Assessment of Sourdough Fermentation Impact on the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Pearl Millet from Burkina Faso

Millet, a gluten-free cereal, has received attention for its environmental friendliness and higher protein content than other grains. It represents a staple food in many African countries, where fermentation is traditionally used for preserving food products and preparing different cereal-based products. This study aimed to assess the impact of sourdough fermentation on bioactive compounds and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of pearl millet from Burkina Faso. Phenolic compounds were investigated spectrophotometrically and by HPLC-DAD. The antioxidant activity of unfermented (MF) and fermented (FeMF) millet was evaluated in vitro by spectrophotometric and fluorometric assays and ex vivo on oxidized human erythrocytes for hemolysis inhibition. Finally, the potential anti-inflammatory effect of FeMF and MF was evaluated on human adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29) exposed to TNF-α inflammatory stimulus. Results revealed significantly higher levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and in vitro antioxidant activity following millet fermentation. Notable differences in phenolic composition between FeMF and MF are observed, with fermentation facilitating the release of bioactive compounds such as gallic acid, quercetin, and rutin. A dose-dependent protection against oxidative hemolysis was observed in both FeMF- and MF-pretreated erythrocytes. Similarly, pretreatment with FeMF significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory markers in TNF-α-treated cells, with effects comparable to those of MF. Fermentation with sourdough represents a simple and low-cost method to improve the bioactive compounds content and in vitro antioxidant activity of millet flour with promising nutraceutical potential.

Sourdough Fermentation Improves the Antioxidant, Antihypertensive, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Triticum dicoccum

The fermentation process has been widely used to improve plant-based foods’ nutritional and nutraceutical properties. This study aimed to investigate and compare the impact of sourdough fermentation on the bioactive content and profile, antioxidant and antihypertensive activities, as well as the anti-inflammatory properties of fermented (FS) and non-fermented (NFS) flour from Tuscan Triticum dicoccum wheat (spelt) on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-inflamed human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29). FS showed significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid content, in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activities, and ACE-inhibitory activities than NFS. Gallic acid was identified by HPLC-DAD as the most representative polyphenol, followed by rutin, trans-ferulic acid, iso-quercitrin, and quercetin, in the fermented spelt sample. Instead, rutin and gallic acid were identified as the predominant compounds in the non-fermented ones. Moreover, FS exhibited a better protective effect on inflamed HT-29 cells by significantly counteracting the TNFα-induced alterations, lowering the expression of IL-8, COX-2, and ICAM-1 inflammatory mediator while enhancing antioxidant enzyme HO-1 gene expression. In conclusion, sourdough fermentation positively affected the nutraceutical and functional properties of spelt, which may represent a valuable ingredient for the formulation of functional foods and a key product for managing hypertension and inflammatory intestinal diseases.

Exploring Consumer Behavior and Preferences towards Edible Mushrooms in Slovakia

Edible mushrooms represent a food with high nutritional properties, and their consumption has a positive effect on the health of consumers. The aim of the paper is to identify the behavior and preferences of consumers in the consumption of edible mushrooms in Slovakia. The aim of the paper was achieved by conducting a consumer survey using the snowball sampling method on a sample of 1166 respondents in the Slovak Republic, of which 1032 respondents were consumers of edible mushrooms. Using statistical methods (the Chi-square test of independence, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and Friedman test, as well as categorical principal component analysis), differences in consumer behavior were examined in three identified segments created based on the amount of consumption of edible mushrooms. The results of the consumer study showed the existence of statistically significant differences between the defined segments in terms of frequency of consumption, evaluation of the preference of edible mushrooms in various meals, evaluation of important reasons for consumption, and determination of preference for individual species of mushrooms, as well as determination of preference for the place of consumption and the option of obtaining mushrooms for consumption. Moreover, four latent components determining the purchase of mushrooms applicable in all segments were defined. Supporting the consumption of edible mushrooms among Slovak consumers is possible by increasing consumer awareness through recommendations and published articles. The research paper provides a new insight into the behavior and preferences of consumers in mushroom consumption, divided into three segments, which can fill the scientific research gap. The results provide valuable information for scientific purposes, as well as for food companies and policy makers.

Variability of caffeine content in green and roasted Coffea arabica regarding the origin, post-harvest processing, and altitude, and overview of recommended daily allowance

Caffeine content is a crucial attribute of coffee. Its concentration and thus maximum cups of Coffea arabica from Africa, Asia, Central America, and South America from different altitudes of growing areas, altitude, and process using different post-harvest processing (dry, wet, and pulped natural). Our results suggest that geographical origin might affect the alkaloid concentration in C. arabica. The caffeine concentration pattern in green samples was as follows: Central America > South America > Asia > Africa. Altitude affected the concentrations, lowlands > midlands > highlands, however, not significantly. Given caffeine is thermostable, the medium roasting process did not affect the concentration of caffeine directly, but a small increase was observed. Scientific opinion on the safety of habitual caffeine consumption of up to 400 mg per day does not raise safety concerns for non-pregnant adults. A cup (7 g coffee in 120 mL of water) was used for recalculation. Results suggest that mostly highlands and midlands coffee from Africa reached levels of caffeine that might be consumed in more than 5.5 cups a day.

MERCURY CONTENT IN THE WILD EDIBLE LECCINUM MUSHROOMS GROWING IN SLOVAKIA: ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT

The samples of 4 mushroom species from the genus Leccinum ((Leccinum pseudoscabrum (Kallenb.) Šutara, Leccinum scabrum (Bull.) Gray, Leccinum duriusculum (Schulzer ex Kalchbr.) Singer, and Leccinum albostipitatum den Bakker & Noordel) were picked from 6 forested areas of Slovakia in 2020 (Čačín – Jelšovec, Hliník and Hronom, Kurima – Taraš, Mníšek nad Popradom, Snina – Štefekovo, Žákylské pleso). Total mercury content in soil and mushroom parts was determined by cold-vapor AAS analyzer AMA 254. Mercury content in monitored soil samples ranged from 0.07 to 0.18 mg.kg-1 DM. The limit value for Hg in soil ( 0.50 mg.kg-1) was not exceeded. Mercury content in analyzed cap samples ranged from 0.41 to 7.52 mg.kg-1 DM. Mercury content in analyzed stem samples ranged from 0.40 to 2.91 mg.kg-1 DM. The EU limit value in edible mushrooms for Hg (0.75 mg kg-1 FW) was exceeded in caps from Mníšek nad Popradom. Values of the bioconcentration factor indicate that Leccinum mushrooms are accumulators of Hg. The PTWI of Hg was not exceeded. The THQ of all samples was lower than 1. This means that the average consumption of mushrooms from this localities should not cause a serious risk to human health. However, the intake of Hg from other sources must also be taken into account.

