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Navarro-Simarro P, Gómez-Gómez L, Ahrazem O, Rubio-Moraga Á. Food and human health applications of edible mushroom by-products. N Biotechnol 2024; 81:43-56. [PMID: 38521182 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Mushroom waste can account for up to 50% of the total mushroom mass. Spent mushroom substrate, misshapen mushrooms, and mushroom stems are examples of mushroom byproducts. In ancient cultures, fungi were prized for their medicinal properties. Aqueous extracts containing high levels of β-glucans as functional components capable of providing prebiotic polysaccharides and improved texture to foods have been widely used and new methods have been tested to improve extraction yields. Similarly, the addition of insoluble polysaccharides controls the glycemic index, counteracting the effects of increasingly high-calorie diets. Numerous studies support these benefits in vitro, but evidence in vivo is scarce. Nonetheless, many authors have created a variety of functional foods, ranging from yogurt to noodles. In this review, we focus on the pharmacological properties of edible mushroom by-products, and the possible risks derived from its consumption. By incorporating these by-products into human or animal feed formulations, mushroom producers will be able to fully optimize crop use and pave the way for the industry to move toward a zero-waste paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Navarro-Simarro
- Instituto Botánico. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain; Facultad de Farmacia. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes y Biotecnología. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.
| | - Ángela Rubio-Moraga
- Instituto Botánico. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes y Biotecnología. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.
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Demková L, Šnirc M, Jančo I, Harangozo Ľ, Hauptvogl M, Bobuľská L, Kunca V, Árvay J. Blusher mushroom (Amanita rubescens Pers.): A Study of Mercury Content in Substrate and Mushroom Samples from Slovakia with Respect to Locality and Developmental Stages. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04280-8. [PMID: 38942969 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The edible mushroom Amanita rubescens Pers., regularly collected and consumed in Slovakia, was assessed for health risk due to the mercury content in its fruiting body parts. For this purpose, 364 both from the soil/substrate and mushroom samples from 40 localities in Slovakia were evaluated. At the same time, 21 samples of 7 developmental stages of the fruiting body of A. rubescens were taken in the Žakýlske pleso locality. The total mercury content in the soil and mushroom samples was determined using an AMA-254 analyzer. The contamination factor (Cf) and index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) were used to detect the level of soil pollution by mercury. The ability of A. rubescens to accumulate mercury from the soil environment was evaluated using the bioconcentration factor (BCF), and the distribution of mercury in the mushroom body was evaluated using the translocation quotient (Qc/s). To determine the health risks resulting from mushroom consumption, the percentages of provisional tolerable weekly intake (%PTWI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) were used. The obtained results have confirmed serious content of mercury soil pollution, especially in former mining areas, where the situation is alarming from a health risk point of view. Consumption of A. rubescens was found to be risky, not only in former mining areas, but higher values of mercury were also detected in other parts of Slovakia. Evaluation of the developmental stages of the fruiting body of A. rubescens showed that the highest bioconcentration factor was determined at developmental stage no. VI for caps with a value of 2.47 mg kg-1 and developmental stage VII for stipes with a value of 1.65 mg kg-1 DW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Demková
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov, 17. Novembra 1, 081 16, Prešov, Slovak Republic
| | - Marek Šnirc
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivona Jančo
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľuboš Harangozo
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Hauptvogl
- Department of Sustainable Development, Faculty of European Studies and Regional Development, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Lenka Bobuľská
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov, 17. Novembra 1, 081 16, Prešov, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimír Kunca
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 01, Zvolen, Slovak Republic
| | - Július Árvay
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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Niezgoda M, Dziubanek G, Rogala D, Niesler A. Health Risks for Consumers of Forest Ground Cover Produce Contaminated with Heavy Metals. TOXICS 2024; 12:101. [PMID: 38393196 PMCID: PMC10892603 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activity of heavy metal (HM) mining and processing industries causes soils contamination with HM. The metals could be transferred from contaminated soils to edible plants and fungi. This study aimed to assess the content of Cd, Pb, Hg, As, and Ni in berries and edible mushrooms collected in the forests located near Miasteczko Slaskie zinc smelter and in the Lubliniec region, in the context of consumers' health risk. METHODS The ET-AAS method was used to determine the content of Cd, Pb, Ni, and As. Mercury concentration was determined using the CV-AFS method. RESULTS The studies showed high levels of Cd and Pb in the examined products. A statistically significant impact of the distance from the smelter on the Cd concentration in the berries was observed. Total non-cancer health risk from the combined exposure of adults to all HM in mushrooms and berries was significant when consuming the most heavily contaminated produce. The risk to children was significant, even when consuming products with moderate levels of the metals. Ingestion of Cd by children with mushrooms was related to a high cancer risk. The uncertainty of the results was determined. CONCLUSIONS It is recommended to take action to increase awareness among residents of the areas adjacent to the forests regarding the existing health risk and to take possible measures to reduce exposure to HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Niezgoda
- School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland), ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dziubanek
- Department of Environmental Health Risk Factors, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland), ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Danuta Rogala
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland), ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Anna Niesler
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland), ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland;
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Širić I, Humar M. Preface to the Special Issue 'Heavy Metals in Mushrooms'. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1163. [PMID: 38132764 PMCID: PMC10744283 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Population growth, intensive industrialization and urbanization have led to environmental pollution, especially soil and water pollution [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Širić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Miha Humar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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