vials were then sonicated (50 W for 10 s) to separate microorganisms attached to the walls. After incubation, cell counts were performed at 24 and 48 h for each microorganism using specific media. Results Our results show that without SSD treatment, P. aeruginosa exhibits an inhibitory effect on C. albicans. Treatment with SSD demonstrated significant reduction of P. aeruginosa; however, C. albicans persisted. This experiment demonstrates that SSD was effective in reducing the bioburden of both P. aeruginosa strains after 24 and 48 h; however, it was not as effective in reducing C. albicans. Conclusions The data suggest that for polymicrobial mixed infections containing Pseudomonas spp. and C. albicans, treatment with SSD may be beneficial but does not provide adequate microorganism eradication. As such, added treatments that provide coverage for Candida infection are necessary. Additional in vivo studies are needed to obtain a better understanding of the complex interactions between these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Kamath
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, RMSB Room 2089 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Suchismita Paul
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, RMSB Room 2089 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jose Valdes
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, RMSB Room 2089 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Joel Gil
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, RMSB Room 2089 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michael Solis
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, RMSB Room 2089 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alex Higa
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, RMSB Room 2089 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Stephen C Davis
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, RMSB Room 2089 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Silva NBS, Menezes RP, Gonçalves DS, Santiago MB, Conejo NC, Souza SL, Santos ALO, da Silva RS, Ramos SB, Ferro EAV, Martins CHG. Exploring the antifungal, antibiofilm and antienzymatic potential of Rottlerin in an in vitro and in vivo approach. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11132. [PMID: 38750088 PMCID: PMC11096346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida species have been responsible for a high number of invasive infections worldwide. In this sense, Rottlerin has demonstrated a wide range of pharmacological activities. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antifungal, antibiofilm and antivirulence activity of Rottlerin in vitro against Candida spp. and its toxicity and antifungal activity in vivo. Rottlerin showed antifungal activity against all yeasts evaluated, presenting Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicidal Concentration (MIC and MFC) values of 7.81 to > 1000 µg/mL. Futhermore, it was able to significantly inhibit biofilm production, presenting Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MICB50) values that ranged from 15.62 to 250 µg/mL and inhibition of the cell viability of the biofilm by 50% (IC50) from 2.24 to 12.76 µg/mL. There was a considerable reduction in all hydrolytic enzymes evaluated, with emphasis on hemolysin where Rottlerin showed a reduction of up to 20%. In the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, Rottlerin was able to completely inhibit filamentation by C. albicans. Regarding in vivo tests, Rottlerin did not demonstrate toxicity at the therapeutic concentrations demonstrated here and was able to increase the survival of C. elegans larvae infected. The results herein presented are innovative and pioneering in terms of Rottlerin's multipotentiality against these fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagela Bernadelli Sousa Silva
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720 - Umuarama, Uberlândia, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Ralciane Paula Menezes
- Technical School of Health (ESTES), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Daniela Silva Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720 - Umuarama, Uberlândia, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Mariana Brentini Santiago
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720 - Umuarama, Uberlândia, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Noemi Chagas Conejo
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720 - Umuarama, Uberlândia, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Sara Lemes Souza
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720 - Umuarama, Uberlândia, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Anna Lívia Oliveira Santos
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720 - Umuarama, Uberlândia, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino da Silva
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanotheranostics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Salvador Boccaletti Ramos
- Department of Engineering and Exact Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences - Jaboticabal (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720 - Umuarama, Uberlândia, 38405-320, Brazil.
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Petraitiene R, Petraitis V, Zaw MH, Hussain K, Ricart Arbona RJ, Roilides E, Walsh TJ. Combination of Systemic and Lock-Therapies with Micafungin Eradicate Catheter-Based Biofilms and Infections Caused by Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis in Neutropenic Rabbit Models. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:293. [PMID: 38667964 PMCID: PMC11050883 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular catheter-related infections, primarily caused by Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis, pose significant challenges due to the formation of biofilms on catheters, leading to refractory disease and considerable morbidity. We studied the efficacy of micafungin in systemic and lock therapies to eliminate catheter-based biofilms and deep tissue infections in experimental central venous catheter (CVC)-related candidemia in neutropenic rabbits. Silastic CVCs in rabbits were inoculated with 1 × 103 CFU/mL of C. albicans or C. parapsilosis, establishing catheter-based biofilm, and subjected to various treatments. Neutropenic rabbits treated with a combination of lock therapy and systemic micafungin demonstrated the most significant reduction in fungal burden, from 5.0 × 104 to 1.8 × 102 CFU/mL of C. albicans and from 5.9 × 104 to 2.7 × 102 CFU/mL of C. parapsilosis (p ≤ 0.001), in the CVC after 24 h, with full clearance of blood cultures after 72 h from treatment initiation. The combination of lock and systemic micafungin therapy achieved eradication of C. albicans from all studied tissues (0.0 ± 0.0 log CFU/g) vs. untreated controls (liver 7.5 ± 0.22, spleen 8.3 ± 0.25, kidney 8.6 ± 0.07, cerebrum 6.3 ± 0.31, vena cava 6.6 ± 0.29, and CVC wash 2.3 ± 0.68 log CFU/g) (p ≤ 0.001). Rabbits treated with a combination of lock and systemic micafungin therapy demonstrated a ≥2 log reduction in C. parapsilosis in all treated tissues (p ≤ 0.05) except kidney. Serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan levels demonstrated significant decreases in response to treatment. The study demonstrates that combining systemic and lock therapies with micafungin effectively eradicates catheter-based biofilms and infections caused by C. albicans or C. parapsilosis, particularly in persistently neutropenic conditions, offering promising implications for managing vascular catheter-related candidemia and providing clinical benefits in cases where catheter removal is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruta Petraitiene
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; (V.P.); (M.H.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Vidmantas Petraitis
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; (V.P.); (M.H.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Myo H. Zaw
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; (V.P.); (M.H.Z.); (K.H.)
- Sutter Health Memorial Medical Center, 1700 Coffee Rd., Modesto, CA 95355, USA
| | - Kaiser Hussain
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; (V.P.); (M.H.Z.); (K.H.)
- Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston Radiology Associated, 6565 Fannin St. #268, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rodolfo J. Ricart Arbona
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emanuel Roilides
- Hippokration Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University, Konstantinoupoleos 49, GR-54642 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Thomas J. Walsh
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; (V.P.); (M.H.Z.); (K.H.)
- Center for Innovative Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
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6
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Jørgensen MR. Pathophysiological microenvironments in oral candidiasis. APMIS 2024. [PMID: 38571459 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Oral candidiasis (OC), a prevalent opportunistic infection of the oral mucosa, presents a considerable health challenge, particularly in individuals with compromised immune responses, advanced age, and local predisposing conditions. A considerable part of the population carries Candida in the oral cavity, but only few develop OC. Therefore, the pathogenesis of OC may depend on factors other than the attributes of the fungus, such as host factors and other predisposing factors. Mucosal trauma and inflammation compromise epithelial integrity, fostering a conducive environment for fungal invasion. Molecular insights into the immunocompromised state reveal dysregulation in innate and adaptive immunity, creating a permissive environment for Candida proliferation. Detailed examination of Candida species (spp.) and their virulence factors uncovers a nuanced understanding beyond traditional C. albicans focus, which embrace diverse Candida spp. and their strategies, influencing adhesion, invasion, immune evasion, and biofilm formation. Understanding the pathophysiological microenvironments in OC is crucial for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. This review aims to unravel the diverse pathophysiological microenvironments influencing OC development focusing on microbial, host, and predisposing factors, and considers Candida resistance to antifungal therapy. The comprehensive approach offers a refined perspective on OC, seeking briefly to identify potential therapeutic targets for future effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Rose Jørgensen
- Section of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Chastain DB, White BP, Tu PJ, Chan S, Jackson BT, Kubbs KA, Bandali A, McDougal S, Henao-Martínez AF, Cluck DB. Candidemia in Adult Patients in the ICU: A Reappraisal of Susceptibility Testing and Antifungal Therapy. Ann Pharmacother 2024; 58:305-321. [PMID: 37272474 DOI: 10.1177/10600280231175201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide updates on the epidemiology and recommendations for management of candidemia in patients with critical illness. DATA SOURCES A literature search using the PubMed database (inception to March 2023) was conducted using the search terms "invasive candidiasis," "candidemia," "critically ill," "azoles," "echinocandin," "antifungal agents," "rapid diagnostics," "antifungal susceptibility testing," "therapeutic drug monitoring," "antifungal dosing," "persistent candidemia," and "Candida biofilm." STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION Clinical data were limited to those published in the English language. Ongoing trials were identified through ClinicalTrials.gov. DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 109 articles were reviewed including 25 pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies and 30 studies including patient data, 13 of which were randomized controlled clinical trials. The remaining 54 articles included fungal surveillance data, in vitro studies, review articles, and survey data. The current 2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis provides recommendations for selecting empiric and definitive antifungal therapies for candidemia, but data are limited regarding optimized dosing strategies in critically ill patients with dynamic pharmacokinetic changes or persistent candidemia complicated. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE Outcomes due to candidemia remain poor despite improved diagnostic platforms, antifungal susceptibility testing, and antifungal therapy selection for candidemia in critically ill patients. Earlier detection and identification of the species causing candidemia combined with recognition of patient-specific factors leading to dosing discrepancies are crucial to improving outcomes in critically ill patients with candidemia. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of candidemia in critically ill patients must account for the incidence of non-albicans Candida species and trends in antifungal resistance as well as overcome the complex pathophysiologic changes to avoid suboptimal antifungal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Chastain
- Department of Clinical & Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Albany, GA, USA
| | - Bryan P White
- University of Oklahoma Health Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Patrick J Tu
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sophea Chan
- Department of Clinical & Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Albany, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital, Albany, GA, USA