Impact of old environmental burden in the Spiš region (Slovakia) on soil and home-grown vegetable contamination, and health effects of heavy metals

Due to several centuries of ongoing mining activities, Middle Spiš (Slovakia) is one of the areas with a damaged environment. The contents of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Hg were determined in the soils and home-grown vegetables (potatoes, carrots, tomatoes). Except for Pb, the contents of heavy metals in the soils of some plots were higher than the limit values. Based on the values of Contamination factor (C_f), Degree of contamination (C_deg), Geo-accumulation index (I_geo), and Pollution load index (PLI), very high Fe, Cd, and Hg contamination (C_f ≥ 6), very high soil contamination (C_deg ≥ 20), extremely heavy Fe and Hg contamination (I_geo > 5), resp. moderately pollution to non-pollution (1 < PLI ≤ 2) was found in all plots. In vegetable samples, the maximum levels were exceeded for Cu, Pb, Hg (potato), Pb (carrot, tomato), and Hg (carrot, plot E). Bioaccumulation factor values BAF > 1 were for Cu (carrots, potatoes). Estimated daily intake values for all heavy metals were lower than their tolerable daily intake. Chronic daily intake of heavy metals ranged 2.495E−06 (Hg)—0.1416 (Fe) mg/kg/day. Based on Hazard index values, potato consumption poses a risk (0.8068–1.3057). The results showed that the monitoring of soils and cultivated production is necessary for the investigated area.

Impact of 3-Year Period as a Factor on the Content of Biologically Valuable Substances in Seeds of White Lupin

White lupin seed is a unique legume rich in protein and fiber contents, as well as phytochemicals with health potential that contributes to a reduced risk of dyslipidemia, obesity and intestinal dysfunction. This study was focused on the effect of the year on the contents of caffeic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, trans-ferulic, trans-p-coumaric, quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, apigenin and genistein, as well as the antioxidant activity and total polyphenols, of seeds of eleven varieties (Lupine albus). The contents of individual phenolic substances were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography–HPLC. The total content of polyphenols and the antioxidant activity were determined spectrophotometrically. The results show that the lowest contents of phenolic acids were found in the seeds from 2018. The caffeic acid and trans-ferulic acid were the most represented among all phenolic acids, during all 3 monitored years (2017, 2018, and 2019). Our results confirm the significant influence of the year of cultivation on the bioactive substances’ content in the seeds, and this can be potentially useful for the appropriate selection of locations for lupine growers in Slovakia, taking into account the climatic conditions of the given location. This study provides information about a legume that is underutilized in human nutrition, which may be a valuable source of bioactive substances.

The hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of Kavolì® aqueous extract, a mixture of Brassica oleracea leaves, in a rat model of NAFLD

Herein we characterized the bioactive metabolites of the aqueous extract of Kavolì®, a commercial product composed of a mixture of Brassica oleracea leaves, and assessed its potential ameliorating effects in a rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Kavolì® extract showed high levels of bioactive compounds and strong in vitro antioxidant activities. Chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids were identified as the most representative polyphenols. The administration of brassica extract to steatotic rats significantly ameliorated the levels of blood lipids and transaminases, and lipid content and inflammatory markers in liver. Oxidative stress parameters were significantly improved in both liver and brain of steatotic rats. Moreover, plasma and feces levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were bring back close to control values by Kavolì® treatment, in spite of high fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ)-induced alterations. The efficacy of Kavolì® in treating hypercholesterolemia, reducing the level of inflammation and cardiovascular disease biomarkers, steatosis and oxidative stress parameters, as well as the ability in modulating SCFAs levels is probably related to the bioactive compounds of the water extract administered to the rat model of NAFLD. In particular, the ameliorating effects are largely attributable to the high content in polyphenols observed in our study.

Mercury in scarletina bolete mushroom (Neoboletus luridiformis): Intake, spatial distribution in the fruiting body, accumulation ability and health risk assessment

In the present work, we focused on two aspects of mercury (Hg) bioconcentration in the above-ground parts of Neoboletus luridiformis. In the first part, we monitored the bioconcentration potential of individual anatomical parts of a particular fruiting body and evaluated the obtained data by the spline interpolation method. In the second part, we focused on assessing the mercury content in 378 samples of N. luridiformis and associated samples of substrates from 38 localities with different levels of Hg content in Slovakia. From the obtained data of Hg content in samples of substrate and fungi, we evaluated ecological indicators (geoaccumulation index - Igeo, contamination factor - Cf a potential ecological risk - PER), bioconcentration indicators (bioconcentration factor - BCF; cap/stipe quotient - Qc/s) and health indicators (percentage of provisional tolerable weekly intake - %PTWI a target hazard quotient - THQ). Based on the Hg distribution results, the highest Hg content was found in the tubes & pores (3.86 mg/kg DW), followed by the flesh of cap (1.82 mg/kg DW). The lowest Hg content was in the stipe (1.23 mg/kg DW). The results of the BCF values indicate that the studied species can be included in the category of mercury accumulators. The results of the ecological indices representing the state of soil pollution pointed out that two localities (Malachov and Nižná Slaná) stood apart from all monitored localities and showed a state of an extremely disturbed environment. This fact was also reflected in the values of Hg content in the fruiting bodies of the studied mushroom species. In the case of the consumption of mushrooms from these localities, it can be stated that long-term and regular consumption could have a negative non-carcinogenic effect on the health of consumers. It was confirmed by the %PTWI (Malachov: 57.8%; Nižná Slaná: 53.2%) and THQ (Malachov: 1.11 Nižná Slaná: 1.02). The locality Čačín-Jelšovec is interesting from the bioconcentration characteristics point of view, where the level of environmental pollution was the lowest (Hg content in the soil was below the background value) compared to other localities, however, the THQ value was the highest (1.29).

BENEFICIALL EFFECT OF THE EUROPEAN RASPBERRY (RUBUS IADEUS) EXTRACT ON THE ACTIVITY AND OXIDATIVE PROFILE OF BOVINE SPERMATOZOA

Berries belong to the best dietary sources of bioactive compounds. These fruits contains bioactive compounds such as antioxidants (phenolic compounds and fruit colorants), vitamins (ascorbic acids) and minerals. This study aimed to estimate the effect of three concentrations (75 µg/mL, 150 µg/mL and 300 µg/mL) of the European raspberry (Rubus iadeus) on the selected quality parameters of bovine spermatozoa after 0h, 2h, and 24h of in vitro culture. Sperm motility was evaluated using the Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system. The mitochondrial activity was detected by the metabolic (MTT) assay. The determination of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) quantity was observed through the luminol method. The protein and lipid oxidation were evaluated using spectrophotometric assays. The experiment showed that the highest applied concentration of European raspberry extract at 2h (p<0.05) and all concentration after 24h (p<0.05; p<0.001) exhibited motility-promoting effects. We observed the highest increase of mitochondrial activity using 300 µg/mL by 2h (p<0.05) and using 150 µg/mL (p<0.05) and 300 µg/mL (p<0.01) after 24h. Exposure to this extract led to decreasing levels of ROS generation at 2h of incubation (p<0.05) with the highest dose as well as after 24h using 150 µg/mL (p<0.01) and 300 µg/mL (p<0.001) applied doses. The protein oxidation levels showed decreasing rates at 2h (p<0.05; 300 µg/mL) and at time of 24h (p<0.01; 150 µg/mL and p<0.001; 300 µg/mL). All selected raspberry concentration prevented oxidative degeneration of lipids during 2h (p<0.05) and after 24h (p<0.05; p<0.001). Our results indicate, that European raspberry extract has beneficial effect on the measured parameters of the bovine spermatozoa during in vitro incubation but depending on time and applied dose.

