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Thompson GR, Chen SCA, Alfouzan WA, Izumikawa K, Colombo AL, Maertens J. A global perspective of the changing epidemiology of invasive fungal disease and real-world experience with the use of isavuconazole. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae083. [PMID: 39138063 PMCID: PMC11382804 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Global epidemiological data show that the incidence of invasive fungal disease (IFD) has increased in recent decades, with the rising frequency of infections caused by Aspergillus and Mucorales order species. The number and variety of patients at risk of IFD has also expanded, owing in part to advances in the treatment of hematologic malignancies and other serious diseases, including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) and other therapies causing immune suppression. Isavuconazonium sulfate (active moiety: isavuconazole) is an advanced-generation triazole antifungal approved for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis that has demonstrated activity against a variety of yeasts, moulds, and dimorphic fungi. While real-world clinical experience with isavuconazole is sparse in some geographic regions, it has been shown to be effective and well tolerated in diverse patient populations, including those with multiple comorbidities who may have failed to respond to prior triazole antifungal therapy. Isavuconazole may be suitable for patients with IFD receiving concurrent QTc-prolonging therapy, as well as those on venetoclax or ruxolitinib. Data from clinical trials are not available to support the use of isavuconazole prophylactically for the prevention of IFD or for the treatment of endemic IFD, such as those caused by Histoplasma spp., but real-world evidence from case studies suggests that it has clinical utility in these settings. Isavuconazole is an option for patients at risk of IFD, particularly when the use of alternative antifungal therapies is not possible because of toxicities, pharmacokinetics, or drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Thompson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sharon C-A Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, New South Wales Health Pathology, and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wadha Ahmed Alfouzan
- Department of Laboratories, Farwaniya Hospital, Farwaniya, Kuwait
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Arnaldo L Colombo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Antimicrobial Resistance Institute of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven and Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Banik SK, Sami CA, Khan MMR, Arafat SM, Khan AH. Disseminated histoplasmosis: Long journey of a febrile young man. Med Mycol Case Rep 2024; 45:100658. [PMID: 39076506 PMCID: PMC11284678 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2024.100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
A 19-year-old non-diabetic, non-HIV male presented with eighteen months of fever, weight loss, skin rash and lymphadenopathy. He was treated with anti-tubercular medication for more than twelve months in multiple institutions based on repeated biopsy reports of lymph nodes showing granuloma suggestive of tuberculosis. Before he was diagnosed at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) with disseminated histoplasmosis at eighteen months of his disease, he already lost twenty kg weight, developed multiple small joint pain, back pain, and cough along with previously mentioned symptoms. Extensive investigations at BSMMU revealed biopsy material from multiple sites showed noncaseating granulomas with Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain positive for budding oval yeast cells, and fungal culture revealed growth of dimorphic fungus suggestive of Histoplasma after three weeks. After treatment with intravenous liposomal amphotericin B with continuous itraconazole, the patient's fever completely subsided, his well-being improved, joint pain reduced, started to gain weight, and skin lesions started to heal. This case serves as a significant reminder that it is imperative to consider alternative diagnoses in patients who fail to show improvement with conventional antitubercular treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Kumar Banik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka; Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Mizanur Rahman Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka; Bangladesh
| | - Shohael Mahmud Arafat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka; Bangladesh
| | - Abed Hussain Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka; Bangladesh
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3
