1
|
Kováčová M, Bodnár Yankovych H, Augustyniak A, Casas-Luna M, Remešová M, Findoráková L, Stahorský M, Čelko L, Baláž M. Triggering antibacterial activity of a common plant by biosorption of selected heavy metals. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024; 29:201-216. [PMID: 38587623 PMCID: PMC11098919 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-024-02045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The presented study proposes an efficient utilization of a common Thymus serpyllum L. (wild thyme) plant as a highly potent biosorbent of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions and the efficient interaction of the copper-laden plant with two opportunistic bacteria. Apart from biochars that are commonly used for adsorption, here we report the direct use of native plant, which is potentially interesting also for soil remediation. The highest adsorption capacity for Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions (qe = 12.66 and 53.13 mg g-1, respectively) was achieved after 10 and 30 min of adsorption, respectively. Moreover, the Cu-laden plant was shown to be an efficient antibacterial agent against the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, the results being slightly better in the former case. Such an activity is enabled only via the interaction of the adsorbed ions effectively distributed within the biological matrix of the plant with bacterial cells. Thus, the sustainable resource can be used both for the treatment of wastewater and, after an effective embedment of metal ions, for the fight against microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mária Kováčová
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Halyna Bodnár Yankovych
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Adrian Augustyniak
- Chair of Building Materials and Construction Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, The West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, 71 065, Szczecin, Poland
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, ul. Wąska 13, 71-415, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariano Casas-Luna
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Remešová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Findoráková
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin Stahorský
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ladislav Čelko
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Baláž
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Caetano ELA, Frattes CDC, Segato TCM, Leite FG, Pickler TB, de Oliveira Junior JM, Jozala AF, Grotto D. Protective effect of Agaricus bisporus mushroom against maternal and fetal damage induced by lead administration during pregnancy in rats. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1424-1437. [PMID: 37421350 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lead (Pb) is a toxic pollutant, which can affect different tissues of the human body. The use of natural elements, as medicinal mushroom can reduce the toxic effects of Pb. OBJECTIVE We evaluated, through preclinical tests, the oral co exposures to mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Ab) by gavage and Pb in drinking water, and the capability of Ab be a protective agent for both pregnant rats and their fetuses. METHODS Female Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 5/group): Group I-Control; Group II-Ab 100 mg/kg; Group III-Pb 100 mg/L; Group IV-Ab +Pb -100 mg/kg +100 mg/L. Exposure was performed until the 19th day of gestation. On the 20th day, pregnant rats were euthanized, and the outcomes evaluated were weight gain; hematological profile; biochemical markers; oxidative stress markers; reproductive capacity; and embryo fetal development. RESULTS The characterization of mushrooms reveals them to be a valuable source of nutrients. However, Pb ingestion resulted in reduced weight gain and negative impacts on hematological and biochemical parameters. Fortunately, co administration of mushrooms helped to mitigate these negative effects and promote recovery. The mushroom also showed antioxidant activity, improving parameters of oxidative stress. In addition, Ab partially recovered the damage in fetal morphology and bone parameters. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that the co administration of Ab improved the toxicity caused by Pb, and the mushroom could be used as a natural alternative as a protective/chelator agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fernanda Gomes Leite
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Toxicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qin K, Li J, Yang W, Wang Z, Zhang H. Role of minerals in mushroom residue on its adsorption capability to Cd(II) from aqueous solution. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138290. [PMID: 36870617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To explore the influence of mineral components in bio-sorbent on its adsorption capability towards heavy metal ions, the physicochemical properties of original mushroom residue (UMR) and that treated by an acid solution to remove its minerals (AMR) were comparatively analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). Then, the adsorption performance of UMR and AMR for Cd(II) as well as the potential adsorption mechanism were investigated. Results show that UMR contains abundant K, Na, Ca and Mg, with the contents of 245.35, 50.18, 1390.63 and 29.84 mmol kg-1, respectively. Acid treatment (AMR) results in the removal of most of the mineral components, exposing more pore structures and increasing the specific surface area by about 7 times to 20.45 m2 g-1. The adsorption performance of UMR is significantly better than that of AMR when they are employed to purify a Cd(II)-contained aqueous solution. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of UMR calculated by Langmuir model is 75.74 mg g-1, which is about 22 times of that of AMR. Moreover, the adsorption of Cd(II) on UMR reaches an equilibrium at about 0.5 h, while the adsorption equilibrium of AMR takes more than 2 h. The mechanism analysis shows that 86.41% of the adsorption of Cd(II) on UMR can be attributed to ion exchange and precipitation caused by mineral components (especially for K, Na, Ca and Mg). The adsorption of Cd(II) on AMR mainly depends on the interactions between Cd(II) and surface functional groups, electrostatic interaction and pore-filling. The study indicates that those bio-solid wastes with abundant mineral components can be potentially developed as low-cost and high-efficient adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qin
