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Wang Y, Kang X, Kang X, Yang F. S100A6: molecular function and biomarker role. Biomark Res 2023; 11:78. [PMID: 37670392 PMCID: PMC10481514 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A6 (also called calcyclin) is a Ca2+-binding protein that belongs to the S100 protein family. S100A6 has many functions related to the cytoskeleton, cell stress, proliferation, and differentiation. S100A6 also has many interacting proteins that are distributed in the cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, and outside the cell. Almost all these proteins interact with S100A6 in a Ca2+-dependent manner, and some also have specific motifs responsible for binding to S100A6. The expression of S100A6 is regulated by several transcription factors (such as c-Myc, P53, NF-κB, USF, Nrf2, etc.). The expression level depends on the specific cell type and the transcription factors activated in specific physical and chemical environments, and is also related to histone acetylation, DNA methylation, and other epigenetic modifications. The differential expression of S100A6 in various diseases, and at different stages of those diseases, makes it a good biomarker for differential diagnosis and prognosis evaluation, as well as a potential therapeutic target. In this review, we mainly focus on the S100A6 ligand and its transcriptional regulation, molecular function (cytoskeleton, cell stress, cell differentiation), and role as a biomarker in human disease and stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidian Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China.
| | - Fengguang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
- The Orthopedics Department of the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730000, PR China.
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Lin CH, Li SC, Lin MH, Ho CJ, Lu YT, Lin Y, Lin PH, Tsai KW, Tsai MH. S100A6 participates in initiation of autoimmune encephalitis and is under epigenetic control. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2897. [PMID: 36748983 PMCID: PMC10013942 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is caused by autoantibodies attacking neuronal cell surface antigens and/or synaptic antigens. We previously demonstrated that S100A6 was hypomethylated in patients with AE and that it promoted B lymphocyte infiltration through the simulated blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we focused on the epigenetic regulation of S100A6, the process by which S100A6 affects B lymphocyte infiltration, and the therapeutic potential of S100A6 antibodies. METHODS We enrolled and collected serum from 10 patients with AE and 10 healthy control (HC) subjects. Promoter methylation and 5-azacytidine treatment assays were conducted to observe the methylation process of S100A6. The effect of S100A6 on B lymphocytes was analyzed using an adhesion assay and leukocyte transendothelial migration (LTEM) assay. A LTEM assay was also used to compare the effects of the serum of HCs, serum of AE patients, S100A6 recombinant protein, and S100A6 antibodies on B lymphocytes. RESULT The promoter methylation and 5-azacytidine treatment assays confirmed that S100A6 was regulated by DNA methylation. The adhesion study demonstrated that the addition of S100A6 enhanced adhesion between B lymphocytes and a BBB endothelial cell line in a concentration-dependent manner. The LTEM assay showed that the serum of AE patients, as well as S100A6, promoted B lymphocyte infiltration and that this effect could be attenuated by S100A6 antibodies. CONCLUSION We clarified that S100A6 was under epigenetic regulation in patients with AE and that it helped B lymphocytes to adhere to and infiltrate the BBB endothelial layer, which could be counteracted by S100A6 antibodies. Therefore, the methylation profile of S100A6 could be a marker of the activity of AE, and countering the effect of S100A6 may be a potential treatment target for AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chou Li
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jui Ho
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ting Lu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuyu Lin
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsien Lin
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Medical School, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Ciurea A, Rednic NV, Soancă A, Micu IC, Stanomir A, Oneț D, Șurlin P, Filipescu I, Roman A, Stratul ȘI, Pamfil C. Current Perspectives on Periodontitis in Systemic Sclerosis: Associative Relationships, Pathogenic Links, and Best Practices. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050841. [PMID: 36899985 PMCID: PMC10000920 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is a chronic, autoimmune, multisystemic disease characterized by aberrant extracellular matrix protein deposition and extreme progressive microvasculopathy. These processes lead to damage within the skin, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract, but also to facial changes with physiognomic and functional alterations, and dental and periodontal lesions. Orofacial manifestations are common in SSc but are frequently overshadowed by systemic complications. In clinical practice, oral manifestations of SSc are suboptimally addressed, while their management is not included in the general treatment recommendations. Periodontitis is associated with autoimmune-mediated systemic diseases, including systemic sclerosis. In periodontitis, the microbial subgingival biofilm induces host-mediated inflammation with subsequent tissue damage, periodontal attachment, and bone loss. When these diseases coexist, patients experience additive damage, increasing malnutrition, and morbidity. The present review discusses the links between SSc and periodontitis, and provides a clinical guide for preventive and therapeutical approaches in the management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Ciurea