| | | | - Kara A Kubbs
- University of Oklahoma Health Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Aiman Bandali
- Overlook Medical Center, Atlantic Health System, Summit, NJ, USA
| | | | - Andrés F Henao-Martínez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David B Cluck
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Cao Y, Han M, Ji S. Four-Arm δ-Ornithine-Based Polypeptoids Resensitize Voriconazole against Azole-Resistant C. albicans. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:701-714. [PMID: 38241468 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Worldwide Candida albicans infections cause a huge burden in healthcare and the efficacy of traditional antifungals is diminished because of the rapid development of antifungal resistance. It is necessary to develop new antifungals or new strategies to make multidrug-resistant (MDR) C. albicans to resensitize to existing antifungal drugs. In this work, a series of 4-arm polypeptoids (FAPs) were synthesized through grafting linear ε-l-lysine or δ-ornithine-based oligopeptides to a trimeric lysine core. The most potent 4R-O7 exhibited excellent activities toward three sensitive and two MDR C. albicans strains with MIC values as low as 24-48 μg/mL (vs 375 μg/mL for ε-polylysine, ε-PL). The mechanism studies revealed that 4R-O7 penetrated the cell membrane and generated ROS to kill cells. 4R-O7 exhibited a synergistic effect (FICI < 0.5) with voriconazole (VOR) and also assisted VOR to restore its efficacy to MDR C. albicans. In addition, the combined use of 4R-O7 and VOR significantly improved the elimination efficacy of mature C. albicans biofilms and enhanced the potency in a mouse subcutaneous C. albicans infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqiao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Shengxiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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Alves AMCV, de Brito ÉHS, de Araújo MFM, de Hollanda Celestino JJ, Leite ACRDM, Cruz GS, Azevedo NF, Rodrigues CF. Antifungal Susceptibility and Candida sp. Biofilm Production in Clinical Isolates of HIV-Positive Brazilian Patients under HAART Therapy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:310. [PMID: 38397912 PMCID: PMC10886575 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize biofilms formed by Candida spp. clinical isolates (n = 19), isolated from the oral mucosa of HIV-positive patients. For characterizing the biofilms formed by several Candida sp. strains, isolated from HIV-positive patients, in terms of formed biomass, matrix composition and antifungal susceptibility profile, clinical isolates (n = 19) were collected from oral mucosa and identified. The biofilm of the samples was cultured with fluconazole (1250 mg/L), voriconazole (800 mg/L), anidulafungin (2 mg/L) or amphotericin B (2 mg/L). Afterwards, the quantification of the total biomass was performed using crystal violet assay, while the proteins and carbohydrates levels were quantified in the matrix. The results showed a predominance of C. albicans, followed by C. krusei. Around 58% of the Candida spp. biofilm had susceptibility to fluconazole and voriconazole (800 mg/L), 53% to anidulafungin and 74% to amphotericin B. C. krusei presented both the lowest and the highest biofilm matrix contents in polysaccharides and proteins. The low resistance to antifungal agents reported here was probably due to the fact that none of the participants had a prolonged exposure to these antifungals. A predominance of less virulent Candida spp. strains with low or no resistance to antifungals was observed. This can be attributed to a low fungal selective pressure. This most probably happened due to a low fungal selective pressure but also due to a good adherence to HAART therapy, which guarantees a stable and stronger immune patient response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise Maria Costa Vasconcelos Alves
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-170, Ceará, Brazil;
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Érika Helena Salles de Brito
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Luso-Phony, Redenção 62790-000, Ceará, Brazil; (É.H.S.d.B.); (J.J.d.H.C.); (A.C.R.d.M.L.)
| | | | - Juliana Jales de Hollanda Celestino
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Luso-Phony, Redenção 62790-000, Ceará, Brazil; (É.H.S.d.B.); (J.J.d.H.C.); (A.C.R.d.M.L.)
| | - Ana Caroline Rocha de Melo Leite
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Luso-Phony, Redenção 62790-000, Ceará, Brazil; (É.H.S.d.B.); (J.J.d.H.C.); (A.C.R.d.M.L.)
| | - Gabriela Silva Cruz
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Luso-Phony, Redenção 62790-000, Ceará, Brazil; (É.H.S.d.B.); (J.J.d.H.C.); (A.C.R.d.M.L.)
| | - Nuno Filipe Azevedo
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Fortuna Rodrigues
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- 1H-TOXRUN—One Health Toxicology Research Unit, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário—CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
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10
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Ivagnes V, Menchinelli G, Liotti FM, De Carolis E, Torelli R, De Lorenzis D, Recine C, Sanguinetti M, D’Inzeo T, Posteraro B. Chip-Based Molecular Evaluation of a DNA Extraction Protocol for Candida Species from Positive Blood Cultures. Microorganisms 2023; 12:81. [PMID: 38257908 PMCID: PMC10821462 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of Candida bloodstream infection (BSI) may rely on a PCR-based analysis of a positive blood culture (PBC) obtained from the patient at the time of BSI. In this study, a yeast DNA extraction protocol for use on PBCs was developed and evaluated with the molecular mouse (MM) yeast blood (YBL) chip-based PCR assay, which allowed us to detect nine medically relevant Candida species. We studied 125 simulated or clinical PBCs for Candida species. A positive correlation between the DNA concentration and colony-forming unit count was found for simulated (Spearman's ρ = 0.58; p < 0.0001) and clinical (Spearman's ρ = 0.23, p = 0.09) PBCs. The extracted DNA yielded positive results with the MM YBL chip assay that agreed with the Candida species-level identification results for 63 (100%) of 63 isolates from simulated PBCs and 66 (99.5%) of 67 isolates from clinical PBCs. The false-negative result was for one C. tropicalis isolate that grew together with C. albicans in PBC. None of the 30 (Candida)-negative clinical BCs included as negative controls yielded a positive result with the MM YBL chip assay. Our DNA extraction protocol for the Candida species couples efficiency and simplicity together. Nevertheless, further studies are needed before it can be adopted for use with the MM YBL chip assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Ivagnes
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.I.); (D.D.L.); (C.R.); (T.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Giulia Menchinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.M.L.); (E.D.C.); (R.T.)
| | - Flora Marzia Liotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.M.L.); (E.D.C.); (R.T.)
| | - Elena De Carolis
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.M.L.); (E.D.C.); (R.T.)
| | - Riccardo Torelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.M.L.); (E.D.C.); (R.T.)
| | - Desy De Lorenzis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.I.); (D.D.L.); (C.R.); (T.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Cinzia Recine
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.I.); (D.D.L.); (C.R.); (T.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.I.); (D.D.L.); (C.R.); (T.D.); (B.P.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.M.L.); (E.D.C.); (R.T.)
| | - Tiziana D’Inzeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.I.); (D.D.L.); (C.R.); (T.D.); (B.P.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (F.M.L.); (E.D.C.); (R.T.)
| | - Brunella Posteraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.I.); (D.D.L.); (C.R.); (T.D.); (B.P.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Addominali ed Endocrino Metaboliche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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11
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Roy S, Gow NA. The role of the Candida biofilm matrix in drug and immune protection. Cell Surf 2023; 10:100111. [PMID: 37859691 PMCID: PMC10582062 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2023.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Roy
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Neil A.R. Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
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12
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Arévalo-Jaimes BV, Admella J, Blanco-Cabra N, Torrents E. Culture media influences Candida parapsilosis growth, susceptibility, and virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1323619. [PMID: 38156315 PMCID: PMC10753817 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1323619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Candida parapsilosis, a pathogenic yeast associated with systemic infections, exhibits metabolic adaptability in response to nutrient availability. Methods We investigated the impact of RPMI glucose supplemented (RPMId), TSB, BHI and YPD media on C. parapsilosis growth, morphology, susceptibility (caspofungin and amphotericin B), and in vivo virulence (Galleria mellonella) in planktonic and biofilm states. Results High-glucose media favors growth but hinders metabolic activity and filamentation. Media promoting carbohydrate production reduces biofilm susceptibility. Virulence differences between planktonic cells and biofilm suspensions from the same media shows that biofilm-related factors influence infection outcome depending on nutrient availability. Pseudohyphal growth occurred in biofilms under low oxygen and shear stress, but its presence is not exclusively correlated with virulence. Discussion This study provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay between nutrient availability and C. parapsilosis pathogenicity. It emphasizes the importance of considering pathogen behavior in diverse conditions when designing research protocols and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy V. Arévalo-Jaimes
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group (BIAT), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana Admella
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group (BIAT), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Blanco-Cabra
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group (BIAT), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Torrents
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group (BIAT), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Czajka KM, Venkataraman K, Brabant-Kirwan D, Santi SA, Verschoor C, Appanna VD, Singh R, Saunders DP, Tharmalingam S. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Antifungal Resistance in Pathogenic Candida Species. Cells 2023; 12:2655. [PMID: 37998390 PMCID: PMC10670235 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is a highly pervasive infection posing major health risks, especially for immunocompromised populations. Pathogenic Candida species have evolved intrinsic and acquired resistance to a variety of antifungal medications. The primary goal of this literature review is to summarize the molecular mechanisms associated with antifungal resistance in Candida species. Resistance can be conferred via gain-of-function mutations in target pathway genes or their transcriptional regulators. Therefore, an overview of the known gene mutations is presented for the following antifungals: azoles (fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole), echinocandins (caspofungin, anidulafungin and micafungin), polyenes (amphotericin B and nystatin) and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). The following mutation hot spots were identified: (1) ergosterol biosynthesis pathway mutations (ERG11 and UPC2), resulting in azole resistance; (2) overexpression of the efflux pumps, promoting azole resistance (transcription factor genes: tac1 and mrr1; transporter genes: CDR1, CDR2, MDR1, PDR16 and SNQ2); (3) cell wall biosynthesis mutations (FKS1, FKS2 and PDR1), conferring resistance to echinocandins; (4) mutations of nucleic acid synthesis/repair genes (FCY1, FCY2 and FUR1), resulting in 5-FC resistance; and (5) biofilm production, promoting general antifungal resistance. This review also provides a summary of standardized inhibitory breakpoints obtained from international guidelines for prominent Candida species. Notably, N. glabrata, P. kudriavzevii and C. auris demonstrate fluconazole resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M. Czajka
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Krishnan Venkataraman
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
| | | | - Stacey A. Santi
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada; (D.B.-K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Chris Verschoor
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada; (D.B.-K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Vasu D. Appanna
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
| | - Ravi Singh
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada; (D.B.-K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Deborah P. Saunders
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada; (D.B.-K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Sujeenthar Tharmalingam
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada; (D.B.-K.); (S.A.S.)