ARSENIC, CADMIUM AND MERCURY IN THE MACROLEPIOTA PROCERA (SCOP.) SINGER FRUITING BODIES

In this study, the content of As, Cd and Hg in fruiting bodies was determined. These three elements were determined in 94 Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer samples (separately for caps and stems) and their corresponding soils/substrates collected from 8 different localities in Slovakia. Arsenic and cadmium were analyzed by Optical Emission Spectrometry with Inductively Coupled Plasma (OES-ICP), and mercury by Advanced Mercury Analyzer (AMA-254). In the soil/substrate As content varied from ND (not detected) to 11.9, Cd from 0.66 to 22.9 and Hg from 0.02 to 0.28 mg kg-1 DW (dry weight), respectively. In fruiting body stems arsenic content varied from ND to 4.77, cadmium from ND to 5.96 and mercury from 0.03 to 2.83 mg kg-1 DW. In the caps, As content varied from ND to 13.0, Cd from ND to 19.8 and Hg from 0.04 to 4.00 mg kg-1 DW. After comparing obtained results with the EU limits, for As in mushrooms 6.6% (cap) of analyzed samples exceeded the limit value, while for Cd, 4.7% (cap), 2.0% (stem) of analyzed samples exceeded the limit value. Regarding the background values in the soils/substrates of selected elements in Slovakia only Cd exceeded the limits (though almost 82% of samples). Regarding Hg content, all analyzed samples (fruiting bodies and soils/substrates) did not exceed the limit value. The selected monitored localities in Slovakia have been contaminated with trace elements. Some of the analyzed mushroom samples exceeded EU limits, and as such, they can pose a risk to human health.

Mercury in Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer and Its Underlying Substrate-Environmental and Health Risks Assessment

Wild-growing edible mushrooms are valuable food with a high content of proteins, fibers, antioxidants, and they are characterized by their specific taste and flavor. However, from an ecotoxicological point of view, they are a risk commodity because of their extremely high bioaccumulative capacity to accumulate the risk elements and contaminants from the environment. In the present study, we examined mercury (Hg) contamination in 230 fruiting bodies of Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer and 230 soil/substrate samples, which were collected in foraging seasons 2015-2019 from 22 different locations in Slovakia. Total mercury content was determined by cold-vapor AAS analyzer AMA 254. The level of contamination and environmental risks were assessed by contamination factor (Cf), index of geoaccumulation (Igeo), and potential environmental risk index (PER). Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was calculated for individual anatomical parts of M. procera. Mercury content in the soil/substrate samples varied between 0.02 and 0.89 mg kg-1 DW, and in mushroom samples between 0.03 and 2.83 mg kg-1 DW (stems), and between 0.04 and 6.29 mg kg-1 DW (caps). The obtained results were compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake for Hg defined by WHO to determine a health risk resulting from regular and long-term consumption of M. procera.

Aroma profile and lactic acid bacteria characteristic of traditional Slovak cheese "May bryndza"

This paper describes the results of the characterization of a traditional Slovak cheese called "May bryndza" with regard to the profiles of volatile organic compounds and lactic acid bacteria. Samples of "May bryndza" cheese produced solely from unpasteurized ewe's milk were collected from 4 different Slovak farms, and samples of the cheese produced from a mixture of 2 types of milk (raw ewe's and pasteurized cow's milk) were collected from 3 different Slovak industrial dairies. There were 15 compounds detected and identified by the electronic nose. The impact of the kind of milk and the kind of dairy on the aroma profile of the product was not confirmed by PCA. The compounds with the highest relative contents in samples were acetoin (2.59%-24.55%), acetic acid (6.69%-13.39%), methoxy-phenyl-oxime (4.49%-8.52%), butanoic acid (1.89%-5.67%), and 2,3-butanediol (0.98%-4.08%), which were determined with gas chromatography. A total of 1533 isolates of LAB were obtained from the "May bryndza" cheese samples. Four families, five genera, and 19 species were identified with mass spectrometry, and isolated bacteria, both from the farm and industry dairies were the most frequently found to belong to Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis.

Detection of Changes in Total Antioxidant Capacity, the Content of Polyphenols, Caffeine, and Heavy Metals of Teas in Relation to Their Origin and Fermentation

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is widely sought for beverages worldwide. Heavy metals are often the main aims of the survey of teas, given that the use of agricultural fertilization is very frequent. Some of these may affect the content of bioactive compounds. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed fermented and non-fermented teas of a single plant origin from Japan, Nepal, Korea, and China, and described mutual correlations and changes in the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and the content of polyphenols (TPC), caffeine, and heavy metals in tea leaves, in relation to the origin and fermentation process. Using UV-VIS spectrophotometry and HPLC-DAD, we determined variations in bioactive compounds’ content in relation to the fermentation process and origin and observed negative correlations between TAC and TPC. Heavy metal content followed this order: Mn > Fe > Cu > Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb > Co > Cd > Hg. Given the homogenous content of these elements in relation to fermentation, this paper also describes the possibility of using heavy metals as determinants of geographical origin. Linear Discriminant Analysis showed an accuracy of 75% for Ni, Co, Cd, Hg, and Pb, explaining 95.19% of the variability between geographical regions.

