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Keilholz S, Paul R, Dorsch LY, Kohlmann H. In Situ X-ray Diffraction Studies on the Reduction of V 2 O 5 and WO 3 by Using Hydrogen. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203932. [PMID: 36718944 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of metal oxides with hydrogen is widely used for the production of fine chemicals and metals both on the laboratory and industry scale. In situ methods can help to elucidate reaction pathways and to gain control over such synthesis reactions. In this study, the reduction of WO3 and V2 O5 with hydrogen was investigated by in situ X-ray powder diffraction with regard to intermediates and the influence of heating rates and hydrogen flow rates. Mixtures of V4 O9 , V6 O13 and VO2 in two modifications were identified as intermediates on the way to phase-pure V2 O3 . None of the intermediates occurs in a single phase and therefore cannot be prepared this way. In contrast, the intermediates of the WO3 reduction, H0.23 WO3 and W10 O29 , appear consecutively and can be isolated. For both reactions, the heating and flow rates have little influence on the formation of intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Keilholz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- MOLYMET Germany GmbH, Niels-Bohr-Str. 5, 06749, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany
| | - Roman Paul
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leonhard Yuuta Dorsch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Kohlmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Cao S, Chen X, Zhang L, Xing X, Wen D, Wang B, Qin N, Wei F, Duan X. Quantificational exposure, sources, and health risks posed by heavy metals in indoor and outdoor household dust in a typical smelting area in China. Indoor Air 2020; 30:872-884. [PMID: 32347976 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of metals in household dust remains a concern for human health. However, few studies to date have been conducted on the contribution of both indoor and outdoor environments to the health risks posed by metals. This study was carried out to assess the potential health risks from both indoor and outdoor household dust and the respective contribution to the health risks for children. The results showed that household dusts were heavily polluted by metal(loid)s, which were up to 30 times higher than the relative background level, and were attributed to smelting activity. However, there are other pollution sources in indoor environments, since the I/O ratio values of Pb, Cd, and As were significantly higher than 1. HI values of Pb and As exceeded the threshold of (1) and accounted for approximately 60% and 24% to the HIt, respectively. The HIts of Zn, Cr, Mn, Hg, and Cu were mainly attributable to indoor dust exposure, particularly for Hg (73.44%), indicating non-carcinogenic health risks could be attributed more to the indoor dust exposure. This study highlights the potential risks of metal contamination in household environment, particularly indoor environment, on the health of children who live in the vicinity of smelting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Cao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoru Xing
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Dongshen Wen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Qin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Wei
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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Robertsen Ø, Hegseth MN, Føreland S, Siebler F, Eisemann M, Vangberg HCB. The Effect of a Knowledge-Based Intervention on the Use of Respirators in the Norwegian Smelter Industry. Front Psychol 2020; 11:270. [PMID: 32153476 PMCID: PMC7044339 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study investigated the effect of interventions aiming to improve attitudes toward the use of respiratory protective equipment (RPE), knowledge of RPE and the use of RPE in the Norwegian smelter industry. Method The surveys received 567 respondents to baseline and 240 respondents 2 weeks after the intervention. Participants were invited to either a fit-testing of respirators [Group 1] or a fit-testing combined with a lecture on exposure [Group 2], health effects and RPE. The control group [Group 3] received no training. Questionnaires containing measures of subjective knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding RPE use were assessed. Results Testing indicated an improvement in knowledge of RPE and a reduction in perceived inconveniences regarding the use of RPE for both intervention groups. Group 1 showed an improvement in attitudes and organizational support, while intervention Group 2 showed an improvement in subjective norms related to RPE use. Intention to use or rate of respirator use was not shown to change significantly for any group using paired testing. Regression analysis indicated that participation in either intervention influenced intention to use respirators. The effect was significant for Group 1 and was marginally significant for intervention Group 2. Conclusion The results indicate that interventions can increase workers’ knowledge and attitudes, and reduce perceived inconvenience regarding the use of respiratory protective equipment. However, even though some variables seemed to positively change, reported respirator use did not improve for either groups participating in the study. It may be that physical barriers with regards to using RPE, such as fogging of protective goggles, sweating, breathing and communication issues outweigh individual attitudes, intentions and social pressure to use respirators. Practical Applications The tailored course and practical training in RPE use in the current intervention can be applied in the smelting industry to provide up to date information on dust exposure, health effects and protective equipment. Some adjustments may be warranted for the content to fit specific risks and exposures of other industries. However, the general pedagogical framework of the educational material regarding health effects and RPE should be useful for most heavy industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Robertsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marit Nøst Hegseth
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Solveig Føreland
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Frank Siebler
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martin Eisemann
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hans Christian Bones Vangberg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Arias L, Torres S, Toro C, Balladares E, Parra R, Loeza C, Villagrán C, Coelho P. Flash Smelting Copper Concentrates Spectral Emission Measurements. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E2009. [PMID: 29932156 DOI: 10.3390/s18072009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on spectral features emitted by a reaction shaft occurring in flash smelting of copper concentrates containing sulfide copper minerals such as chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), bornite (Cu5FeS4) and pyrite (FeS2). Different combustion conditions are addressed, such as sulfur-copper ratio and oxygen excess. Temperature and spectral emissivity features are estimated for each case by using the two wavelength method and radiometric models. The most relevant results have shown an increasing intensity behavior for higher sulfur-copper ratios and oxygen contents, where emissivity is almost constant along the visible spectrum range for all cases, which validates the gray body assumption. CuO and FeO emission line features along the visible spectrum appear to be a sensing alternative for describing the combustion reactions.