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14
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Ramage G, Borghi E, Rodrigues CF, Kean R, Williams C, Lopez-Ribot J. Our current clinical understanding of Candida biofilms: where are we two decades on? APMIS 2023; 131:636-653. [PMID: 36932821 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Clinically we have been aware of the concept of Candida biofilms for many decades, though perhaps without the formal designation. Just over 20 years ago the subject emerged on the back of progress made from the bacterial biofilms, and academic progress pace has continued to mirror the bacterial biofilm community, albeit at a decreased volume. It is apparent that Candida species have a considerable capacity to colonize surfaces and interfaces and form tenacious biofilm structures, either alone or in mixed species communities. From the oral cavity, to the respiratory and genitourinary tracts, wounds, or in and around a plethora of biomedical devices, the scope of these infections is vast. These are highly tolerant to antifungal therapies that has a measurable impact on clinical management. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overight of our current clinical understanding of where these biofilms cause infections, and we discuss existing and emerging antifungal therapies and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Ramage
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Medical School, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Célia Fortuna Rodrigues
- Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Basel, Switzerland
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário-CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário-CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário-CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ryan Kean
- Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Craig Williams
- Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Basel, Switzerland
- Microbiology Department, Morecambe Bay NHS Trust, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jose Lopez-Ribot
- Department of Biology and the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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15
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Greenwich JL, Fleming D, Banin E, Häussler S, Kjellerup BV, Sauer K, Visick KL, Fuqua C. The biofilm community resurfaces: new findings and post-pandemic progress. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0016623. [PMID: 37756166 PMCID: PMC10601713 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00166-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ninth American Society for Microbiology Conference on Biofilms was convened in-person on 13-17 November 2022 in Charlotte, NC. As the first of these conferences since prior to the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy among the participants of the conference was clear, and the meeting was a tremendous success. The mixture of >330 oral and poster presentations resoundingly embodied the vitality of biofilm research across a wide range of topics and multiple scientific disciplines. Special activities, including a pre-conference symposium for early career researchers, further enhanced the attendee experience. As a general theme, the conference was deliberately structured to provide high levels of participation and engagement among early career scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek Fleming
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ehud Banin
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | - Birthe V. Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Karin Sauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Binghamton, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Karen L. Visick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Clay Fuqua
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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16
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Thompson GR, Jenks JD, Baddley JW, Lewis JS, Egger M, Schwartz IS, Boyer J, Patterson TF, Chen SCA, Pappas PG, Hoenigl M. Fungal Endocarditis: Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0001923. [PMID: 37439685 PMCID: PMC10512793 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00019-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal endocarditis accounts for 1% to 3% of all infective endocarditis cases, is associated with high morbidity and mortality (>70%), and presents numerous challenges during clinical care. Candida spp. are the most common causes of fungal endocarditis, implicated in over 50% of cases, followed by Aspergillus and Histoplasma spp. Important risk factors for fungal endocarditis include prosthetic valves, prior heart surgery, and injection drug use. The signs and symptoms of fungal endocarditis are nonspecific, and a high degree of clinical suspicion coupled with the judicious use of diagnostic tests is required for diagnosis. In addition to microbiological diagnostics (e.g., blood culture for Candida spp. or galactomannan testing and PCR for Aspergillus spp.), echocardiography remains critical for evaluation of potential infective endocarditis, although radionuclide imaging modalities such as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography are increasingly being used. A multimodal treatment approach is necessary: surgery is usually required and should be accompanied by long-term systemic antifungal therapy, such as echinocandin therapy for Candida endocarditis or voriconazole therapy for Aspergillus endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Thompson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Jenks
- Durham County Department of Public Health, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - John W. Baddley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James S. Lewis
- Department of Pharmacy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthias Egger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ilan S. Schwartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Johannes Boyer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas F. Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sharon C.-A. Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter G. Pappas
- Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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17
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Rapala-Kozik M, Surowiec M, Juszczak M, Wronowska E, Kulig K, Bednarek A, Gonzalez-Gonzalez M, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Zawrotniak M, Satała D, Kozik A. Living together: The role of Candida albicans in the formation of polymicrobial biofilms in the oral cavity. Yeast 2023; 40:303-317. [PMID: 37190878 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity of humans is colonized by diversity of microbial community, although dominated by bacteria, it is also constituted by a low number of fungi, often represented by Candida albicans. Although in the vast minority, this usually commensal fungus under certain conditions of the host (e.g., immunosuppression or antibiotic therapy), can transform into an invasive pathogen that adheres to mucous membranes and also to medical or dental devices, causing mucosal infections. This transformation is correlated with changes in cell morphology from yeast-like cells to hyphae and is supported by numerous virulence factors exposed by C. albicans cells at the site of infection, such as multifunctional adhesins, degradative enzymes, or toxin. All of them affect the surrounding host cells or proteins, leading to their destruction. However, at the site of infection, C. albicans can interact with different bacterial species and in its filamentous form may produce biofilms-the elaborated consortia of microorganisms, that present increased ability to host colonization and resistance to antimicrobial agents. In this review, we highlight the modification of the infectious potential of C. albicans in contact with different bacterial species, and also consider the mutual bacterial-fungal relationships, involving cooperation, competition, or antagonism, that lead to an increase in the propagation of oral infection. The mycofilm of C. albicans is an excellent hiding place for bacteria, especially those that prefer low oxygen availability, where microbial cells during mutual co-existence can avoid host recognition or elimination by antimicrobial action. However, these microbial relationships, identified mainly in in vitro studies, are modified depending on the complexity of host conditions and microbial dominance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Surowiec
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Juszczak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wronowska
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Kulig
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Bednarek
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Miriam Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Satała
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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18
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Cho O, Takada S, Odaka T, Futamura S, Kurakado S, Sugita T. Tacrolimus (FK506) Exhibits Fungicidal Effects against Candida parapsilosis Sensu Stricto via Inducing Apoptosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:778. [PMID: 37504766 PMCID: PMC10381508 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus (FK506), an immunosuppressant and calcineurin inhibitor, has fungicidal effects. However, its fungicidal effect is thought to be limited to basidiomycetes, such as Cryptococcus and Malassezia, and not to ascomycetes. FK506 had no fungicidal effect on Candida albicans, C. auris, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C. kefyr, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis (>8 µg/mL); however, C. parapsilosis was susceptible to it at low concentrations of 0.125-0.5 µg/mL. C. metapsilosis and C. orthopsils, previously classified as C. parapsilosis, are molecularly and phylogenetically closely related to C. parapsilosis, but neither species was sensitive to FK506. FK506 increased the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and cytoplasmic and mitochondrial calcium concentration and activated metacaspases, nuclear condensation, and DNA fragmentation, suggesting that it induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in C. parapsilosis. Elucidating why FK506 exhibits fungicidal activity only against C. parapsilosis will provide new information for developing novel antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otomi Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
| | - Shintaro Takada
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
| | - Takahiro Odaka
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
| | - Satoshi Futamura
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
| | - Sanae Kurakado
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio, Kiyose 204-8588, Japan
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Mejía-Manzano LA, Vázquez-Villegas P, Prado-Cervantes LV, Franco-Gómez KX, Carbajal-Ocaña S, Sotelo-Cortés DL, Atehortúa-Benítez V, Delgado-Rodríguez M, Membrillo-Hernández J. Advances in Material Modification with Smart Functional Polymers for Combating Biofilms in Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3021. [PMID: 37514410 PMCID: PMC10383963 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms as living microorganism communities are found anywhere, and for the healthcare sector, these constitute a threat and allied mechanism for health-associated or nosocomial infections. This review states the basis of biofilms and their formation. It focuses on their relevance for the biomedical sector, generalities, and the major advances in modified or new synthesized materials to prevent or control biofilm formation in biomedicine. Biofilm is conceptualized as an aggregate of cells highly communicated in an extracellular matrix, which the formation obeys to molecular and genetic basis. The biofilm offers protection to microorganisms from unfavorable environmental conditions. The most frequent genera of microorganisms forming biofilms and reported in infections are Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia spp., and Candida spp. in implants, heart valves, catheters, medical devices, and prostheses. During the last decade, biofilms have been most commonly related to health-associated infections and deaths in Europe, the United States, and Mexico. Smart, functional polymers are materials capable of responding to diverse stimuli. These represent a strategy to fight against biofilms through the modification or synthesis of new materials. Polypropylene and poly-N-isopropyl acrylamide were used enough in the literature analysis performed. Even smart polymers serve as delivery systems for other substances, such as antibiotics, for biofilm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Mejía-Manzano
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico
- Institute for the Future of Education, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico
| | - Patricia Vázquez-Villegas
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico
- Institute for the Future of Education, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico
| | | | | | - Susana Carbajal-Ocaña
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Membrillo-Hernández
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico
- Institute for the Future of Education, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Mexico
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20