The Effect of Amanita rubescens Pers Developmental Stages on Aroma Profile

The dichloromethane extraction was applied to extracted volatile compounds of the six developmental stages of caps and stipes of an Amanita rubescens mushroom and the relative contents were measured with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The number of identified compounds ranged between 53 and 52, respectively, with a high ratio of alkane volatiles. The significant differences between the aroma compounds were determined in caps to identify their stages of development. The fully mature stage caps were characterized by 4,6-dimethyl-dodecane (7.69 ± 1.15%), 2-hexyl-1-decanol (11.8 ± 1.61%), 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene (11.4 ± 1.25%), heptadecyl pentadecafluorooctanoate (2.16 ± 0.31%), and 2-hexyl-1-dodecanol (13.5 ± 1.33%). Niacinamide (3.90 ± 0.07%) and glycerol (3.62 ± 1.27%) was present in the caps in the early-stage of the rotting mushroom, which represented the 10th-12th day of fructification. The caps and stipes from the 12th-15th day of fructification were characterized by 2,3-butanediol (11.7 ± 0.13% and 8.00 ± 0.10%, respectively). Moreover, the caps from this developmental stage were characterized by 2-methyl- and 3-methyl butanoic acids (0.18 ± 0.03% and 0.33 ± 0.02%, respectively) which are typical for the rotting stage. In this study, we confirmed the effect of A. rubescens developmental stages on the aroma profile.

Concentrations of Phenolic Acids Are Differently Genetically Determined in Leaves, Flowers, and Grain of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is a valuable source of proteins, B vitamins, manganese, tryptophan, phytochemicals with an antioxidant effect, and the natural flavonoid rutin. Due to its composition, buckwheat supports the human immune system, regulates blood cholesterol, and is suitable for patients with diabetes or celiac disease. The study aimed to compare the allocation of selected phenolic acids (neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, trans-caffeic acid, trans-p-coumaric acid, trans-sinapic acid, trans-ferulic acid) and flavonoids (rutin, vitexin, quercetin, kaempferol) in the leaves, flowers, and grain of buckwheat cultivars of different origin. The content of individual phenolics was determined by the HPLC-DAD method. The results confirmed the determining role of cultivar on the relative content of chlorogenic acid, trans-caffeic acid, trans-sinapic acid, vitexin, and kaempferol in buckwheat plants. A significantly negative correlation among concentrations of phenolic acids in different common buckwheat plant parts shows that there are different mechanisms of genetic influences on the concentration of phenolic substances in common buckwheat flowers, leaves, and grain. These differences should be taken into account when breeding buckwheat for a high concentration of selected phenolic substances.

Biogenic and Risk Elements in Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) from Chosen Localities of Slovakia

Walnuts (fruits Juglans regia, L.) belong among to the most spread, commercially grown tree nuts in the world. Nuts have grown higher attention in last years as valuable sources of essential elements; they are rich in non-essential fatty acids, proteins, fibre, plant sterols and minerals including potassium and magnesium and antioxidants. Determination of elements distribution in nuts is required not only for evaluation of total intake of essential elements in our food, but it is also useful for gaining data on contamination of foodstuffs by risk elements, but also for monitoring of heavy metal contamination in foodstuffs. Walnut samples were taken from three selected areas in Slovakia. The first location is in the vicinity of the cities Strážske, Humenné and Vranov nad Topľou, the second one is situated close to the city of Prievidza and the last one is close to the city of Vráble. The results of evaluation showed that the content of the elements monitored in location of Vráble did not exceed the limits set by the Regulation of Ministry of Health of Slovak Republic No 2/1994. In the half of samples taken from the location of Strážske, higher content of cadmium as the permitted limit has been found. The samples exceeded the amounts allowed by the Regulation No 2/1994 in contaminated area called "The dangerous triangle". Potential consumption of these walnuts could negatively affect human organism, but only if the kernels from the exact locality would be consumed in very high daily amounts (100-fold higher intake as daily intake according to the Statistical Office of SR).

DETERMINATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN OF GREEN AND ROASTED COFFEE BASED ON SELECTED CHEMICAL PARAMETERS

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. Its quality depends on many factors, such as, country of origin, altitude, climate, post-harvesting processing and others. This paper is focused on the possibility to determinate origin of American, African, and Asian coffees based on chemical properties of the final beverage, such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) measured using DPPH radical, content of chlorogenic acids and caffeine determined by HPLC-DAD. Samples of green and roasted coffee (roasting level medium dark Full City ++) were used. In green samples the highest values of TAC and caffeine were measured in American samples (averagely 93.014 % inhibition of DPPH and 0.854 g.100 g-1 of caffeine respectively), the highest content of chlorogenic acids showed samples from Africa (averagely 5,037 g.100 g-1). In samples of roasted coffees values of TAC decreased by 7, 47 % in Africa samples, by 18,12 % in American, and 13,73 % in samples from Asia. Roasted African coffees showed on average 1.035 g.100 g-1 of caffeine, the highest average was measured in American samples (1.201 g.100 g-1), and lowest Asian samples (1.089 g.100 g-1). Lowest content of CGAs was obtained from African samples (0.595 g.100 g-1), and the higher from American (0.596 g.100 g-1) and African samples (0.6345 g.100 g-1). ANOVA single factor showed significant differences between green samples regarding the TAC and caffeine content. However, content of chlorogenic acids did not show any difference (p-value=0,6809) regarding the geographical origin. Same results were obtained comparing roasted samples.

TECHNOLOGICAL, ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL AND SENSORY PROFILES OF SELECTED KINDS OF GRAPE OILS

The aim of this study was to determine technological (fat content, acid number, peroxide value, oxidation stability, fatty acid profiles), antioxidant (DPPH method), antimicrobial activity (antibacterial and antifungal) and sensory profiles of 4 kinds of Slovak grape seed oils (commercial, oil from white grape variety, oil from blue grape variety and oil made from grape after alcoholic fermentation). The fat content ranged from 95.86 % (blue grape variety oil) to 98.23 % (commercial oil). The values of acid number ranged from 0.15 mg KOH. g-1 (blue grape variety oil) to 0.90 mg KOH. g-1 (commercial oil) and of peroxide number from 2.75 mmol O2. kg-1 (blue grape variety oil) to 8.91 mmol O2. kg-1 (commercial oil). Values of antioxidant activity (DPPH method) ranged from 47.61 mg TEAC. l-1 (commercial oil) to 75.30 mg TEAC. l-1 (blue grape variety oil) and oxidation stability from 2.75 h (commercial oil) to 8.91 h (blue grape variety oil). The predominant acid in all samples was essential omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid, which can decrease the cholesterol levels and it is necessary for the activity of cell membranes. Its content differed from 69.43± 0.00 % in commercial oil to 72.75± 0.04 % in blue grape variety oil. Grape oils inhibited microscopic fungi (Candida albicans), gramnegative G- (Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella enterica subs. enterica) and grampositive G+ (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus subs. aureus) bacteria. Sensory analysis of tested oils was evaluated good, with the best results in commercial oil, especially consistency and overall appearance. The results of this work characterize and accentuate the qualities of edible grape oils, as a nutritionally valuable food for the nutrition of the human organism.