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Diawara MM, Shrestha S, Carsella J, Farmer S. Smelting Remains a Public Health Risk Nearly a Century Later: A Case Study in Pueblo, Colorado, USA. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:E932. [PMID: 29735921 PMCID: PMC5981971 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pueblo, Colorado has a long history of smelting activities, and recent studies raised concerns about lead exposure. This study tested 240 children in Pueblo for blood lead levels (BLLs) and found a significant association between distance from old smelters and children BLLs. Around 7.5% of Pueblo children had BLLs above the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reference level of 5 µg/dL for elevated BLL, and 18.3% had BLLs between 3.3⁻4.9 µg/dL. Out of the 36 children who lived near former smelters, 13.9% had BLLs above 5 µg/dL vs. 6.37% for children living away from old smelters. The proportion of Pueblo children with elevated BLL was nearly three times the 2007⁻2010 United States national average (7.5% vs. 2.6%), and this was higher in the immediate vicinity of old smelters (13.9% vs. 2.6%). Genetic polymorphisms for ALAD-1 or ALAD-2 alleles, which play a role in susceptibility to lead toxicity, were not associated with children BBLs. Around 38.5% of houses sampled near the smelters had topsoil lead levels higher than the Environmental Protection Agency’s benchmark of 400 mg/kg. Our study resulted in the addition of areas of Pueblo to the EPA Superfund National Priorities List in December 2014, and cleanup is currently underway to minimize the public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa M Diawara
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81001, USA.
| | - Sofy Shrestha
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81001, USA.
| | - Jim Carsella
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81001, USA.
| | - Shanna Farmer
- Regional Access to Graduate Education, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81001, USA.
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Demková L, Árvay J, Bobuľská L, Tomáš J, Stanovič R, Lošák T, Harangozo L, Vollmannová A, Bystrická J, Musilová J, Jobbágy J. Accumulation and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in soil and plants of four different ecosystems in a former polymetallic ores mining and smelting area (Slovakia). J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2017; 52:479-490. [PMID: 28129047 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1274169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in soils and plants of four different ecosystems (forest, grassland, agro and urban ecosystem) at different distances from the source of the pollution were analyzed in order to assess and compare soil contamination in the various ecosystems and determine the potential accumulation of plants depending on the place they inhabit. Correlation relationships among heavy metals in soils differ depending on the ecosystem, and between soil and plant, the heavy metals showed significant correlation for Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Contamination factor (Cf), degree of contamination (Cd) and pollution load index (PLI) were used in order to determine the level of environmental contamination of the study area. All studied ecosystems were rated as moderately contaminated (except agroecosystem, which was found as low contamination ecosystem) according to Cd and extremely polluted according to PLI. The highest pollution in both cases was found in urban ecosystem, and Cd, Cu and Fe were determined as the biggest pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Demková
- a Department of Ecology , University of Prešov , Prešov , Slovak Republic
| | - Július Árvay
- b Department of Chemistry , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Lenka Bobuľská
- a Department of Ecology , University of Prešov , Prešov , Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Tomáš
- b Department of Chemistry , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Radovan Stanovič
- b Department of Chemistry , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Tomáš Lošák
- c Department of Environmentalistics and Natural Resources , Mendel University in Brno , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Luboš Harangozo
- b Department of Chemistry , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Alena Vollmannová
- b Department of Chemistry , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Judita Bystrická
- b Department of Chemistry , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Janette Musilová
- b Department of Chemistry , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Jobbágy
- d Department of Machines and Production Biosystems , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