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Pechacek J, Lionakis MS. Host defense mechanisms against Candida auris. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:1087-1096. [PMID: 37753840 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2264500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Candida auris is a pathogen of growing public health concern given its rapid spread across the globe, its propensity for long-term skin colonization and healthcare-related outbreaks, its resistance to a variety of antifungal medications, and the high morbidity and mortality associated with invasive disease. Despite that, the host immune response mechanisms that operate during C. auris skin colonization and invasive infection remains poorly understood. AREAS COVERED In this manuscript, we review the available literature in the growing research field pertaining to C. auris host defenses and we discuss what is known about the ability of C. auris to thrive on mammalian skin, the role of lymphoid cell-mediated, IL-17-dependent defenses in controlling cutaneous colonization, and the contribution of myeloid phagocytes in curtailing systemic infection. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the mechanisms by which the host immune system responds to and controls colonization and infection with C. auris and developing a deeper knowledge of tissue-specific host-C. auris interactions and of C. auris immune-evading mechanisms may help devise improved strategies for decolonization, prognostication, prevention, vaccination, and/or directed antifungal treatment in vulnerable patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Pechacek
- From the Fungal Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- From the Fungal Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Abreu-Pereira CA, Gorayb-Pereira AL, Menezes Noveletto JV, Jordão CC, Pavarina AC. Zerumbone Disturbs the Extracellular Matrix of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans Biofilms. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050576. [PMID: 37233287 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of zerumbone (ZER) against fluconazole-resistant (CaR) and -susceptible Candida albicans (CaS) biofilms and verified the influence of ZER on extracellular matrix components. Initially, to determine the treatment conditions, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and the survival curve were evaluated. Biofilms were formed for 48 h and exposed to ZER at concentrations of 128 and 256 µg/mL for 5, 10 and 20 min (n = 12). One group of biofilms did not receive the treatment in order to monitor the effects. The biofilms were evaluated to determine the microbial population (CFU/mL), and the extracellular matrix components (water-soluble polysaccharides (WSP), alkali-soluble polysaccharides (ASPs), proteins and extracellular DNA (eDNA), as well as the biomass (total and insoluble) were quantified. The MIC value of ZER for CaS was 256 μg/mL, and for CaR, it was 64 μg/mL. The survival curve and the MFC value coincided for CaS (256 μg/mL) and CaR (128 μg/mL). ZER reduced the cellular viability by 38.51% for CaS and by 36.99% for CaR. ZER at 256 µg/mL also reduced the total biomass (57%), insoluble biomass (45%), WSP (65%), proteins (18%) and eDNA (78%) of CaS biofilms. In addition, a reduction in insoluble biomass (13%), proteins (18%), WSP (65%), ASP (10%) and eDNA (23%) was also observed in the CaR biofilms. ZER was effective against fluconazole-resistant and -susceptible C. albicans biofilms and disturbed the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Augusto Abreu-Pereira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-385, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Gorayb-Pereira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-385, Brazil
| | - João Vinícius Menezes Noveletto
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-385, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Carolina Jordão
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-385, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-385, Brazil
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22
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Oliveira BTM, Dourado TMH, Santos PWS, Bitencourt TA, Tirapelli CR, Colombo AL, Almeida F. Extracellular Vesicles from Candida haemulonii var. vulnera Modulate Macrophage Oxidative Burst. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050562. [PMID: 37233272 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Candida haemulonii species complex are multidrug-resistant emergent yeast pathogens able to cause superficial and invasive infections in risk populations. Fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a critical role in the pathogenicity and virulence of several species and may perform essential functions during infections, such as carrying virulence factors that behave in two-way communications with the host, affecting survival and fungal resistance. Our study aimed to describe EV production from Candida haemulonii var. vulnera and evaluate whether murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells respond to their stimuli by generating an oxidative response after 24 h. For this purpose, reactive oxygen species detection assays demonstrated that high concentrations of yeast and EVs (1010 particles/mL) of Candida haemulonii did not change macrophage viability. However, the macrophages recognized these EVs and triggered an oxidative response through the classical NOX-2 pathway, increasing O2•- and H2O2 levels. However, this stress did not cause lipid peroxidation in the RAW 264.7 cells and neither lead to the activation of the COX-2-PGE2 pathway. Thus, our data suggest that low concentrations of C. haemulonii EVs are not recognized by the classical pathway of the oxidative burst generated by macrophages, which might be an advantage allowing the transport of virulence factors via EVs, not identified by the host immune system that could work as fine tube regulators during infections caused by C. haemulonii. In contrast, C. haemulonii var. vulnera and high EV concentrations activated microbicidal actions in macrophages. Therefore, we propose that EVs could participate in the virulence of the species and that these particles could be a source of antigens to be exploited as new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca T M Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Thales M H Dourado
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrick W S Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Tamires A Bitencourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Tirapelli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo L Colombo
- Special Laboratory of Mycology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
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23
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Alves AMCV, Lopes BO, Leite ACRDM, Cruz GS, Brito ÉHSD, Lima LFD, Černáková L, Azevedo NF, Rodrigues CF. Characterization of Oral Candida spp. Biofilms in Children and Adults Carriers from Eastern Europe and South America. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050797. [PMID: 37237699 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans and non-Candida albicans Candida species (NCACs) are known to colonize and invade various tissues, including the oral mucosa. In this work, we aimed to characterize mature biofilms of several Candida spp. clinical isolates (n = 33) obtained from the oral mucosa of children, adults, and elders of Eastern Europe and South America. METHODS Each strain was evaluated for its capacity to form biofilms in terms of total biomass using the crystal violet assay and for matrix components production (proteins and carbohydrates) using the BCA and phenol-sulfuric tests, respectively. The effect of different antifungals on biofilm formation was studied. RESULTS in the children's group, a predominance of C. krusei (81%) was observed, while, among adults, the main species was C. albicans (59%). Most strains showed a reduced response to antimicrobial drugs when in biofilm form (p < 0.01). Moreover, it was observed that strains isolated from children produced more matrix, with higher levels of protein and polysaccharides. CONCLUSIONS children were more likely to be infected by NCACs than adults. More importantly, these NCACs were able to form biofilms richer in matrix components. This finding is of clinical importance, particularly in pediatric care, since stronger biofilms are highly associated with antimicrobial resistance, recurrent infections, and higher therapeutic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise Maria Costa Vasconcelos Alves
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Af-ro-Brazilian Lusophony, Av. da Abolição, 3-Centro, Redenção 62790-000, Ceará, Brazil
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Oliveira Lopes
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Af-ro-Brazilian Lusophony, Av. da Abolição, 3-Centro, Redenção 62790-000, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Rocha de Melo Leite
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Af-ro-Brazilian Lusophony, Av. da Abolição, 3-Centro, Redenção 62790-000, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Silva Cruz
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Af-ro-Brazilian Lusophony, Av. da Abolição, 3-Centro, Redenção 62790-000, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Érika Helena Salles de Brito
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Af-ro-Brazilian Lusophony, Av. da Abolição, 3-Centro, Redenção 62790-000, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Laritza Ferreira de Lima
- Laboratory of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles Manipulation-LAMOFOPA, Post-Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará-UECE, Av. Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza 60714-903, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lucia Černáková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenidus University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nuno Filipe Azevedo
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Fortuna Rodrigues
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário-CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
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24
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La Bella AA, Andersen MJ, Gervais NC, Molina JJ, Molesan A, Stuckey PV, Wensing L, Nobile CJ, Shapiro RS, Santiago-Tirado FH, Flores-Mireles AL. The catheterized bladder environment promotes Efg1- and Als1-dependent Candida albicans infection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7689. [PMID: 36867691 PMCID: PMC9984171 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) account for 40% of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). As 20 to 50% of hospitalized patients receive catheters, CAUTIs are one of the most common HAIs, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Candida albicans is the second most common CAUTI uropathogen, yet relative to its bacterial counterparts, little is known about how fungal CAUTIs are established. Here, we show that the catheterized bladder environment induces Efg1- and fibrinogen (Fg)-dependent biofilm formation that results in CAUTI. In addition, we identify the adhesin Als1 as the critical fungal factor for C. albicans Fg-urine biofilm formation. Furthermore, we show that in the catheterized bladder, a dynamic and open system, both filamentation and attachment are required, but each by themselves are not sufficient for infection. Our study unveils the mechanisms required for fungal CAUTI establishment, which may aid in the development of future therapies to prevent these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Ann La Bella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | | | - Nicholas C. Gervais
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Alex Molesan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Peter V. Stuckey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Lauren Wensing
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Clarissa J. Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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25
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Khari A, Biswas B, Gangwar G, Thakur A, Puria R. Candida auris biofilm: a review on model to mechanism conservation. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:295-308. [PMID: 36755419 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2179036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Candida auris is included in the fungal infection category 'critical' by WHO because of associated high drug tolerance and spread at an alarming rate which if remains untouched may result in serious outbreaks. Since its discovery in 2009, several assiduous efforts by mycologists across the world have deciphered its biology including growth physiology, drug tolerance, biofilm formation, etc. The differential response of various strains from different clades poses a hurdle in drawing a final conclusion. AREAS COVERED This review provides brief insights into the understanding of C. auris biofilm. It includes information on various models developed to understand the biofilms and conservation of different signaling pathways. Significant development has been made in the recent past with the generation of relevant in vivo and ex vivo models. The role of signaling pathways in the development of biofilm is largely unknown. EXPERT OPINION The selection of an appropriate model system is a must for the accuracy and reproducibility of results. The conservation of major signaling pathways in C. auris with respect to C. albicans and S. cerevisiae highlights that initial inputs acquired from orthologs will be valuable in getting insights into the mechanism of biofilm formation and associated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsha Khari
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India
| | | | | | - Anil Thakur
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Rekha Puria
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India
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26