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Andreani M, Frola CE, Cáceres DH, Bozzano C, Diaz L, Cattani ME, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Rolón MJ, Guelfand L. Rapid CD4 cell count determination and Cryptococcus and Histoplasma antigen detection in people living with HIV: Implementation of a package of care strategy in a pilot study, Argentina. IJID REGIONS 2024; 12:100403. [PMID: 39188885 PMCID: PMC11345679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Despite advancements in HIV diagnosis and treatment, advanced HIV disease (AHD) is still a significant concern worldwide, especially in countries with a high percentage of undiagnosed cases and late-stage diagnoses. Methods A prospective pilot study was conducted in Buenos Aires, Argentina to assess the feasibility of implementing a package for people living with HIV, integrating a point-of-care clusters of differentiation (CD4) test, followed by rapid Cryptococcus and Histoplasma antigen (Ag) detection. Results A total of 105 people living with HIV were enrolled, during June 2021 to October 2021. The VISITECT CD4 Advanced Disease Lateral Flow Assay (CD4-LFA) (Accubio) classified 98 (93%) patients with AHD. Compared with flow cytometry, the CD4-LFA performed with a high sensitivity (100%) but low specificity (19%) and limited accuracy (47%). In the 98 patients classified with AHD using the CD4-LFA, 16 tested positive for any of the rapid Ag used, including 12 patients positive for the Histoplasma Ag test and four positive for Cryptococcus Ag; all four patients with positive Cryptococcus Ag in sera and were diagnosed with meningitis. In the 30-day follow-up, one death was recorded. Conclusions The CD4-LFA correctly classified all patients with CD4 ≤200 cells/µL by flow cytometry, but a high frequency of patients misclassified with AHD was recorded. We also observed a high prevalence of opportunistic fungal infections, as previously observed in the hospital where this pilot study was conducted; however, in contrast with those previous reports, mortality was lower. The study underscores the importance of scaling up comprehensive care strategies and collaborating with governmental and non-governmental partners to enhance access to essential diagnostic tools and treatments for people living with HIV. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Andreani
- División Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Sección Microbiología, Hospital General de Agudos “Dr. Juan A. Fernández”, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia E. Frola
- División Infectología, Hospital General de Agudos “Dr. Juan A. Fernández”, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego H. Cáceres
- Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Studies in Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, 111221, Colombia
- IMMY, Norman, Oklahoma, 73069, USA
| | - Claudia Bozzano
- División Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Sección Microbiología, Hospital General de Agudos “Dr. Juan A. Fernández”, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Diaz
- División Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Sección Microbiología, Hospital General de Agudos “Dr. Juan A. Fernández”, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria E. Cattani
- División Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Sección Microbiología, Hospital General de Agudos “Dr. Juan A. Fernández”, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Maria J. Rolón
- División Infectología, Hospital General de Agudos “Dr. Juan A. Fernández”, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Guelfand
- División Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Sección Microbiología, Hospital General de Agudos “Dr. Juan A. Fernández”, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Aissaoui H, Bourne-Watrin M, Lemarie B, Guillot G, Aboikoni A, Chhorn P, Gaudard D, Hadj-Amara G, Manasse R, Ouedraogo M, Salloum C, Demar M, Epelboin L, Kallel H, Adenis A, Nacher M, Drak Alsibai K, Louvel D. Histoplasmosis in Non-HIV Infected Patients: Another Neglected Infection in French Guiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:400. [PMID: 38921386 PMCID: PMC11205039 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Only a few studies on histoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients have been reported in French Guiana. Therefore, we conducted a detailed clinical description of hospitalized patients suffering with histoplasmosis among non-HIV patients. (2) Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective study conducted at Cayenne Hospital Center between 2008 and 2022. (3) Results: Our cohort was composed of 31 (91%) adults (>18 years of age) and 3 (9%) children, with a sex ratio, M:F, of 1:2. The median age was higher among the women than among the men (70 versus 54 years). The collection of respiratory samples constituted the majority of the performed examinations (38%). Fever (>37 °C) was found in 56% of patients. Surprisingly, the histoplasmosis was disseminated in 82% of patients with an overall case fatality rate of 14.7%. However, immunosuppressive conditions were found in 52% (16/31) of the adult patients, including lymphoid hemopathies, diabetes and immunosuppressive drugs. Conclusions: This disease, though rare and usually considered a mostly benign disease in non-HIV patients, presented a relatively high mortality rate in our cohort. Thus, histoplasmosis should be suspected, screened and investigated as a first line of defense in highly endemic areas, even in immunocompetent and non-HIV patients, especially those with fever or chronic respiratory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houari Aissaoui
- Department of Medicine, Pneumology and Gastroenterology Units, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (H.A.); (G.G.); (A.A.); (D.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Morgane Bourne-Watrin
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (UMIT), Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (M.B.-W.); (L.E.)