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Jiale Li
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Wenchao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Guangling College and School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhanghong Wang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Research Center of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shahin S, Mohammadi-Sichani M, Rezayatmand Z. Isolation of Lead Resistant Bacteria from Spent Mushroom Compost and Their Impact on Growth and Biochemical Parameters of Safflower. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:137. [PMID: 36920625 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Spent mushroom compost (SMC) is a favored waste because of its nutrients for plant growth and useful microbial communities. The aim of this study was to isolate the lead resistant bacteria from SMC and to evaluate the effects of SMC extract on the growth and biochemical parameters of safflower under lead stress including fresh and dry weights, photosynthetic pigments, protein content, and enzymatic activities. Four bacterial strains including Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus aerius, and Brevibacterium frigoritolerans were identified in the SMC extract; from which B. licheniformis offer the most resistance to lead. The highest total chlorophyll content of the plant was seen by treatment with 100 mM lead; the highest carotenoid content observed by treatment with 100 mM lead in association with 10% and 5% SMC extract; and the highest increase in protein content was seen in the presence of 5% SMC. The safflower seeds germination was reached the highest level in the presence of 20% SMC extract associated with 50 and 100 mM lead. The highest dry weights of the plant roots (33%) and stems (85%) were shown in the presence of 100 mM lead in association with 5% SMC extract. The highest antioxidant enzymes activity was seen by polyphenol oxidase (0.135 OD/min/mg) in the presence of 100 mM lead in association with 10% SMC extract. It is concluded that by induction of lead bioremediation via improving lead resistant bacterial communication, and the addition of 10-20% SMC extract to the agricultural soil, safflower may undergo the lead stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shokooh Shahin
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Rezayatmand
- Department of Biology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chaurasia PK, Nagraj, Sharma N, Kumari S, Yadav M, Singh S, Mani A, Yadava S, Bharati SL. Fungal assisted bio-treatment of environmental pollutants with comprehensive emphasis on noxious heavy metals: Recent updates. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:57-81. [PMID: 36253930 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the present time of speedy developments and industrialization, heavy metals are being uncovered in aquatic environment and soil via refining, electroplating, processing, mining, metallurgical activities, dyeing and other several metallic and metal based industrial and synthetic activities. Heavy metals like lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), Zinc (Zn), Cobalt (Co), Iron (Fe), and many other are considered as seriously noxious and toxic for the aquatic environment, human, and other aquatic lives and have damaging influences. Such heavy metals, which are very tough to be degraded, can be managed by reducing their potential through various processes like removal, precipitation, oxidation-reduction, bio-sorption, recovery, bioaccumulation, bio-mineralization etc. Microbes are known as talented bio-agents for the heavy metals detoxification process and fungi are one of the cherished bio-sources that show noteworthy aptitude of heavy metal sorption and metal tolerance. Thus, the main objective of the authors was to come with a comprehensive review having methodological insights on the novel and recent results in the field of mycoremediation of heavy metals. This review significantly assesses the potential talent of fungi in heavy metal detoxification and thus, in environmental restoration. Many reported works, methodologies and mechanistic sights have been evaluated to explore the fungal-assisted heavy metal remediation. Herein, a compact and effectual discussion on the recent mycoremediation studies of organic pollutants like dyes, petroleum, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, and pharmaceutical wastes have also been presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Chaurasia
- P. G. Department of Chemistry, L.S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
| | - Nagraj
- P. G. Department of Chemistry, L.S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
| | - Nagendra Sharma
- P. G. Department of Chemistry, L.S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
| | - Sunita Kumari
- P. G. Department of Chemistry, L.S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
| | - Mithu Yadav
- P. G. Department of Chemistry, L.S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
| | - Sunita Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Navyug Kanya Mahavidyalaya, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudha Yadava
- Department of Chemistry, D. D. U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shashi Lata Bharati
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li G, Yang T, Xiao W, Wu J, Xu F, Li L, Gao F, Huang Z. Sustainable Environmental Assessment of Waste-to-Energy Practices: Co-Pyrolysis of Food Waste and Discarded Meal Boxes. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233840. [PMID: 36496648 PMCID: PMC9737573 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The reuse of biomass waste is conducive to the recovery of resources and can solve the pollution problem caused by incineration and landfill. For this reason, the thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to study the pyrolysis of the mushroom sticks (MS) and discarded meal boxes at different heating rates (10 °C·min-1, 20 °C·min-1, 30 °C·min-1). The statistical analysis showed that the factors of pyrolysis temperature and particle size had a greater effect, while the heating rate was significant. The TGA revealed that the maximum weight loss rate of the co-pyrolysis of MS and discarded meal boxes increased with the rise of the heating rate, the temperature at which the pyrolysis started and ended increased, and the thermal weight loss displayed a hysteresis phenomenon. By comparing the theoretical heat weight loss curves with the experimental curves, a synergistic effect of the co-pyrolysis process between MS and discarded meal boxes was demonstrated, and the co-pyrolysis process