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Kaur J, Nobile CJ. Antifungal drug-resistance mechanisms in Candida biofilms. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 71:102237. [PMID: 36436326 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by the Candida species of human fungal pathogens are a significant medical problem because they can disseminate to nearly every organ of the body. In addition, there are only a few classes of antifungal drugs available to treat patients with invasive fungal infections. Candida infections that are associated with biofilms can withstand much higher concentrations of antifungal drugs compared with infections caused by planktonic cells, thus making biofilm infections particularly challenging to treat. Candida albicans is among the most prevalent fungal species of the human microbiota, asymptomatically colonizing several niches of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, mouth, and skin. Immunocompromised health conditions, dysbiosis of the microbiota, or environmental changes, however, can lead to C. albicans overgrowth, causing infections that range from superficial mucosal infections to severe hematogenously disseminated infections. Here, we review the current knowledge of antifungal drug-resistance mechanisms occurring in Candida biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
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27
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Rodrigues DS, Cabral VPDF, Barbosa AD, Sá LGDAV, Moreira LEA, de Andrade Neto JB, da Silva CR, de Moraes MO, Silva J, Marinho ES, Dos Santos HS, da Costa ÉRM, Silveira MJCB, E Silva LH, Nobre Júnior HV. Sertraline has in vitro activity against both mature and forming biofilms of different Candida species. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 36762524 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. infections are a serious health problem, especially in patients with risk factors. The acquisition of resistance, often associated with biofilm production, makes treatment more difficult due to the reduced effectiveness of available antifungals. Drug repurposing is a good alternative for the treatment of infections by Candida spp. biofilms. The present study evaluated the in vitro antibiofilm activity of sertraline in reducing the cell viability of forming and matured biofilms, in addition to elucidating whether effective concentrations are safe. Sertraline reduced biofilm cell viability by more than 80 % for all Candida species tested, acting at low and safe concentrations, both on mature biofilm and in preventing its formation, even the one with highest virulence. Its preventive mechanism seemed to be related to binding with ALS3. These data indicate that sertraline is a promising drug with anticandidal biofilm potential in safe doses. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the antibiofilm mechanism and possible application of pharmaceutical forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sampaio Rodrigues
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Vitória Pessoa de Farias Cabral
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Amanda Dias Barbosa
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lívia Gurgel do Amaral Valente Sá
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lara Elloyse Almeida Moreira
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - João Batista de Andrade Neto
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Cecília Rocha da Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes
- Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jacilene Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Group of Theoretical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (GQTE), State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- Department of Chemistry, Group of Theoretical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (GQTE), State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Helcio Silva Dos Santos
- Science and Technology Centre, Course of Chemistry, State University Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Érica Rayanne Mota da Costa
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Holanda E Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vitoriano Nobre Júnior
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Biofilms in Chronic Wound Infections: Innovative Antimicrobial Approaches Using the In Vitro Lubbock Chronic Wound Biofilm Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021004. [PMID: 36674518 PMCID: PMC9862456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds have harmful effects on both patients and healthcare systems. Wound chronicity is attributed to an impaired healing process due to several host and local factors that affect healing pathways. The resulting ulcers contain a wide variety of microorganisms that are mostly resistant to antimicrobials and possess the ability to form mono/poly-microbial biofilms. The search for new, effective and safe compounds to handle chronic wounds has come a long way throughout the history of medicine, which has included several studies and trials of conventional treatments. Treatments focus on fighting the microbial colonization that develops in the wound by multidrug resistant pathogens. The development of molecular medicine, especially in antibacterial agents, needs an in vitro model similar to the in vivo chronic wound environment to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial agents. The Lubbock chronic wound biofilm (LCWB) model is an in vitro model developed to mimic the pathogen colonization and the biofilm formation of a real chronic wound, and it is suitable to screen the antibacterial activity of innovative compounds. In this review, we focused on the characteristics of chronic wound biofilms and the contribution of the LCWB model both to the study of wound poly-microbial biofilms and as a model for novel treatment strategies.
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Interkingdom assemblages in human saliva display group-level surface mobility and disease-promoting emergent functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209699119. [PMID: 36191236 PMCID: PMC9565521 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209699119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi and bacteria form multicellular biofilms causing many human infections. How such distinctive microbes act in concert spatiotemporally to coordinate disease-promoting functionality remains understudied. Using multiscale real-time microscopy and computational analysis, we investigate the dynamics of fungal and bacterial interactions in human saliva and their biofilm development on tooth surfaces. We discovered structured interkingdom assemblages displaying emergent functionalities to enhance collective surface colonization, survival, and growth. Further analyses revealed an unexpected group-level surface mobility with coordinated “leaping-like” and “walking-like” motions while continuously growing. These mobile groups of growing cells promote rapid spatial spreading of both species across surfaces, causing more extensive tooth decay. Our findings show multicellular interkingdom assemblages acting like supraorganisms with functionalities that cannot be achieved without coassembly. Fungi and bacteria often engage in complex interactions, such as the formation of multicellular biofilms within the human body. Knowledge about how interkingdom biofilms initiate and coalesce into higher-level communities and which functions the different species carry out during biofilm formation remain limited. We found native-state assemblages of Candida albicans (fungi) and Streptococcus mutans (bacteria) with highly structured arrangement in saliva from diseased patients with childhood tooth decay. Further analyses revealed that bacterial clusters are attached within a network of fungal yeasts, hyphae, and exopolysaccharides, which bind to surfaces as a preassembled cell group. The interkingdom assemblages exhibit emergent functions, including enhanced surface colonization and growth rate, stronger tolerance to antimicrobials, and improved shear resistance, compared to either species alone. Notably, we discovered that the interkingdom assemblages display a unique form of migratory spatial mobility that enables fast spreading of biofilms across surfaces and causes enhanced, more extensive tooth decay. Using mutants, selective inactivation of species, and selective matrix removal, we demonstrate that the enhanced stress resistance and surface mobility arise from the exopolymeric matrix and require the presence of both species in the assemblage. The mobility is directed by fungal filamentation as hyphae extend and contact the surface, lifting the assemblage with a “forward-leaping motion.” Bacterial cell clusters can “hitchhike” on this mobile unit while continuously growing, to spread across the surface three-dimensionally and merge with other assemblages, promoting community expansion. Together, our results reveal an interkingdom assemblage in human saliva that behaves like a supraorganism, with disease-causing emergent functionalities that cannot be achieved without coassembly.
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Pokhrel S, Boonmee N, Tulyaprawat O, Pharkjaksu S, Thaipisutikul I, Chairatana P, Ngamskulrungroj P, Mitrpant C. Assessment of Biofilm Formation by Candida albicans Strains Isolated from Hemocultures and Their Role in Pathogenesis in the Zebrafish Model. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101014. [PMID: 36294579 PMCID: PMC9605499 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogen, has the ability to form biofilms in the host or within medical devices in the body. Biofilms have been associated with disseminated/invasive disease with increased severity of infection by disrupting the host immune response and prolonging antifungal treatment. In this study, the in vivo virulence of three strains with different biofilm formation strengths, that is, non-, weak-, and strong biofilm formers, was evaluated using the zebrafish model. The survival assay and fungal tissue burden were measured. Biofilm-related gene expressions were also investigated. The survival of zebrafish, inoculated with strong biofilms forming C. albicans,, was significantly shorter than strains without biofilms forming C. albicans. However, there were no statistical differences in the burden of viable colonogenic cell number between the groups of the three strains tested. We observed that the stronger the biofilm formation, the higher up-regulation of biofilm-associated genes. The biofilm-forming strain (140 and 57), injected into zebrafish larvae, possessed a higher level of expression of genes associated with adhesion, attachment, filamentation, and cell proliferation, including eap1, als3, hwp1, bcr1, and mkc1 at 8 h. The results suggested that, despite the difference in genetic background, biofilm formation is an important virulence factor for the pathogenesis of C. albicans. However, the association between biofilm formation strength and in vivo virulence is controversial and needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabi Pokhrel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Nawarat Boonmee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Orawan Tulyaprawat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sujiraphong Pharkjaksu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Iyarit Thaipisutikul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Phoom Chairatana
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Popchai Ngamskulrungroj
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chalermchai Mitrpant
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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31
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Antimicrobial, Antivirulence, and Antiparasitic Potential of Capsicum chinense Jacq. Extracts and Their Isolated Compound Capsaicin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091154. [PMID: 36139934 PMCID: PMC9495104 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections increase morbimortality rates and hospital costs. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities of the crude extract from the seeds and peel of the pepper Capsicum chinense Jacq. and of the isolated compound capsaicin and to evaluate their ability to inhibit biofilm formation, eradicate biofilm, and reduce hemolysin production by Candida species. The crude ethanolic and hexane extracts were obtained by maceration at room temperature, and their chemical compositions were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The antimicrobial activity of the samples was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration. Inhibition of biofilm formation and biofilm eradication by the samples were evaluated based on biomass and cell viability. Reduction of Candida spp. hemolytic activity by the samples was determined on sheep blood agar plates. The antiparasitic action of the samples was evaluated by determining their ability to inhibit Toxoplasma gondii intracellular proliferation. LC–MS-ESI analyses helped to identify organic and phenolic acids, flavonoids, capsaicinoids, and fatty acids in the ethanolic extracts, as well as capsaicinoids and fatty acids in the hexane extracts. Antifungal action was more evident against C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. The samples inhibited biofilm formation and eradicated the biofilm formed by C. tropicalis more effectively. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of the samples significantly reduced the C. glabrata and C. tropicalis hemolytic activity. The samples only altered host cell viability when tested at higher concentrations; however, at non-toxic concentrations, they reduced T. gondii growth. In association with gold standard drugs used to treat toxoplasmosis, capsaicin improved their antiparasitic activity. These results are unprecedented and encouraging, indicating the Capsicum chinense Jacq. peel and seed extracts and capsaicin display antifungal and antiparasitic activities.