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Youn JS, Csavina J, Rine KP, Shingler T, Taylor MP, Sáez AE, Betterton EA, Sorooshian A. Hygroscopic Properties and Respiratory System Deposition Behavior of Particulate Matter Emitted By Mining and Smelting Operations. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:11706-11713. [PMID: 27700056 PMCID: PMC5089925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study examines size-resolved physicochemical data for particles sampled near mining and smelting operations and a background urban site in Arizona with a focus on how hygroscopic growth impacts particle deposition behavior. Particles with aerodynamic diameters between 0.056-18 μm were collected at three sites: (i) an active smelter operation in Hayden, AZ, (ii) a legacy mining site with extensive mine tailings in Iron King, AZ, and (iii) an urban site, inner-city Tucson, AZ. Mass size distributions of As and Pb exhibit bimodal profiles with a dominant peak between 0.32 and 0.56 μm and a smaller mode in the coarse range (>3 μm). The hygroscopicity profile did not exhibit the same peaks owing to dependence on other chemical constituents. Submicrometer particles were generally more hygroscopic than supermicrometer ones at all three sites with finite water-uptake ability at all sites and particle sizes examined. Model calculations at a relative humidity of 99.5% reveal significant respiratory system particle deposition enhancements at sizes with the largest concentrations of toxic contaminants. Between dry diameters of 0.32 and 0.56 μm, for instance, ICRP and MPPD models predict deposition fraction enhancements of 171%-261% and 33%-63%, respectively, at the three sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-sang Youn
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janae Csavina
- National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), 1685 38 Street, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Kyle P. Rine
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Taylor Shingler
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mark Patrick Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - A. Eduardo Sáez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eric A. Betterton
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Abstract
Childhood lead exposure and poisoning near primary lead smelters continues in developed and developing countries. In the United States, the problem of lead poisoning in children caused by smelter emissions was first documented in the early 1970s. In 1978, Environmental Protection Agency set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for lead. Attainment of this lead standard in areas near operating lead smelters took twenty to thirty years. Childhood lead exposure and poisoning continued to occur after the lead National Ambient Air Quality Standards were set and before compliance was achieved. This article analyzes and discusses the factors that led to the eventual achievement of the 1978 lead National Ambient Air Quality Standards near primary smelters and the reduction of children's blood lead levels in surrounding communities. Factors such as federal and state regulation, monitoring of emissions, public health activities such as blood lead surveillance and health education, relocation of children, environmental group and community advocacy, and litigation all played a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Sullivan
- Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, USA
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Cooke CA, Balcom PH, Kerfoot C, Abbott MB, Wolfe AP. Pre-colombian mercury pollution associated with the smelting of argentiferous ores in the Bolivian Andes. Ambio 2011; 40:18-25. [PMID: 21404820 PMCID: PMC3357727 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-010-0086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mercury (Hg) amalgamation process in the mid-sixteenth century triggered the onset of large-scale Hg mining in both the Old and New Worlds. However, ancient Hg emissions associated with amalgamation and earlier mining efforts remain poorly constrained. Using a geochemical time-series generated from lake sediments near Cerro Rico de Potosí, once the world's largest silver deposit, we demonstrate that pre-Colonial smelting of Andean silver ores generated substantial Hg emissions as early as the twelfth century. Peak sediment Hg concentrations and fluxes are associated with smelting and exceed background values by approximately 20-fold and 22-fold, respectively. The sediment inventory of this early Hg pollution more than doubles that associated with extensive amalgamation following Spanish control of the mine (1574-1900 AD). Global measurements of [Hg] from economic ores sampled world-wide indicate that the phenomenon of Hg enrichment in non-ferrous ores is widespread. The results presented here imply that indigenous smelting constitutes a previously unrecognized source of early Hg pollution, given naturally elevated [Hg] in economic silver deposits.
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MESH Headings
- Bolivia
- Geologic Sediments
- History, 15th Century
- History, 16th Century
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, Medieval
- Humans
- Indians, South American
- Lead/chemistry
- Mercury/chemistry
- Mining/history
- Silver/chemistry
- Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis
- Water Pollution, Chemical/history
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A. Cooke
- School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Prentiss H. Balcom
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Charles Kerfoot
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Mark B. Abbott
- Department of Geology and Planetary Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Alexander P. Wolfe
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
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