Evaluation of Soil and Ambient Air Pollution Around Un-reclaimed Mining Bodies in Nižná Slaná (Slovakia) Post-Mining Area

Thirty soil samples were taken, and the same number of moss (Dicranum scoparium) and lichen (Pseudevernia furfuracea) bags were exposed to detect environmental pollution in the former mining area Nižná Slaná. Soil and ambient air are influenced by hazardous substances, which leak from old mining bodies due to insufficient or completely missing reclamation. The total content of the risk elements (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Sb, Se, Pb, Zn) was determined in soil, moss, and lichen samples and in the bodies of Leccinum pseudoscabrum. Biological (soil enzymes-urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, fluorescein diacetate (FDA), ß-glucosidase) and chemical properties (pH) were determined in soil samples. Contamination factor (Cf), degree of contamination (Cd), pollution load index (PLI), and enrichment factor (EF) were used for soil and relative accumulation factor (RAF) for air quality evaluation. Contamination factor values show serious pollution by Cd, Fe, Hg, and Mn. Pollution load index confirmed extremely high pollution almost at all evaluated areas. Soil enzymes reacted to soil pollution mostly by decreasing their activity. Mosses and lichens show differences in the accumulation abilities of individual elements. Regular consumption of L. pseudoscabrum would provide the dose of Cd and Hg below the limit of provisional weekly intake. Based on the bioaccumulation index (BAF) values, L. pseudoscabrum can be characterized as an Hg accumulator.

Determination of volatile organic compounds in Slovak bryndza cheese by the electronic nose and the headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The aim of the present study was to describe volatile organic compounds of the traditional Slovak bryndza cheese determined by using an electronic nose (e-nose) and a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) with head-space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). For the first time, e-nose based on the gas chromatography principle with a flame ionization detector was described to identify and quantify aroma active compounds of bryndza cheese from Slovakia. The e-nose detects aroma compounds of very small concentrations in real-time of a few minutes and identifies them by comparing Kovats´ retention indices with the NIST library. Bryndza cheese produced from unpasteurized ewe´s milk and from a mixture of raw ewe´s and pasteurized cow´s types of milk were collected from 2 different Slovak farms beginning in May through to September 2019. The flavour and aroma of bryndza cheese are apparently composed of compounds contained in milk and the products of fermentation of the substrate by bacteria and fungi. Regarding volatile organic compounds, 25 compounds were detected and identified by an electronic nose with a discriminant >0.900 with ethyl acetate, isopentyl acetate, 2-butanone, acetic acid, butanoic acid, and butane-2,3-dione confirmed by gas chromatography. We confirm the suitability of the electronic nose to be used for monitoring of bryndza cheese quality.

Content of Mineral Elements in the Traditional Oštiepok Cheese

Oštiepok is traditional half-fat semi-hard cheese manufactured in Slovak Republic. In this research, we have analyzed the content of macro-elements (calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium) and micro-elements (chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc) in Oštiepok cheese samples collected from various parts of Slovak Republic. The analysis of Oštiepok cheese samples (n = 19) was carried out by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The macro-element concentrations in the investigated samples varied quite significantly with the highest values recorded for sodium with its average concentration of 8083 mg kg^-1. The second highest macro-element concentration was observed for calcium with the average concentration of 6850 mg kg^-1. Average concentration of zinc was 23.2 mg kg^-1; iron, 14.1 mg kg^-1; and copper, 10.0 mg kg^-1. The concentration of macro- and micro-elements varied from sample to sample, but we can conclude that the traditional Oštiepok cheese is a suitable source of some minerals important for human health. Based on the RDA, the exposure amounts of analyzed samples are low, and no element can be referred to as significant since none reaches 15% of the nutrient reference values, according to EC Regulation 1169/2011.

The effect of roasting on the total polyphenols and antioxidant activity of coffee

The total polyphenolic content and the antioxidant activity have been analyzed in ground beans of green, light, medium and dark roasted coffee by UV-VIS spectrometry. Water coffee extracts showed the highest levels of polyphenols in green and light roasted coffees where the total polyphenolic content (TPC) ranged from 49.19 ± 0.70 to 74.05 ± 0.28 and from 59.79 ± 1.45 to 38.34 ± 1.26 g GAE.kg^-1, respectively. In medium roast samples it ranged from 43.90 ± 3.07 to 74.05 ± 0.28g GAE.kg^-1 and in dark roast from 37.44 ± 0.63 to 47.41 ± 0.69 g GAE.kg^-1. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) reached the highest values (DPPH inhibition ranging from 69.08 ± 1.33% to 78.55 ± 0.89%) in light roasted coffees. Dark roasted coffees showed both the lowest content of polyphenols as well as the total antioxidant capacity. In case of TPC, statistically significant differences (P˂0.001) have been identified between green coffee and other roasted degrees. Also, dark coffee showed statistically noticeable differences (P˂0.001) in TPC in relation to other roasted stages. Statistically important difference (P˂0.001) has been discovered between the total antioxidant capacity of dark roasted coffee and other roasting levels. The results demonstrated that roasting process affects both the oxidative activity as well as polyphenolic content.

Open mining pits and heaps of waste material as the source of undesirable substances: biomonitoring of air and soil pollution in former mining area (Dubnik, Slovakia)

Moss and lichen bag technique (Dicranum sp., Hypnum sp., Polytrichum sp., Hypogymnia physodes) and activity of soil enzymes (urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase, fluorescein diacetate, ß-glucosidase) were used as bioindicators of air and soil pollution in Dubník former mining area (East Slovakia). Ten open mining pits and 8 heaps of waste material were chosen for the research purposes. Contamination factor (C_f), degree of contamination (C_d), and pollution load index (PLI) were used to evaluate the level of soil pollution and relative accumulation factor (RAF) expressed the level of air pollution by risk elements (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sb, Pb, Zn). Based the degree of contamination results, the study area was polluted by individual elements in the following order: Fe>Cd>As>Pb>Sb>Zn>Cu>Ni>Mn. The highest values of Mn and Ni and lower values of urease were determined in open mining pits comparing heaps of waste material. The results of PLI index confirmed extreme pollution at all sampling sites. Considering the average RAF values showed the decrease of accumulation abilities of evaluated taxa in the following order: Dicranum sp.>Hypnum sp.>Hypogymnia physodes>Polytrichum sp.