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32
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Song Y, Wang Z, Long Y, Mao Y, Jiang F, Lu Y. 2-Alkyl-anthraquinones inhibit Candida albicans biofilm via inhibiting the formation of matrix and hyphae. Res Microbiol 2022; 173:103955. [PMID: 35550403 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.103955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans can form biofilm on biotic and abiotic surfaces of medical implants to cause superficial and systemic infections under specific condition. The formation of hyphae and matrix of C. albicans are considered as probable virulence factors. We assessed the inhibitory activities of 26 anthraquinones against C. albicans biofilm formation, which were substituted by different functional groups including hydroxyl groups, amino groups, carboxyl groups, alkyl groups, and glycoside groups at C1- or C2-position. Among them, anthraquinones without substituents at other positions but only an alkyl group attached to C2-position, namely 2-alkyl-anthraquinones were determined to have significant anti-biofilm activities. Furthermore, 2-ethylanthraquinone can significantly affect genes related to extracellular matrix (PMT6 and IFD6), and hyphal formation (HWP1, ECE1 and EFG1), leading to the disrupted formation of biofilm, by detail transcriptomics analysis. We believed that 2-ethylanthraquinone could inspire more discoveries of anti-biofilm agents against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yijing Long
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Mechmechani S, Khelissa S, Gharsallaoui A, Omari KE, Hamze M, Chihib NE. Hurdle technology using encapsulated enzymes and essential oils to fight bacterial biofilms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2311-2335. [PMID: 35312826 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces has become a major public health concern because of the serious problems they can cause in various fields. Biofilm cells are extremely resistant to stressful conditions, because of their complex structure impedes antimicrobial penetration to deep-seated cells. The increased resistance of biofilm to currently applied control strategies underscores the urgent need for new alternative and/or supplemental eradication approaches. The combination of two or more methods, known as Hurdle technology, offers an excellent option for the highly effective control of biofilms. In this perspective, the use of functional enzymes combined with biosourced antimicrobial such as essential oil (EO) is a promising alternative anti-biofilm approach. However, these natural antibiofilm agents can be damaged by severe environmental conditions and lose their activity. The microencapsulation of enzymes and EOs is a promising new technology for enhancing their stability and improving their biological activity. This review article highlights the problems related to biofilm in various fields, and the use of encapsulated enzymes with essential oils as antibiofilm agents. KEY POINTS: • Problems associated with biofilms in the food and medical sectors and their subsequent risks on health and food quality. • Hurdle technology using enzymes and essential oils is a promising strategy for an efficient biofilms control. • The microencapsulation of enzymes and essential oils ensures their stability and improves their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mechmechani
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Lille, France.,Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Simon Khelissa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Lille, France
| | - Adem Gharsallaoui
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nour-Eddine Chihib
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Lille, France.
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Diniz-Neto H, Silva SL, Cordeiro LV, Silva DF, Oliveira RF, Athayde-Filho PF, Oliveira-Filho AA, Guerra FQS, Lima EO. Antifungal activity of 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide: a new molecule with fungicidal and antibiofilm activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 84:e255080. [PMID: 35262564 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.255080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current context of emerging drug-resistant fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis, discovery of new antifungal agents is an urgent matter. This research aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide against fluconazole-resistant clinical strains of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. The antifungal activity of 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide was evaluated in vitro by the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), inhibition of biofilm formation and its rupture, sorbitol and ergosterol assays, and association between this molecule and common antifungal drugs, amphotericin B and fluconazole. The test product inhibited all strains of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, with a MIC ranging from 128 to 256 µg.mL-1, and a MFC of 512-1,024 µg.mL-1. It also inhibited up to 92% of biofilm formation and rupture of up to 87% of preformed biofilm. 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide did not promote antifungal activity through binding to cellular membrane ergosterol nor it damages the fungal cell wall. Antagonism was observed when combining this substance with amphotericin B and fluconazole. The substance exhibited significant antifungal activity by inhibiting both planktonic cells and biofilm of fluconazole-resistant strains. Its combination with other antifungals should be avoided and its mechanism of action remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Diniz-Neto
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences - DCF, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - S L Silva
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences - DCF, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - L V Cordeiro
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences - DCF, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - D F Silva
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences - DCF, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - R F Oliveira
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Department of Chemistry - DQ, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - P F Athayde-Filho
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Department of Chemistry - DQ, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - A A Oliveira-Filho
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - UFCG, Rural Health and Technology Center - CTSR, Patos, PB, Brasil
| | - F Q S Guerra
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences - DCF, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - E O Lima
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences - DCF, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
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Silva SL, de Oliveira Pereira F, Cordeiro LV, Diniz Neto H, Dos Santos Maia M, da Silva Souza HD, de Athayde-Filho PF, Scotti MT, Scotti L, de Oliveira Lima E. Antifungal activity of 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide, docking and molecular dynamics studies against clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3601-3617. [PMID: 35179275 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated the antifungal, antibiofilm, and molecular docking of 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide against clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis. METHODS AND RESULTS MIC of the test drugs was determined by microdilution. A1Cl obtained MIC values ranging from 16 and 256 μg/mL. Fluconazole MIC ranging from 16 and 512 μg/mL. MIC of A1Cl showed fungicide activity, emphasizing the solid antifungal potential of this drug. An association study was performed with A1Cl and fluconazole (checkerboard), revealing indifference by decreasing. Thus, we conducted this study using A1Cl isolated. In the micromorphological assay, the test drugs reduced the production of virulence structures compared to the control (concentration-dependent effect). A1Cl inhibited in vitro biofilm formation at all concentrations tested (1/4MIC to 8xMIC) (p<0.05) and reduced mature biofilm biomass (p<0.05) against C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. In the ex vivo biofilm susceptibility testing (human nails fragments), A1Cl inhibited biofilm formation and reduced mature biofilm biomass (p<0.05) more than 50% at MIC. Fluconazole had a similar effect at 4xMIC. In silico studies suggest that the mechanism of antifungal activity of A1Cl involves the inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase rather than geranylgeranyltransferase-I. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that A1Cl is a promising antifungal agent. Furthermore, this activity is related to attenuation of expression of virulence factors and antibiofilm effects against C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our study provides the first evidence that A1Cl, a novel synthetic drug, has fungicidal effects against C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. Furthermore, in vitro and ex vivo biofilms assays have demonstrated the potential antibiofilm of A1Cl. The mechanism of action involves inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which was supported by in silico analyses. Therefore, this potential can be explored as a therapeutic alternative for onychomycosis and, at the same time, contribute to decreasing the resistance of clinical isolates of C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shellygton Lima Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fillipe de Oliveira Pereira
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Academic Unit of Health, Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Laisa Vilar Cordeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Hermes Diniz Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Mayara Dos Santos Maia
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Helivado Diogenes da Silva Souza
- Bioenergy and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Petrônio F de Athayde-Filho
- Bioenergy and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Edeltrudes de Oliveira Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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36
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Heredia MY, Andes D. Production and Isolation of the Candida Species Biofilm Extracellular Matrix. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2542:257-268. [PMID: 36008671 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2549-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic structure comprising of all four classes of macromolecules. In the biofilm setting, this matrix is key to the survival of microbial communities by conferring to biofilms both structural integrity and protection against diverse environmental insults. In Candida spp., this matrix contributes to pathogenesis by conferring to biofilms both drug resistance and protection against immune attack. Understanding the biochemical nature of the matrix and its individual components is critical to the development of novel diagnostics and antifungal strategies against persistent Candida biofilm infections. Therefore, efficient methods for ECM isolation are required. The two matrix isolation protocols described herein are adapted for both small- and large-scale isolation of biofilm matrix. Both procedures involve seeding of biofilms in either 6-well plates or large-surface-area roller bottles, followed by cell adhesion and biofilm maturation for 2 days with continuous motion. In both cases, the matrix is separated from the biomass via sonication, a step which gently and effectively removes the matrix without disturbing the fungal cell wall. The large-scale protocol includes additional filtration, lyophilization, and dialysis steps to yield purified matrix material sufficient for numerous biochemical, structural, and functional assays. Small-scale isolation yields enough matrix for gas chromatography (GC), total carbohydrate quantification via the phenol-sulfuric acid method, and total protein quantification via the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. Large-scale isolation yields enough matrix to perform NMR spectroscopy, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nucleic acid sequencing. These protocols have been adapted for use in Candida species but may be adapted for other biofilm-forming fungal species and bacteria.