| | - Benoit Lemarie
- Pneumology Department, Cochin University Hospital AP-HP, F-75014 Paris, France;
| | - Genevieve Guillot
- Department of Medicine, Pneumology and Gastroenterology Units, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (H.A.); (G.G.); (A.A.); (D.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Alolia Aboikoni
- Department of Medicine, Pneumology and Gastroenterology Units, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (H.A.); (G.G.); (A.A.); (D.G.); (D.L.)
| | | | - Dana Gaudard
- Department of Medicine, Pneumology and Gastroenterology Units, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (H.A.); (G.G.); (A.A.); (D.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Ghazi Hadj-Amara
- Department of Pathology, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (G.H.-A.); (R.M.)
| | - Ricardo Manasse
- Department of Pathology, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (G.H.-A.); (R.M.)
| | - Mahamado Ouedraogo
- Laboratory of Mycology, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (M.O.); (M.D.)
| | - Charles Salloum
- Department of Orthopidic Surgery and Neurosurgery, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana;
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratory of Mycology, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (M.O.); (M.D.)
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (UMIT), Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (M.B.-W.); (L.E.)
| | - Hatem Kallel
- Intensif Care Unit, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana;
| | - Antoine Adenis
- Amazin PopHealth, Departement of Research and Innovation in Public Health (DRISP), Clinical Investigation Center (CIC Inserm 1424), Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (A.A.); (M.N.)
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Amazin PopHealth, Departement of Research and Innovation in Public Health (DRISP), Clinical Investigation Center (CIC Inserm 1424), Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (A.A.); (M.N.)
| | - Kinan Drak Alsibai
- Department of Pathology, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (G.H.-A.); (R.M.)
- Amazin PopHealth, Departement of Research and Innovation in Public Health (DRISP), Clinical Investigation Center (CIC Inserm 1424), Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (A.A.); (M.N.)
- Center of Biological Resources (CRB Amazonie), Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97306, French Guiana
| | - Dominique Louvel
- Department of Medicine, Pneumology and Gastroenterology Units, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (H.A.); (G.G.); (A.A.); (D.G.); (D.L.)
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Tello-Mercado AC, Martínez-Guerra BA, Román-Montes CM, Seoane-Hernandez L, Rangel-Cordero A, Martínez-Gamboa RA, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Ponce-de-León A, González Lara MF, Niembro-Ortega MD. Histoplasmosis Beyond Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in a Non-HIV Population. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae079. [PMID: 38887483 PMCID: PMC11181178 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is an endemic and invasive mycosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. We conducted a retrospective study comparing immunosuppressed patients without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with a historical cohort of people with HIV and histoplasmosis. We included 199 patients with proven or probable histoplasmosis, of which 25.1% were people without HIV. Diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, hematologic neoplasms, rheumatologic diseases, and transplantations were more frequent among people without HIV (P < .01). Forty-four percent of immunocompromised patients without HIV died within the first 6-week period following their diagnosis. A high suspicion index for histoplasmosis should be kept in immunosuppressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Tello-Mercado
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bernardo A Martínez-Guerra
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carla M Román-Montes
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lisset Seoane-Hernandez
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea Rangel-Cordero
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa A Martínez-Gamboa
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Sifuentes-Osornio
- General Direction, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ponce-de-León
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María F González Lara
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María D Niembro-Ortega
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Palmeiro AG, Peres S, Mansinho K, Sabino R, Veríssimo C, Toscano C, Viana I. Asymptomatic Leg Ulcer in a HIV-2+ Veteran: Answer. Am J Dermatopathol 2024; 46:62-63. [PMID: 38086088 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Peres
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kamal Mansinho
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Sabino
- Mycology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal; and
| | - Cristina Veríssimo
- Mycology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal; and
| | - Cristina Toscano
- Molecular Biology and Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Viana
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