Effect of essential oils of Myrtaceae plants on the Penicillium commune

The aim of this research was to determine the inhibitory effect of vapor phase of five essential oils (EOs) on the growth of seven strains of Penicillium commune isolated from moldy milk products. Another objective was to determine the minimum inhibitory doses (in vitro and probit analyses) of EOs, which at concentration 625 μL.L-1 of air completely inhibited the growth of all strains. The antifungal activity was evaluated by the micro-atmosphere method. The essential oils used in this study were extract of plants from family Myrtaceae. Only one essential oil – clove (from Syzygium aromaticum L.; leaves) completely inhibited the growth of all strains during cultivation at 25 °C and 5 °C. Eucalyptus essential oil (from Eucaliptus globulus; leaves), tea tree essential oil (from Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel; leaves), cajeput essential oil (from Melaleuca leucadendra L.; leaves and twigs), niaouli essential oil (from Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake; leaves) have different effects on the growth of P. commune strains. The order of tested essential oils according to the inhibition effect on the growth of the strains of P. commune (from the strongest to the weakest effect) was: clove > tea tree > cajeput > niaouli > eucalyptus. Clove EO that completely inhibited the growth of all strains was used to determine minimum inhibitory doses (MIDs). The MIDs were 125 µL.L-1 of air for two strains of P. commune and 250 µL.L-1 of air for five strains of P. commune on the 7th and 14th day of cultivation, also. Using probit analysis, predicted MIDs90 and MIDs50 were calculated. The MIDs90 were determined from 104.93 to 301.37 µL.L-1 of air.

Concentration of Micro- and Macro-Elements in Green and Roasted Coffee: Influence of Roasting Degree and Risk Assessment for the Consumers

The aim of the present study was to determine concentrations of 15 macro- and micro-elements in 10 commercially available plantation Arabica coffee brands. The elemental concentration was studied in 50 samples of green and roasted coffee beans of various roasting degrees and their infusions. There were four different roasting degrees: City + (C+), Full city (FC), Full city ++ (FC++), and Dark (D). The attention was given to the impact of the roasting process on the elemental composition. Statistically significant differences were found between the green coffee beans and the different roasting degrees in both macro- and micro-elements. The results showed that roasting degrees affected the concentration of elements in resulting infusions. Dietary intakes for macro- and micro-elements based on RDA and PTWI (in the case of Al) were calculated. Based on the RDA values for macro- and micro-elements, it can be concluded that coffee infusions are not an important source of elements in nutrition. In the case of Al, consumption of coffee was considered non-hazardous based on the PTWI value.

Activity of the soil enzymes and moss and lichen biomonitoring method used for the evaluation of soil and air pollution from tailing pond in Nižná Slaná (Slovakia)

The surrounding of the poorly maintained tailing ponds is endangered by the toxic substances and represents a serious risk for the health of the local population. The aim of the study was to determine the soil pollution by the hazardous elements (As, Cr, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) around the tailing pond using contamination factor (C_f), degree of contamination (C_d) and pollution load index (PLI). The health and the condition of soil were evaluated by soil enzyme activity (urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase, florescein diacetate, and ß-glucosidase). The spreading of the airborne hazardous elements from the body of the tailing pond was evaluated by moss and lichen bag technique and relative accumulation factor was used for the result expression. Cd, Fe, and Mn in soils reached above the limit values at all sampling sites. According to the degree of contamination (C_d), the soils at the sampling area were very high contaminated by As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Pb. The most part of the assessed area was according to the PLI values extremely polluted. The air pollution was the most serious around the tailing pond, but serious levels of some hazardous elements were determined also in the remote distances.

The temperature threshold for the transformation of rutin to quercetin in Tartary buckwheat dough

The aim was to determine conditions under which rutin can be retained during production of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) dough. Tartary buckwheat flour was hydrothermally treated by mixing with water at 25, 40, 60, 80 and 95 °C, with unprocessed Tartary buckwheat flour as control. With hydrothermal treatments at 25, 40 and 60 °C, most of the rutin was transformed to quercetin. However, for hydrothermal treatments at 80 and 95 °C, rutin was retained due to denaturation of the rutin-degrading enzymes during hydrothermal treatment. This is the first report to describe a temperature threshold for denaturation of rutin-degrading enzymes in any buckwheat material. Tartary buckwheat dough produced at 95 °C contained 12 mg rutin/g dry matter. Based on these characteristics, dough from hydrothermally treated Tartary buckwheat is a promising, rutin-rich functional food material.

Effect of essential oils of Lamiaceae plants on the Rhizopus spp

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fungicidal effect of eleven essential oils against six isolates of the genus Rhizopus. Isolates were obtained from various moldy foods (chestnut, bread, strawberry, nectarine, blackberry and cherry tomatoes).  The essential oils used in this study were extracts of basil (Oscimum basilicum L.), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia MILLER.), marjoram (Origanum majorana L.), mint (Mentha piperita L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.). Semi-quantitative composition of the essential oil samples was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS analyses of the essential oils led to identification of 139 compounds, of which 49 were presented in ≥1% amount in at least one essential oil. The antifungal activity of essential oils against the Rhizopus spp. was determined, using micro-atmosphere method (0.625 μL.ml-1 of air), during 7 days. Seven essential oils: thyme, mint, summer savory, lavender, marjoram, oregano and wild thyme completely inhibited the growth of all isolates. Other essential oils have different effects on the growth of isolates. Basil essential oil stimulated growth of two isolates on the second day of cultivation. The growth of other isolates was, by contrast, inhibited by this essential oil in the same time of cultivation. Hyssop essential oil completely inhibited growth of two isolates, other 4 isolates were inhibited to fourth day of cultivation. In conclusion, certain essential oils are highly effective in vapour phase and can be used in another test of their antifungal activity and could be used in control of Rhizopus spp. or other fungal pathogens.

Methylxanthines and catechines in different teas (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) - influence on antioxidant properties

In general, there are four basic types of tea: green (not fermented), black (fermented), oolong and white tea (partially fermented). The differences among these types are in the processing technology, which is largely reflected in their chemical composition. The most influential factor that significantly affects the quality and quantity of substances (biologically active) is the processing temperature, which causes changes in the composition (isomerization and/or transformation). The present paper focuses on monitoring content of three methylxanthines - alkaloids (caffeine, theophylline and theobromine), and seven flavan-3-ols - catechins ((+)-catechin (C), (-)-catechin-3-gallate (C-3-G), (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (EC-3-G), (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGC-3-G), (-)-gallocatechin (GC) and (-)-gallocatechin-3-gallate (GC 3-G)), which are characteristic for tea. Attention was also given to the assessment of selected antioxidant parameters using spectrophotometric procedures (ABTS - radical cation decolorization assay and Phosphomolybdenum reducing antioxidant power assay) in relation to the determined substances using RP-HPLC/DAD analysis. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that a type of tea clearly affects the quality and quantity of the substances that have a positive impact on the consumer's health, significantly reflected in the levels of antioxidant active substances determined by the spectrophotometric procedures. The highest content of methylxanthin, catechins, polyphenols and antioxidant substances was recorded in the green tea sample GT3. The highest content of flavonoids and phenolic acids was recorded in the Pu-erh tea sample PT 5.