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Senthilganesh J, Kuppusamy S, Durairajan R, Subramanian S, Veerappan A, Paramasivam N. Phytolectin nanoconjugates in combination with standard antifungals curb multi-species biofilms and virulence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) causing Candida albicans and Non albicans Candida. Med Mycol 2021; 60:6484805. [PMID: 34958385 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) is commonly occurring yeast infection caused by Candida species in women. Among Candida species, C. albicans is the predominant member that causes vaginal candidiasis followed by Candida glabrata. Biofilm formation by Candida albicans on the vaginal mucosal tissue leads to VVC infection and is one of the factors for a commensal organism to get into virulent form leading to disease. In addition to that, morphological switching from yeast to hyphal form increases the risk of pathogenesis as it aids in tissue invasion. In this study, jacalin, a phyto-lectin complexed Copper sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) have been explored to eradicate the mono and mixed species biofilms formed by fluconazole resistant C. albicans and C. glabrata isolated from VVC patients. NPs along with standard antifungals like micafungin and amphotericin B have been evaluated to explore interaction behaviour and we observed synergistic interactions between them. Microscopic techniques like light microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to visualize the inhibition of biofilm by NPs and in synergistic combinations with standard antifungals. Real time PCR analysis was carried out to study the expression pattern of the highly virulent genes which are responsible for yeast to hyphal switch, drug resistance and biofilm formation upon treatment with NPs in combination with standard antifungals. The current study shows that lectin conjugated NPs with standard antifungals might be a different means to disrupt the mixed species population of Candida spp. that causes VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasankari Senthilganesh
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shruthi Kuppusamy
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rubini Durairajan
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivabala Subramanian
- Chemical Biology laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anbazhagan Veerappan
- Chemical Biology laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nithyanand Paramasivam
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
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Tian Q, Yang Y, Li A, Chen Y, Li Y, Sun L, Shang L, Gao L, Zhang L. Ferrihydrite nanoparticles as the photosensitizer augment microbial infected wound healing with blue light. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19123-19132. [PMID: 34778894 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05364g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Visible blue light exerts microbicidal effects with reduced deleterious effects compared with UV light. However, the lack of specific photosensitizers restricts the use of blue light on wound tissues. Here, we report the use of biomimetic ferrihydrite nanoparticles (Fhn) as the sensitizer to augment not only the antimicrobial but also the healing effects of blue light on S. aureus-infected wound tissue. Based on the excellent photo-Fenton active Fhn under blue light illumination (450 nm, 35 630 lux), the Fhn-sensitized blue-light therapy completely cured acute wound within 7 days in sessions of one hour per day and diminished bacterial and fungal colony-forming units more than 5 log (99.999%) and 2 log (99%) in vitro. Mechanistic studies revealed that hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) generated by the combined therapy could effectively damage the microbe genome and membranes without significant damage to wound tissues. Interestingly, these two naturally occurring nonantibiotic modalities (Fhn with blue light) significantly stimulate the angiogenesis and decrease the inflammatory response on the wound site, which accelerates the wound healing synergically. The results demonstrated the use of biomimetic Fhn as the general photosensitizer for enhanced antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects of blue light-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China.
| | - Yingchun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China.
| | - Aipeng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China.
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China.
| | - Yixiao Li
- Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Leming Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China.
| | - Li Shang
- Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Lizeng Gao
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, China.
| | - Lianbing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China.
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Aguiar PADF, Menezes RP, Penatti MPA, Moreira TA, Pimenta JP, Silva NBS, Röder DVDB. Rapid detection of biofilm-producing Candida species via MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2049-2060. [PMID: 33694241 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the formation of biofilm by Candida spp. isolated from the bloodstream, using traditional spectrophotometric methodologies. In addition, the goal was to compare the results with those obtained through MALDI-TOF/MS, as well as to verify its use as a potential tool for the detection of biofilm-forming strains. METHODS AND RESULTS Hundred and thirteen isolates of Candida spp. were studied: 41 were Candida albicans, 27 C. tropicalis, 18 C. glabrata, 17 C. parapsilosis and 10 C. krusei. Metabolic activity was determined through the tetrazolium salt (XTT) reduction assay and biomass by staining with Crystal Violet. All isolates were able to form biofilm, 94% of which were strong producers, with high biomass quantification (95%; 107/113) and high metabolic activity (99%; 112/113). Mass spectra of the biofilm-producing isolates showed differences in the intensity of mass peaks when compared with the spectra of the nonproducing strains. CONCLUSIONS It was demonstrated that MALDI-TOF/MS was able to detect specific biofilm proteins, as the mass spectra of the isolates presented differences when compared with nonproducing strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY MALDI-TOF/MS can become a valuable tool for biofilm detection at the moment of the identification of the microorganism, thus contributing greatly to the management of patients with Candidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A D F Aguiar
- Faculty of Medicine of the Federal University of Uberlândia (FAMED-UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - R P Menezes
- Technical Health School of the Federal University of Uberlândia (ESTES-UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - M P A Penatti
- Technical Health School of the Federal University of Uberlândia (ESTES-UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - T A Moreira
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Clinical Hospital of Uberlândia (HCU-UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - J P Pimenta
- Check-Up Medicina Laboratorial (Uberlândia), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - N B S Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia (ICBIM-UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - D V D B Röder
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia (ICBIM-UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
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40
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Hassan Y, Chew SY, Than LTL. Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080667. [PMID: 34436206 PMCID: PMC8398317 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a yeast of increasing medical relevance, particularly in critically ill patients. It is the second most isolated Candida species associated with invasive candidiasis (IC) behind C. albicans. The attributed higher incidence is primarily due to an increase in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) population, cancer, and diabetic patients. The elderly population and the frequent use of indwelling medical devices are also predisposing factors. This work aimed to review various virulence factors that facilitate the survival of pathogenic C. glabrata in IC. The available published research articles related to the pathogenicity of C. glabrata were retrieved and reviewed from four credible databases, mainly Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus. The articles highlighted many virulence factors associated with pathogenicity in C. glabrata, including adherence to susceptible host surfaces, evading host defences, replicative ageing, and producing hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., phospholipases, proteases, and haemolysins). The factors facilitate infection initiation. Other virulent factors include iron regulation and genetic mutations. Accordingly, biofilm production, tolerance to high-stress environments, resistance to neutrophil killings, and development of resistance to antifungal drugs, notably to fluconazole and other azole derivatives, were reported. The review provided evident pathogenic mechanisms and antifungal resistance associated with C. glabrata in ensuring its sustenance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahaya Hassan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano 700241, Nigeria;
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Shu Yih Chew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-39769-2373
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41
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da Rocha LF, Pippi B, Joaquim AR, de Andrade SF, Fuentefria AM. 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-(N-4-chlorophenyl) sulfonamide and fluconazole combination as a preventive strategy for Candida biofilm in haemodialysis devices. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34259620 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The presence of Candida biofilms in medical devices is a concerning and important clinical issue for haemodialysis patients who require constant use of prosthetic fistulae and catheters.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. This prolonged use increases the risk of candidaemia due to biofilm formation. PH151 and clioquinol are 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives that have been studied by our group and showed interesting anti-Candida activity.Aim. This study evaluated the biofilm formation capacity of Candida species on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyurethane (PUR) and investigated the synergistic effects between the compounds PH151 and clioquinol and fluconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin against biofilm cells removed from those materials. Further, the synergistic combination was evaluated in terms of preventing biofilm formation on PTFE and PUR discs.Methodology. Susceptibility testing was performed for planktonic and biofilm cells using the broth microdilution method. The checkerboard method and the time-kill assay were used to evaluate the interactions between antifungal agents. Antibiofilm activity on PTFE and PUR materials was assessed to quantify the prevention of biofilm formation.Results. Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis showed ability to form biofilms on both materials. By contrast, Candida parapsilosis did not demonstrate this ability. Synergistic interaction was observed when PH151 was combined with fluconazole in 77.8 % of isolates and this treatment was shown to be concentration- and time-dependent. On the other hand, indifferent interactions were predominantly observed with the other combinations. A reduction in biofilm formation on PUR material of more than 50 % was observed when using PH151 combined with fluconazole.Conclusion. PH151 demonstrated potential as a local treatment for use in a combination therapy approach against Candida biofilm formation on haemodialysis devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Fernandes da Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Pippi
- Laboratório de Micologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Angélica Rocha Joaquim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Saulo Fernandes de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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42
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Herbal Products and Their Active Constituents Used Alone and in Combination with Antifungal Drugs against Drug-Resistant Candida sp. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060655. [PMID: 34072664 PMCID: PMC8229001 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical isolates of Candida yeast are the most common cause of opportunistic fungal infections resistant to certain antifungal drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to detect more effective antifungal agents that would be successful in overcoming such infections. Among them are some herbal products and their active constituents.The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge onherbal products and their active constituents havingantifungal activity against drug-resistant Candida sp. used alone and in combination with antifungal drugs.The possible mechanisms of their action on drug-resistant Candida sp. including (1) inhibition of budding yeast transformation into hyphae; (2) inhibition of biofilm formation; (3) inhibition of cell wall or cytoplasmic membrane biosynthesis; (4) ROS production; and (5) over-expression of membrane transporters will be also described.
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Pinheiro MJF, Costa JP, Marques F, Mira NP, Carvalho MFNN, Alves MM. Bioactive Coatings with Ag-Camphorimine Complexes to Prevent Surface Colonization by the Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060638. [PMID: 34073375 PMCID: PMC8227220 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently there is a gap between the rate of new antifungal development and the emergence of resistance among Candida clinical strains, particularly threatened by the extreme adhesiveness of C. albicans to indwelling medical devices. Two silver camphorimine complexes, [Ag(OH){OC10H14N(C6H4)2NC10H14O}] (compound P) and [{Ag(OC10H14NC6H4CH3-p)}2(μ-O)] (compound Q), are herein demonstrated as having high inhibiting activity towards the growth of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata clinical strains resistant to azoles, the frontline antifungals used in clinical practice. Compounds P and Q were also explored as bioactive coatings to prevent colonization by C. albicans and colonize the surface of indwelling medical devices, resulting in persistent infections. Functionalization of stainless steel with polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix embedded with compounds P or Q was reported for the first time to inhibit the colonization of C. albicans by 82% and 75%, respectively. The coating of PCL loaded with Q or P did not cause cytotoxic effects in mammalian cells, demonstrating the biocompatibility of the explored approach. The identification and further exploration of new approaches for surface engineering based on new molecules that can sensitize resistant strains, as herein demonstrated for complexes P and Q, is a significant step forward to improve the successful treatment of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Joana F. Pinheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto de Bioengenharia e Biociências (iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Joana P. Costa
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (CTN), Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal;
| | - Nuno P. Mira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto de Bioengenharia e Biociências (iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (N.P.M.); (M.F.N.N.C.); (M.M.A.)
| | - M. Fernanda N. N. Carvalho
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (N.P.M.); (M.F.N.N.C.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Marta M. Alves
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (N.P.M.); (M.F.N.N.C.); (M.M.A.)