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Puerta-Arias JD, Isaza Agudelo JP, Naranjo Preciado TW. Identification and production of novel potential pathogen-specific biomarkers for diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0093923. [PMID: 37882565 PMCID: PMC10714873 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00939-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Histoplasmosis is considered one of the most important mycoses due to the increasing number of individuals susceptible to develop severe clinical forms, particularly those with HIV/AIDS or receiving immunosuppressive biological therapies, the high mortality rates reported when antifungal treatment is not initiated in a timely manner, and the limitations of conventional diagnostic methods. In this context, there is a clear need to improve the capacity of diagnostic tools to specifically detect the fungal pathogen, regardless of the patient's clinical condition or the presence of other co-infections. The proposed novel pathogen-specific biomarkers have the potential to be used in immunodiagnostic platforms and antifungal treatment monitoring in histoplasmosis. In addition, the bioinformatics strategy used in this study could be applied to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers in other models of fungal infection of public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Puerta-Arias
- Medical and Experimental Mycology Group, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-UdeA-UPB-UDES), Medellín, Colombia
- School of Health Sciences, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
- Universidad de Santander (UDES), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | | | - Tonny Williams Naranjo Preciado
- Medical and Experimental Mycology Group, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-UdeA-UPB-UDES), Medellín, Colombia
- School of Health Sciences, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
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8
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Cosio T, Gaziano R, Fontana C, Pistoia ES, Petruccelli R, Favaro M, Pica F, Minelli S, Bossa MC, Altieri A, Ombres D, Zarabian N, D’Agostini C. Closing the Gap in Proteomic Identification of Histoplasma capsulatum: A Case Report and Review of Literature. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1019. [PMID: 37888274 PMCID: PMC10607645 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a globally distributed systemic infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum (H. capsulatum). This fungus can cause a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, and the diagnosis of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis is often a challenge for clinicians. Although microscopy and culture remain the gold standard diagnostic tests for Histoplasma identification, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a method of microbial identification suitable for the confirmation of dimorphic fungi. However, to our knowledge, there are no entries for H. capsulatum spectra in most commercial databases. In this review, we describe the case of disseminated histoplasmosis in a patient living with HIV admitted to our university hospital that we failed to identify by the MALDI-TOF method due to the limited reference spectrum of the instrument database. Furthermore, we highlight the utility of molecular approaches, such as conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing, as alternative confirmatory tests to MALDI-TOF technology for identifying H. capsulatum from positive cultures. An overview of current evidence and limitations of MALDI-TOF-based characterization of H. capsulatum is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terenzio Cosio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (E.S.P.); (M.F.); (F.P.); (C.D.)
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gaziano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (E.S.P.); (M.F.); (F.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Carla Fontana
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biological Bank, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Enrico Salvatore Pistoia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (E.S.P.); (M.F.); (F.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Rosalba Petruccelli
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (S.M.); (M.C.B.); (A.A.); (D.O.)
| | - Marco Favaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (E.S.P.); (M.F.); (F.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Francesca Pica
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (E.S.P.); (M.F.); (F.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Silvia Minelli
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (S.M.); (M.C.B.); (A.A.); (D.O.)
| | - Maria Cristina Bossa
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (S.M.); (M.C.B.); (A.A.); (D.O.)
| | - Anna Altieri
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (S.M.); (M.C.B.); (A.A.); (D.O.)
| | - Domenico Ombres
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (S.M.); (M.C.B.); (A.A.); (D.O.)
| | - Nikkia Zarabian
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, 2300 I St NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Cartesio D’Agostini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (E.S.P.); (M.F.); (F.P.); (C.D.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (S.M.); (M.C.B.); (A.A.); (D.O.)