Antioxidant properties, total phenolic and total flavonoid content of the Slovak white wines - welschriesling and chardonnay

The biologically active compounds in wines, especially phenolics, are responsible for reduced risk of developing chronic diseses (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer disease, etc.), due to their antioxidant activities. Twenty six Slovak white wines, produced from different geographical origins, were examined in this study. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of two types monovarietal wines - Welschriesling and Chardonnay were evaluated. All three mentioned parameters were determined by UV-VIS absorption spectrometry. The results showed that both types of Slovak white wines were high in polyphenols (average content was 303.2 mg GAE.L-1 in Welschriesling, resp. 355.6 mg GAE.L-1 in Chardonnay) and flavonoids (average content was 51.9 mg CE.L-1 in Welschriesling, resp. 60.1 mg CE.L-1 in Chardonnay), as well as a high antioxidant activity (average value was 35.0% inhibition of DPPH in Welschriesling, resp. 43.3% inhibition of DPPH in Chardonnay), comparable to the wines produced in other regions in the world. Among the white wines, Chardonnay had higher content of total polyphenols, as well as flavonoids and higher values of antioxidant activity. Our results confirmed very strong linear correlations between all three analysed parameters (TPC, TFC and AA): TPC and TFC (r = 0.818), AA and TPC (r = 0.699), resp. TFC and AA (r = 0.693).

Accumulation and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in soil and plants of four different ecosystems in a former polymetallic ores mining and smelting area (Slovakia)

Heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in soils and plants of four different ecosystems (forest, grassland, agro and urban ecosystem) at different distances from the source of the pollution were analyzed in order to assess and compare soil contamination in the various ecosystems and determine the potential accumulation of plants depending on the place they inhabit. Correlation relationships among heavy metals in soils differ depending on the ecosystem, and between soil and plant, the heavy metals showed significant correlation for Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Contamination factor (C_f), degree of contamination (C_d) and pollution load index (PLI) were used in order to determine the level of environmental contamination of the study area. All studied ecosystems were rated as moderately contaminated (except agroecosystem, which was found as low contamination ecosystem) according to C_d and extremely polluted according to PLI. The highest pollution in both cases was found in urban ecosystem, and Cd, Cu and Fe were determined as the biggest pollutants.

Copper content in cereals grown in the model condition

The consumption of cereals in Slovakia but also worldwide is increasing by every year. From 30000 to 50000 tons of mercury circulates thought the biosphere that gets into the atmosphere degassing of the earth's crust and world oceans. Trace element as copper is one of the most efficient antioxidants in the body, often referred to as an element of beauty. It acts as a powerful catalyst for many enzymes and vitamins, through which already small amounts affects many activities in the body (strengthens immunity, reduces levels of histamine). It accumulates in the barley, beans, cucumber, nuts or milk and so on. The aim of our work was the evaluation of transfer of mercury from sludge to edible part of chosen cereals. The objectives were achieved in simulated conditions of growing pot experiment. We used agricultural soil from the location of Výčapy - Opatovce for the realization of the experiment. The sludge, which was added at various doses, was taken from Central Spiš area from locality of Rudňany near the village where minedironore that contains mainly cooper and mercury during last few decades was. We used three types of cereals: barley (Hordeum sativum L.) variety PRESTIGE, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety ISJARISSA and oat (Avena sativa L.) variety TATRAN. The length of growing season was 90 days. From the obtained results of two years can be concluded that the accumulation of cooper by seed follows barley ˂ oat ˂ wheat. Even though that the barley is characterized by the highest accumulation of cooper in the seeds, the content did not exceed the maximum level specified by The Codex Alimentarius of the Slovak Republic (CA SR). The results shows that the suitable cultivation of the cereals in localities, which are contaminated with heavy metals, especially by cooper, that the high content of cooper in soil do not pose a risk of accumulation of the metal into the cereal grain.

Biomonitoring of heavy metals contamination by mosses and lichens around Slovinky tailing pond (Slovakia)

Three moss (Pleurozium spp., Polytrichum spp., and Rhytidiadelphus spp.) and two lichen (Hypogymnia physodes and Pseudevernia furfuracea) taxons covered in the bags were used to monitor air quality. Bags were exposed at the different distances from the tailing pond because of insufficient security and source of heavy metal pollution. Moss/lichen bags were exposed for six weeks at 0-, 50-, 100-, 150- and 200-m distances from Slovinky tailing pond, in the main wind direction (down the valley). Accumulation ability of heavy metals expressed by relative accumulation factor (RAF) increases in the order of Polytrichum spp.<H. physodes <Pleurozium spp.<P. furfuracea <Rhytidiadelphus spp. Moss/lichen species showed different accumulation capacity for individual heavy metals. Rhytidiadelphus spp. was found to possess the significantly highest (P < 0.01) ability to accumulate Cd, Zn, Ni, Mn and Fe. The highest RAF values of Pb, Zn, Ni and Fe were determined in samples exposed at 200-m distance from pollution source.

Gluten-free bread with an addition of freeze-dried red and purple potatoes as a source of phenolic compounds in gluten-free diet

The basis for gluten-free diet is often gluten-free bread, which is usually characterized by a low-nutritional value, and lacks any pro-health properties. Only after an introduction of gluten-free raw materials, containing high level of bioactive compounds it would be possible to obtain the product with a pro-health potential. The aim of the study was to analyze the content of bioactive compounds (total phenolic content, phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavonols, anthocyanins and carotenoids) in gluten-free bread prepared with 5% addition of freeze-dried red and purple potatoes as well as to assess their antioxidant potential. Summarizing, among the analyzed gluten-free breads with an addition of freeze-dried red and purple potatoes, the best results could be obtained by using variety Magenta Love (red potato), which provided the highest levels of phenolic compounds and carotenoids and also antioxidant and antiradical activity.

The heavy metals content in wild growing mushrooms from burdened Spiš area

In this work, we evaluated the rate of entry of heavy metals into the edible parts of wild mushrooms, from central Spiš area. The area is characterized by extremely high content of heavy metals particularly mercury in abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. The toxicity of heavy metals is well known and described. Known is also the ability of fungi to accumulate contaminants from substrates in which mushrooms grow. We have collected commonly consumed species of mushrooms (Russula vesca., Macrolepiota procera, Lycoperdon pyriforme, Lecinum piceinum, Boletus reticulatus). Sampling was conducted for two years 2012 and 2013. The samples taken mushrooms and substrates on which to grow, we determined heavy metal content (Cd, Pb, Cu), including total mercury content modified by atomic absorption spectrometry (AMA - 254). In the substrate, we determined the humus content and pH value. The heavy metal content in soils were evaluated according to Law no. 220/2004 Z.z The exceedance limit values of Cd, Pb, Cu and Hg was recorded. Most significantly the respective limit was recorded in soil samples in the case of mercury. The determined concentration Hg was 39.01 mg.kg-1. From the results, we evaluated the degree of ability to bioaccumulate heavy metals different kinds of fungi. We also evaluated the health safety of the consumption of these fungi on the comparison with the limit values provided in the food code of SR. We recorded a high rate of accumulation of mercury in the species Boletus reticulatus and Macrolepiota procera. For these types we recorded the most significant than allowed concentrations of mercury in mushrooms. The highest recorded concentration reached 17.64 mg.kg-1 Hg in fresh matter. The limit value was exceeded also in the case of copper. We do not recommend to increased consumption of wild mushrooms in the reference area.