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Demin KA, Refeld AG, Bogdanova AA, Prazdnova EV, Popov IV, Kutsevalova OY, Ermakov AM, Bren AB, Rudoy DV, Chistyakov VA, Weeks R, Chikindas ML. Mechanisms of Candida Resistance to Antimycotics and Promising Ways to Overcome It: The Role of Probiotics. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:926-948. [PMID: 33738706 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic Candida and infections caused by those species are now considered as a serious threat to public health. The treatment of candidiasis is significantly complicated by the increasing resistance of pathogenic strains to current treatments and the stagnant development of new antimycotic drugs. Many species, such as Candida auris, have a wide range of resistance mechanisms. Among the currently used synthetic and semi-synthetic antifungal drugs, the most effective are azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, nucleotide analogs, and their combinations. However, the use of probiotic microorganisms and/or the compounds they produce is quite promising, although underestimated by modern pharmacology, to control the spread of pathogenic Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A Demin
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Aleksandr G Refeld
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anna A Bogdanova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Evgenya V Prazdnova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Igor V Popov
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | - Alexey M Ermakov
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anzhelica B Bren
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.,Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Rudoy
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Chistyakov
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Richard Weeks
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael L Chikindas
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia. .,Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. .,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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45
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Rather MA, Gupta K, Bardhan P, Borah M, Sarkar A, Eldiehy KSH, Bhuyan S, Mandal M. Microbial biofilm: A matter of grave concern for human health and food industry. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:380-395. [PMID: 33615511 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms have adapted different strategies during the course of time to invade host defense mechanisms and overcome the effect of potent antibiotics. The formation of biofilm on both biotic and abiotic surfaces by microorganisms is one such strategy to resist and survive even in presence of antibiotics and other adverse environmental conditions. Biofilm is a safe home of microorganisms embedded within self-produced extracellular polymeric substances comprising of polysaccharides, extracellular proteins, nucleic acid, and water. It is because of this adaptation strategy that pathogenic microorganisms are taking a heavy toll on the health and life of organisms. In this review, we discuss the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms on tissues and medically implanted devices in human beings. We also focus on food spoilage, disease outbreaks, biofilm-associated deaths, burden on economy, and other major concerns of biofilm-forming pathogenic microorganisms in food industries like dairy, poultry, ready-to-eat food, meat, and aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil A Rather
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Kuldeep Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Pritam Bardhan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Munmi Borah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Anupama Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Khalifa S H Eldiehy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Shuvam Bhuyan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Manabendra Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
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46
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Moghaddam-Taaheri P, Leissa JA, Eppler HB, Jewell CM, Karlsson AJ. Histatin 5 variant reduces Candida albicans biofilm viability and inhibits biofilm formation. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 149:103529. [PMID: 33596477 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal organism and opportunistic pathogen that can form biofilms that colonize surfaces of medical devices, such as implants, catheters, and dentures. Compared to planktonic C. albicans cells, cells in biofilms exhibit increased resistance to treatment. Histatin 5 (Hst-5) is an antimicrobial peptide that is natively secreted by human salivary glands and has strong antifungal activity against C. albicans. However, C. albicans produces secreted aspartic proteases (Saps) that can cleave and inactivate Hst-5, limiting its antifungal properties. We previously showed that residue substitutions K11R and K17R within Hst-5 improve its antifungal activity and prevent proteolytic degradation by Saps when treating planktonic C. albicans. Here, we investigated the use of the K11R-K17R peptide as an alternative therapeutic against C. albicans biofilms by assessing its ability to reduce viability of pre-formed biofilms and to inhibit the formation of biofilms and showed that K11R-K17R had improved activity compared to Hst-5. Based on these results, we incorporated K11R-K17R and Hst-5 into polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) surface coatings and demonstrated that films functionalized with K11R-K17R reduced the formation of C. albicans biofilms. Our results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of the K11R-K17R Hst-5 variant in preventing and treating biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse A Leissa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Haleigh B Eppler
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy J Karlsson
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Ponde NO, Lortal L, Ramage G, Naglik JR, Richardson JP. Candida albicans biofilms and polymicrobial interactions. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:91-111. [PMID: 33482069 PMCID: PMC7903066 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1843400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common fungus of the human microbiota. While generally a harmless commensal in healthy individuals, several factors can lead to its overgrowth and cause a range of complications within the host, from localized superficial infections to systemic life-threatening disseminated candidiasis. A major virulence factor of C. albicans is its ability to form biofilms, a closely packed community of cells that can grow on both abiotic and biotic substrates, including implanted medical devices and mucosal surfaces. These biofilms are extremely hard to eradicate, are resistant to conventional antifungal treatment and are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, making biofilm-associated infections a major clinical challenge. Here, we review the current knowledge of the processes involved in C. albicans biofilm formation and development, including the central processes of adhesion, extracellular matrix production and the transcriptional network that regulates biofilm development. We also consider the advantages of the biofilm lifestyle and explore polymicrobial interactions within multispecies biofilms that are formed by C. albicans and selected microbial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole O. Ponde
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Léa Lortal
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Ramage
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, Glasgow Dental School and Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, G2 3JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Julian R. Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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48
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Asfare S, Eldabagh R, Siddiqui K, Patel B, Kaba D, Mullane J, Siddiqui U, Arnone JT. Systematic Analysis of Functionally Related Gene Clusters in the Opportunistic Pathogen, Candida albicans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020276. [PMID: 33525750 PMCID: PMC7911571 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper balance of gene expression is essential for cellular health, organismal development, and maintaining homeostasis. In response to complex internal and external signals, the cell needs to modulate gene expression to maintain proteostasis and establish cellular identity within its niche. On a genome level, single-celled prokaryotic microbes display clustering of co-expressed genes that are regulated as a polycistronic RNA. This phenomenon is largely absent from eukaryotic microbes, although there is extensive clustering of co-expressed genes as functional pairs spread throughout the genome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. While initial analysis demonstrated conservation of clustering in divergent fungal lineages, a comprehensive analysis has yet to be performed. Here we report on the prevalence, conservation, and significance of the functional clustering of co-regulated genes within the opportunistic human pathogen, Candida albicans. Our analysis reveals that there is extensive clustering within this organism-although the identity of the gene pairs is unique compared with those found in S. cerevisiae-indicating that this genomic arrangement evolved after these microbes diverged evolutionarily, rather than being the result of an ancestral arrangement. We report a clustered arrangement in gene families that participate in diverse molecular functions and are not the result of a divergent orientation with a shared promoter. This arrangement coordinates the transcription of the clustered genes to their neighboring genes, with the clusters congregating to genomic loci that are conducive to transcriptional regulation at a distance.
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Talapko J, Juzbašić M, Matijević T, Pustijanac E, Bekić S, Kotris I, Škrlec I. Candida albicans-The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:79. [PMID: 33499276 PMCID: PMC7912069 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common commensal fungus that colonizes the oropharyngeal cavity, gastrointestinal and vaginal tract, and healthy individuals' skin. In 50% of the population, C. albicans is part of the normal flora of the microbiota. The various clinical manifestations of Candida species range from localized, superficial mucocutaneous disorders to invasive diseases that involve multiple organ systems and are life-threatening. From systemic and local to hereditary and environmental, diverse factors lead to disturbances in Candida's normal homeostasis, resulting in a transition from normal flora to pathogenic and opportunistic infections. The transition in the pathophysiology of the onset and progression of infection is also influenced by Candida's virulence traits that lead to the development of candidiasis. Oral candidiasis has a wide range of clinical manifestations, divided into primary and secondary candidiasis. The main supply of C. albicans in the body is located in the gastrointestinal tract, and the development of infections occurs due to dysbiosis of the residential microbiota, immune dysfunction, and damage to the muco-intestinal barrier. The presence of C. albicans in the blood is associated with candidemia-invasive Candida infections. The commensal relationship exists as long as there is a balance between the host immune system and the virulence factors of C. albicans. This paper presents the virulence traits of Candida albicans and clinical manifestations of specific candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Talapko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (M.J.)
| | - Martina Juzbašić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (M.J.)
| | - Tatjana Matijević
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Emina Pustijanac
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, HR-52100 Pula, Croatia;
| | - Sanja Bekić
- Family Medicine Practice, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivan Kotris
- Department of Internal Medicine, General County Hospital Vukovar, HR-3200 Vukovar, Croatia;
| | - Ivana Škrlec
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (M.J.)
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Valand N, Girija UV. Candida Pathogenicity and Interplay with the Immune System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:241-272. [PMID: 34661898 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida species are opportunistic fungal pathogens that are part of the normal skin and mucosal microflora. Overgrowth of Candida can cause infections such as thrush or life-threatening invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. Though Candida albicans is highly prevalent, several non-albicans species are also isolated from nosocomial infections. Candida sp. are over presented in the gut of people with Crohn's disease and certain types of neurological disorders, with hyphal form and biofilms being the most virulent states. In addition, Candida uses several secreted and cell surface molecules such as pH related antigen 1, High affinity glucose transporter, Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 and lipases to establish pathogenicity. A strong innate immune response is elicited against Candida via dendritic cells, neutrophils and macrophages. All three complement pathways are also activated. Production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-12 signal differentiation of CD4+ cells into Th1 and Th2 cells, whereas IL-6, IL-17 and IL-23 induce Th17 cells. Importance of T-lymphocytes is reflected in depleted T-cell count patients being more prone to Candidiasis. Anti- Candida antibodies also play a role against candidiasis using various mechanisms such as targeting virulent enzymes and exhibiting direct candidacidal activity. However, the significance of antibody response during infection remains controversial. Furthermore, some of the Candida strains have evolved molecular strategies to evade the sophisticated host attack by proteolysis of components of immune system and interfering with immune signalling pathways. Emergence of several non-albicans species that are resistant to current antifungal agents makes treatment more difficult. Therefore, deeper insight into interactions between Candida and the host immune system is required for discovery of novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Valand
- Leicester School of Allied Health and Life sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Umakhanth Venkatraman Girija
- Leicester School of Allied Health and Life sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
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