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9
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Pasqualotto AC, Lana DD, Godoy CSM, Leitão TDMJS, Bay MB, Damasceno LS, Soares RBA, Kist R, Silva LR, Wiltgen D, Melo M, Guimarães TF, Guimarães MR, Vechi HT, de Mesquita JRL, Monteiro GRDG, Adenis A, Bahr NC, Spec A, Boulware DR, Israelski D, Chiller T, Falci DR. Single High Dose of Liposomal Amphotericin B in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS-Related Disseminated Histoplasmosis: A Randomized Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:1126-1132. [PMID: 37232940 PMCID: PMC10573726 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histoplasmosis is a major AIDS-defining illness in Latin America. Liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) is the drug of choice for treatment, but access is restricted due to the high drug and hospitalization costs of the conventional long regimens. METHODS Prospective randomized multicenter open-label trial of 1- or 2-dose induction therapy with L-AmB versus control for disseminated histoplasmosis in AIDS, followed by oral itraconazole therapy. We randomized subjects to: (i) single dose 10 mg/kg of L-AmB; (ii) 10 mg/kg of L-AmB on D1, and 5 mg/kg of L-AmB on D3; (iii) 3 mg/kg of L-AmB daily for 2 weeks (control). The primary outcome was clinical response (resolution of fever and signs/symptoms attributable to histoplasmosis) at day 14. RESULTS A total of 118 subjects were randomized, and median CD4+ counts, and clinical presentations were similar between arms. Infusion-related toxicity, kidney toxicity at multiple time-points, and frequency of anemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and liver toxicity were similar. Day 14 clinical response was 84% for single-dose L-AmB, 69% 2-dose L-AmB, and 74% for control arm (P = .69). Overall survival on D14 was 89.0% (34/38) for single-dose L-AmB, 78.0% (29/37) for 2-dose L-AmB, and 92.1% (35/38) for control arm (P = .82). CONCLUSIONS One day induction therapy with 10 mg/kg of L-AmB in AIDS-related histoplasmosis was safe. Although clinical response may be non-inferior to standard L-AmB therapy, a confirmatory phase III clinical trial is needed. A single induction dose would markedly reduce drug-acquisition costs (>4-fold) and markedly shorten and simplify treatment, which are key points in terms of increased access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro C Pasqualotto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Post-Graduation Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Services, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daiane Dalla Lana
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Post-Graduation Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cassia S M Godoy
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital de Doenças Tropicais, Goiânia, Brazil
- Department of Research and Education, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Terezinha do Menino Jesus Silva Leitão
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital São José de Doenças Infecciosas, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Monica B Bay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Infectious Diseases Service, Giselda Trigueiro Hospital and Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Lisandra Serra Damasceno
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital São José de Doenças Infecciosas, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Renata B A Soares
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital de Doenças Tropicais, Goiânia, Brazil
- Department of Research and Education, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Roger Kist
- Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Services, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Larissa R Silva
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Post-Graduation Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Denusa Wiltgen
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Post-Graduation Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Services, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marineide Melo
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hareton T Vechi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Jacó R L de Mesquita
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital São José de Doenças Infecciosas, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Gloria Regina de G Monteiro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Infectious Diseases Service, Giselda Trigueiro Hospital and Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Antoine Adenis
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane Inserm CIC1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Nathan C Bahr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Andrej Spec
- Division of Infectious Disease, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David R Boulware
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dennis Israelski
- International Medical Affairs, Global Patient Solutions, Gilead Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tom Chiller
- Mycotic Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Diego R Falci
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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10
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Villareal K, Price A, Pasqualotto AC, Bahr NC. The Current and Future States of Diagnostic Tests for Histoplasmosis with a Focus on People with HIV and Disseminated Histoplasmosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:793. [PMID: 37623564 PMCID: PMC10456117 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum and, although endemic in large parts of the world, is often underrecognized in many locations. In addition to underrecognition, inadequate availability of diagnostic tests is a major contributor to poor outcomes in disseminated disease in people with HIV. For those with advanced HIV and disseminated disease, antibody testing is less useful. Culture and histopathology can be useful in this situation, but each has limitations, including variable sensitivity by site and, in the case of culture, the need for a biosafety level three laboratory and a long period of growth. Antigen testing has proven useful for disseminated histoplasmosis due to the excellent sensitivity of urine. Yet, turnaround is slower than ideal due to use in a limited number of centers. The development of lateral flow assays has the potential to make for true rapid point-of-care assays for histoplasmosis, but in order to meet that promise, the tests must be widely available and affordable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Villareal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (K.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Austin Price
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (K.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandro C. Pasqualotto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Post-Graduation Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil;
| | - Nathan C. Bahr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (K.V.); (A.P.)