Heavy metals determination in edible wild mushrooms growing in former mining area - Slovakia: Health risk assessment

The aim of the paper is to assess a contamination level of forest substrates and aboveground parts of edible wild mushroom (M. procera (Scop.) Singer, B. recitulatus Schaeff., C. cibarius Fr., S. grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer, A. campestris L., R. xerampelina (Schaeff.) Fr., L. salmonicolor R. Heim & Leclair, C. gibba (Pers. Ex Fr.) Kumm., X. chrysenteron (Bull.) Quél., M. oreades (Bolton) Fr.; n = 70) by heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn). The studied location was a broader surroundigs of the historical mining and metal processing area of Banská Bystrica. The collected mushroom samples and underlying substrate samples were analysed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrofotometry and Flame Absorption Spectrophotometry with graphite furnace. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) for individual species and their anatomical parts were calculated from the results obtained. In order to assess a health risk resulting from regular consumption of the mushrooms, provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) was calculated from the results of the monitored heavy metal concentration. Limit values for the studied contaminants (Cd: 0.49 mg.kg-1 and Pb: 1.75 mg.kg-1 for an individual with an average weight of 70 kg) are defined by FAO and WHO. Our results indicate that S. grevillei has a high bioaccumulation ability of Cd. It was confirmed by bioaccumulation factors (BAFH = 3.47 and BAFRFB = 2.30). The PTWICd value was exceeded by 4.11 times. A similar situation occurred in the case of Pb where the highest bioaccumulation factor (BAFH = 0.24 and BAFRFB = 0.19) was also recorded in the samples of S. grevillei and the PTWIPb value was exceeded by 1.35 times. In general, it can be stated that a consumption of edible wild mushrooms represent a relatively small risk of negative impact on the health of consumers.

Determination of mercury, cadmium and lead contents in different tea and teas infusions (Camelia sinensis, L.)

The present paper deals with assessing the level of contamination of green (n = 14) and black - fermented (n = 10) teas of different origins (country of origin) (China, India, Japan, Nepal and Taiwan), which are normally available in Slovakia. The contents of the studied contaminants (mercury, cadmium and lead) were observed in samples of dried teas and their infusions. The contaminant contents were investigated by atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction and a graphite furnace GF-AAS (Cd, Pb). The total mercury content was analyzed by CV-AAS method. Concentrations of the studied contaminants in the dried tea samples were as follows: green tea: Hg: 0.0027 ±0.0010 mg.kg-1 (median ± standard deviation); Cd: 0.161 ±0.084 mg.kg-1, Pb: 0.875 ±0.591 mg.kg-1, black tea: Hg: 0.0022 ±0.0014 mg.kg-1, Cd: 0.397 ±0.077 mg.kg-1, Pb: 1.387 ±0.545 mg.kg-1. The contents of the contaminants in the tea infusions were as follows: green tea: Hg: 0.03 ±0.04 μg.L-1, Cd: 0.278 ±0.068 μg.L-1, Pb: 1.975 ±0.503 μg.L-1, black tea: Hg: 0.050 ±0.080 μg.L-1, Cd: 0.291 ±0.054 μg.L-1, Pb: 1.955 ±1.264 μg.L-1. According to the currently valid maximum limits for a particular contaminant in Slovakia, it can be stated that the health standards were not exceeded in any of the tea samples. The limit value of the lead content (2.0 mg.kg-1 DM) was exceeded (by 12.4%) only in one sample of the dried black tea from China (Yunnan - Golden Snow), however it is the limit value valid in China. The results of the analysis of 24 tea samples show that even regular consumption does not pose a health risk to consumers.

Human exposure to heavy metals and possible public health risks via consumption of wild edible mushrooms from Slovak Paradise National Park, Slovakia

The contamination level of 92 samples (12 species) of wild edible mushrooms and underlying substrates with heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) in the Slovak Paradise National Park that borders with a region of historical mining and processing of polymetallic ores, were determined. The collected samples were analyzed using of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metals were determined separately in hymenophore (H) and rest of fruit bodies (RFB). Bioaccumulation factor as well as ratio of metal content in H and RFB were calculated. Cadmium and lead contents in hymenophore exceeded statutory limits of the EU (Cd: 0.5 mg/kg dry weight (dw), Pb: 1.0 mg/kg dw) for edible mushrooms in 96% and 83% of the samples, respectively. The risk from the consumption of the collected mushroom species was calculated based on the provisionally tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) values, and the highest health risk arising with consumption of particularly Macrolepiota procera, Marasmius oreades and Russula vesca from the observed area was demonstrated. It was shown that average weekly consumption of tested mushrooms species results the threat of exceeding of PTWI limits in the case of cadmium values (by 164%, 86% and 4% of PTWI for M. oreades, R. vesca and R. puellaris, respectively) and of mercury (by 96% of PTWI for M. procera) but not lead.

Contamination of wild-grown edible mushrooms by heavy metals in a former mercury-mining area

The aim of this study was to evaluate the contamination of six edible wild species of mushrooms (Boletus pulverulentus, Cantharellus cibarius, Lactarius quietus, Macrolepiota procera, Russula xerampelina and Suillus grevillei) by heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn and Fe). Mushroom samples were collected from sites contaminated by emissions from mining and processing of polymetallic ores in operation during the period 1969-1993 in Rudňany, southeast Slovakia. The four study sites spanned up to a 5-km distance from the emission source. The collected mushroom samples were analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and/or Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry with graphite furnace. Mercury, Cd and, in some samples, also Pb present the highest risks in terms of contamination of the food chain following subsequent consumption. The content of two metals in the dry matter (dm) of the mushrooms exceeded the limits set by the European Union (EU; Cd: 0.5 mg/kg dm, Pb: 1.0 mg/kg dm). The highest mean contents of the eight metals recorded for S. grevillei were 52.2, 2.15, 107, 104, 2.27, 2.49, 81.6 and 434 mg/kg dm for Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mn and Fe, respectively. The highest content of Cd was recorded in M. procera (3.05 mg/kg dm) and that of Co in L. quietus (0.90 mg/kg dm). The calculated weekly intake for Hg, Pb and Cd shows that regular consumption of mushrooms from the studied area poses risks to human health.