resulted in a reduction in the solid residue content of the products. The Coats-Redfern method was used to fit the pyrolysis process of MS and discarded meal boxes, which applied the first-order kinetic model to describe the main process of pyrolysis and obtained the reaction activation energy between 43 and 45 kJ·mol-1. The results indicated that co-pyrolysis of MS and discarded meal boxes could decrease the activation energy of the reaction, make the reaction easier, promote the degree of pyrolysis reaction, reduce the generation of pollutants, and provide a theoretical basis for the recycling and energy utilization of MS and discarded meal boxes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology, and Business University, No.11 Fuchenglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, No.11 Fuchenglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Tenglun Yang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology, and Business University, No.11 Fuchenglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wenbo Xiao
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology, and Business University, No.11 Fuchenglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology, and Business University, No.11 Fuchenglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Fuzhuo Xu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology, and Business University, No.11 Fuchenglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lianliang Li
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology, and Business University, No.11 Fuchenglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Fei Gao
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, No.11 Fuchenglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology, and Business University, No.11 Fuchenglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, No.11 Fuchenglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mao W, Wu P, Zhang Y, Lai K, Dong L, Qian X, Zhang Y, Zhu J. Manganese oxide-modified biochar derived from discarded mushroom-stick for the removal of Sb(III) from aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:49322-49334. [PMID: 35220532 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, discarded mushroom-stick, which is widely available, was selected as a precursor to prepare MnO2-modified biochar (MBC) for Sb(III) removal. Several characterisation methods (SEM, BET, XPS, FT-IR, and XRD) were used to explore the mechanisms of antimony adsorption onto MBC. The results showed that MBC is a mesoporous material with a fluffy structure and a higher specific surface area (23.56 and 32.09 m2·g-1) than PBC600 (13.62 m2·g-1), exhibiting superior and stable adsorption capacities for Sb(III) (50.30 mg·g-1 for 1/30MBC600 and 64·12 mg·g-1 for 1/20MBC600) across a wide pH range (pH 4-8). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analyses indicated that the main oxides and functional groups involved in the adsorption were manganese oxides and hydroxyl groups. Forty-four per cent of the adsorbed Sb(III) was oxidised to Sb(V) by manganese oxides or hydroxyl groups both on the surface of biochar and in solution. According to adsorption kinetics and isotherms, the adsorption process of Sb(III) is chemisorption, which includes monolayer and multilayer heterogeneous chemisorption processes. To sum up, MBC is an excellent adsorbent for the capture of Sb(III) from contaminated water with strong potential for future application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Mao
- Resource and Environmental Engineering College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wu
- Resource and Environmental Engineering College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Resource and Environmental Engineering College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaidi Lai
- Guizhou Environment and Engineering Appraisal Center, Guiyang, 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisha Dong
- Resource and Environmental Engineering College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xufeng Qian
- Resource and Environmental Engineering College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- Resource and Environmental Engineering College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Resource and Environmental Engineering College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China.
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
K S, T M, Biswas A, T MS. Remediation potential of mushrooms and their spent substrate against environmental contaminants: An overview. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
9
|
Ab Rhaman SMS, Naher L, Siddiquee S. Mushroom Quality Related with Various Substrates' Bioaccumulation and Translocation of Heavy Metals. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010042. [PMID: 35049981 PMCID: PMC8778862 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms are popular due to the nutrition contents in the fruit bodies and are relatively easy to cultivate. Mushrooms from the white-rot fungi group can be cultivated on agricultural biomass such as sawdust, paddy straw, wheat straw, oil palm frond, oil palm empty fruit bunches, oil palm bark, corn silage, corn cobs, banana leaves, coconut husk, pineapple peel, pineapple leaves, cotton stalk, sugarcane bagasse and various other agricultural biomass. Mushrooms are exceptional decomposers that play important roles in the food web to balance the ecosystems. They can uptake various minerals, including essential and non-essential minerals provided by the substrates. However, the agricultural biomass used for mushroom cultivation is sometimes polluted by heavy metals because of the increased anthropogenic activities occurring in line with urbanisation. Due to their role in mycoremediation, the mushrooms also absorb pollutants from the substrates into their fruit bodies. This article reviews the sources of agricultural biomass for mushroom cultivation that could track how the environmental heavy metals are accumulated and translocated into mushroom fruit bodies. This review also discusses the possible health risks from prolonged uptakes of heavy metal-contaminated mushrooms to highlight the importance of early contaminants’ detection for food security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laila Naher
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Malaysia;
- Institute of Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
- Institute of Research and Poverty Management (InsPek), Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (L.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (L.N.); (S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|