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11
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Almeida MA, Bernardes-Engemann AR, Coelho RA, Lugones CJG, de Andrade IB, Corrêa-Junior D, de Oliveira SSC, Dos Santos ALS, Frases S, Rodrigues ML, Valente RH, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Almeida-Paes R. Mebendazole Inhibits Histoplasma capsulatum In Vitro Growth and Decreases Mitochondrion and Cytoskeleton Protein Levels. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030385. [PMID: 36983553 PMCID: PMC10051957 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a frequent mycosis in people living with HIV/AIDS and other immunocompromised hosts. Histoplasmosis has high rates of mortality in these patients if treatment is unsuccessful. Itraconazole and amphotericin B are used to treat histoplasmosis; however, both antifungals have potentially severe pharmacokinetic drug interactions and toxicity. The present study determined the minimal inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of mebendazole, a drug present in the NIH Clinical Collection, to establish whether it has fungicidal or fungistatic activity against Histoplasma capsulatum. Protein extracts from H. capsulatum yeasts, treated or not with mebendazole, were analyzed by proteomics to understand the metabolic changes driven by this benzimidazole. Mebendazole inhibited the growth of 10 H. capsulatum strains, presenting minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 5.0 to 0.08 µM. Proteomics revealed 30 and 18 proteins exclusively detected in untreated and mebendazole-treated H. capsulatum yeast cells, respectively. Proteins related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle, cytoskeleton, and ribosomes were highly abundant in untreated cells. Proteins related to the nitrogen, sulfur, and pyrimidine metabolisms were enriched in mebendazole-treated cells. Furthermore, mebendazole was able to inhibit the oxidative metabolism, disrupt the cytoskeleton, and decrease ribosomal proteins in H. capsulatum. These results suggest mebendazole as a drug to be repurposed for histoplasmosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Abreu Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Andrea Reis Bernardes-Engemann
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rowena Alves Coelho
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Jantoro Guzman Lugones
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Iara Bastos de Andrade
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Dario Corrêa-Junior
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Simone Santiago Carvalho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | | | - Richard Hemmi Valente
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
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12
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Pasqualotto AC, Queiroz-Telles F, Chebabo A, Leitao TMJS, Falci DR, Xavier MO, Bay MB, Sprinz E, Dalla Lana D, Vincentini AP, Damasceno LS, Schwarzbold AV, Ferreira PA, Godoy CM, Vidal JE, Basso R, Driemeyer C, Aquino VR, Severo CB, Ferreira MS, Bastos C, Prohaska F, Melo M, Cavassin FB, Lacerda M, Soares R, Zancope-Oliveira R, Teixeira M, Perez F, Caceres DH, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Chiller T, Colombo AL. The "Histoplasmosis Porto Alegre manifesto"-Addressing disseminated histoplasmosis in AIDS. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010960. [PMID: 36602963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto Chebabo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Diego R Falci
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Monica B Bay
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Sprinz
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rossana Basso
- Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcus Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Renata Soares
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Freddy Perez
- Panamerican Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | | | - Tom Chiller
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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13
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Hatem NA, Pasqualotto AC. Disseminated histoplasmosis in a patient with chronic lymphoedema. Med Mycol Case Rep 2022; 38:18-20. [PMID: 36193195 PMCID: PMC9525886 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A 54 year-old man with lymphopenia secondary to lymphatic filariasis was admitted with dry cough, fever and wasting syndrome. He was diagnosed with sarcoidosis and therapy with corticosteroid was initiated. The patient evolved with worsening of the symptoms. Histoplasma species was recovered in lung biopsy tissue, lung tissue culture, and bone marrow aspirate. The authors describe the first case of disseminated histoplasmosis secondary to lymphatic filariasis, followed by a literature review. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayla A. Hatem
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alessandro C. Pasqualotto