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Victor Babeș St., No. 15, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nicolae Voicu Rednic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor” Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Croitorilor St., No. 19, 400394 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrada Soancă
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Victor Babeș St., No. 15, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Iulia Cristina Micu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Victor Babeș St., No. 15, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Stanomir
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Victor Babeș St., No. 15, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Oneț
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Victor Babeș St., No. 15, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Petra Șurlin
- Department of Periodontology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Petru Rareș St., No. 2, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ileana Filipescu
- Department of Rheumatology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor St., No. 2, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Roman
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Victor Babeș St., No. 15, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-722-627-488
| | - Ștefan Ioan Stratul
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Revoluției from 1989 St., No. 9, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Pamfil
- Department of Rheumatology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor St., No. 2, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Bălănescu A, Băicuș C, Bălănescu E, Bălănescu P. Circulatory cytokeratin 17, marginal zone B1 protein and leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein-1 as biomarkers for disease severity and fibrosis in systemic sclerosis patients. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2022; 32:030707. [PMID: 36277429 PMCID: PMC9562799 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2022.030707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic sclerosis (Ssc) is a multiorgan debilitating autoimmune disease that associates the triad: vascular involvement, tissue fibrosis and profound immune response alterations. Numerous previous studies focused on identification of candidate proteomic Ssc biomarkers using mass-spectrometry techniques and a large number of candidate Ssc biomarkers emerged. These biomarkers must firstly be confirmed in independent patient groups. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of cytokeratin 17 (CK17), marginal zone B1 protein (MZB1) and leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein-1 (LRG1) with clinical and biological Ssc characteristics. Material and methods Serum CK17, MZB1 and LRG1 were assessed in samples of the available Ssc biobank comprising of samples from 53 Ssc patients and 26 matched age and gender controls. Results Circulatory CK17, LRG1 and MZB1 concentrations were increased in Ssc patients. Cytokeratin 17 is independently associated with Ssc disease activity. Patients with pulmonary fibrosis expressed higher LRG1 and MZB1 concentrations. Serum MZB1 concentrations were also associated with extensive skin fibrosis. Conclusions Serum CK17, MZB1 and LRG1 were confirmed biomarkers for Ssc. LRG1 seems a good biomarker for pulmonary fibrosis, while MZB1 is a good biomarker for extensive skin fibrosis. CK17 proved to be independently associated with Ssc disease severity, higher CK17 values being protective for a more active disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Bălănescu
- Pediatrics Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Băicuș
- Internal Medicine Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugenia Bălănescu
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory CDPC, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Paul Bălănescu
- Internal Medicine Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
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Tampa M, Neagu M, Caruntu C, Georgescu SR. Personalized Medicine in the Field of Inflammatory Skin Disorders. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12030426. [PMID: 35330426 PMCID: PMC8950545 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Tampa
- Department of Dermatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Dermatology Department, “Victor Babes” Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (M.N.); (C.C.)
| | - Monica Neagu
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Colentina University Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (M.N.); (C.C.)
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (M.N.); (C.C.)
| | - Simona Roxana Georgescu
- Department of Dermatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Dermatology Department, “Victor Babes” Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
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