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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14
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Pagliuca A, Akova M. Foreword. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:ii1-ii2. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Pagliuca
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - M Akova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
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15
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Establishing the proportion of severe/moderately severe vs mild cases of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with HIV. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010856. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis remains a major but neglected cause of death among patients with advanced HIV. Recently, aiming to reduce avoidable deaths, the Pan American Health Organization issued the first diagnosis and treatment guidelines for HIV-associated histoplasmosis. But what proportion of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients is severe is currently not known. Because this proportion influences treatment needs, we aimed to estimate this in a cohort of 416 patients in French Guiana.
Methods
We used the definition in the recent PAHO/WHO guidelines for severity. We used regression modelling to predict the impact of CD4 count on the proportion of severe cases. In a territory where treatment cost is not a limiting factor and where histoplasmosis is well known, we assumed that clinicians’ initial treatment reflected their perception about the severity of the case and therefore, the needs for different treatments.
Results
Using these definitions, since the beginning, there were 274 (65.9%) severe/moderately severe cases and 142 (34.1%) mild cases. In practice 186 cases were treated with deoxycholate or liposomal amphotericin B (44.7%) and 230 (55.3%) cases treated with itraconazole as first line treatment. The Kappa concordance measure between the guideline definition and the actual treatment given was 0.22. There was a 9% risk difference for death within 30 days of antifungal treatment initiation between severe/moderately severe and mild cases. Over threequarters (77%) of early deaths were attributed to severe/moderately severe cases.
Conclusions
This is the only rigorous estimate of the proportion of severe/moderately severe cases of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in symptomatic HIV patients on the largest published cohort. These numbers may help defend budget needs for rapid diagnostic tests and liposomal amphotericin B.
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16
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Tobón AM, Gómez BL. Pulmonary Histoplasmosis. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:697-705. [PMID: 34498137 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is one of the most frequent causes of fungal respiratory infection in endemic regions, has a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations and can present in several forms. The extent of disease is determined by the number of conidia inhaled, the immune response of the host and the integrity of the respiratory tract. From an initial and most benign form, acute pulmonary histoplasmosis (an influenza-like illness that is typically asymptomatic or mild in persons without prior immune compromise), histoplasmosis can become a lifethreatening progressive disseminated infection (PDH) that affects mainly immunocompromised patients, with high morbidity and mortality. Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis is an uncommon manifestation of Histoplasma infection, with features similar to pulmonary tuberculosis, and if it remains undiagnosed or untreated it also can cause significant morbidity. Some rare but serious complications may also occur that are produced by an excessive immune response, such as mediastinal fibrosis, histoplasmoma and broncholithiasis. Histoplasmosis is highly endemic in regions of North, Central and South America as well as being reported in parts of Asia and Africa. The risk of histoplasmosis is greatest in patients with HIV infection, especially those with CD4+ counts of <200 cells/μL. We review clinical manifestations, radiological findings and treatment options according to the clinical form (induction therapy and maintenance therapy), as well as different diagnosis tools and new laboratory tests that have been recently developed and validated and are becoming widely available. These should have an impact in reducing time for diagnosis and starting therapy and in reducing morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with HIV infection, where histoplasmosis is currently estimated to be responsible for 5-15% of AIDS-related deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela María Tobón
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Beatriz L Gómez
- Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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