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Alnahdi GH. Variations in Perceptions of Well-Being within Families of Youths with Intellectual Disabilities in Saudi Arabia. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:644. [PMID: 38929224 DOI: 10.3390/children11060644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the family well-being among Saudi Arabian families with youth who have an intellectual disability. A sample of 148 family members, including parents and other relatives, was surveyed on emotional well-being, family interactions, and parenting. This study aimed to explore the unique challenges and dynamics within these families, providing insights into how an intellectual disability in a youth affects the family unit. The research highlights a gap in understanding the specific impacts of intellectual disability on family life in the Saudi context. Key findings include variations in family quality of life perceptions among different family members, with fathers showing distinct levels of satisfaction. This study contributes to the development of culturally sensitive support strategies and policies, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to enhance the well-being of these families in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaleb H Alnahdi
- Special Education Department, College of Education, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11902, Saudi Arabia
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2
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da Silva RV, de Lima Carvalhal MM, Gomes DL. The Relationship between Anxiety Symptoms and Perceived Quality of Life among Caregivers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Amazon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:545. [PMID: 38791760 PMCID: PMC11120959 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between anxiety symptoms and perceived quality of life among caregivers of children with autism was verified. To assess perceived quality of life, the Short Form Healthy Survey Item was used; perception of anxiety symptoms was assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Eighty caregivers of children with autism participated, with 68.7% of caregivers being mothers. Of the total number of caregivers, 68.8% had a severe level of anxiety. Regarding perceived quality of life, they demonstrated greater impairment in limitation due to physical aspects, limitation due to emotional aspects, vitality, and pain. Caregivers with severe anxiety levels had a worse quality of life in the domains of pain (p = 0.012), social aspects (p < 0.001), limitation due to emotional aspects (p = 0.001), and mental health (p < 0.001). However, in the functional capacity domain, caregivers with a moderate level of anxiety had a better physical capacity score (p = 0.001). There was a negative correlation between the general anxiety score and the general physical (p = 0.029) and general emotional components of perceived quality of life (p < 0.001). It was found that caregivers of children with ASD have a high level of anxiety, which is a predictor of the perception of a worse quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela Lopes Gomes
- Nucleus of Behavior Theory Research, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66087-110, Brazil;
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3
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Mavroeidi N, Sifnaios C, Ntinou A, Iatrou G, Konstantakopoulou O, Merino Martínez M, Nucifora M, Tanrikulu I, Vadolas A. Exploring the Potential Impact of Training on Short-Term Quality of Life and Stress of Parents of Children with Autism: The Integrative Parents' Autism Training Module. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:474. [PMID: 38673385 PMCID: PMC11050325 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21040474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Parents of autistic children experience high levels of parental stress and low quality of life related to the demanding child caring burden they experience. Parent education and training programs are acknowledged to improve parental well-being and reduce parenting stress. In the framework of the Erasmus+ Integrative Autism Parents Training Project (IPAT), we developed the IPAT Training Module based on parents' expressed needs, in order to improve parental quality of life (QoL) and decrease their perceived stress. Sixty-two parents from four countries participated in the IPAT Module Training activity. We used WHOQOL-BREF and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10 version) for QoL and stress, respectively, before and after training and a study-specific questionnaire to assess participants' satisfaction. Parents' QoL improved significantly in the environment domain and specific items, while stress levels remained unmodified. Training appeared more advantageous for parents with lower initial QoL and those whose child had been enrolled in a special education program for an extended duration. Parents were quite satisfied, in particular those with lower initial social relationships QoL. Larger studies including a control group are necessary to support preliminary evidence provided by this study, identify additional effect moderators, and disentangle the contribution of different components of the training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Mavroeidi
- Department of Scientific Documentation and Education, Child and Adolescent Center, 12123 Peristeri, Greece; (C.S.); (G.I.); (A.V.)
| | - Christos Sifnaios
- Department of Scientific Documentation and Education, Child and Adolescent Center, 12123 Peristeri, Greece; (C.S.); (G.I.); (A.V.)
| | | | - Giorgos Iatrou
- Department of Scientific Documentation and Education, Child and Adolescent Center, 12123 Peristeri, Greece; (C.S.); (G.I.); (A.V.)
- Department of Psychology, University of West Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece
| | - Olympia Konstantakopoulou
- Center for Health Services Management and Evaluation, Department of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | | | | | - Ibrahim Tanrikulu
- Department of Psychological Counseling & Guidance, Faculty of Education Gaziantep University, Şehitkamil-Gaziantep 27310, Turkey;
| | - Antonios Vadolas
- Department of Scientific Documentation and Education, Child and Adolescent Center, 12123 Peristeri, Greece; (C.S.); (G.I.); (A.V.)
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4
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Bradley RS, Staples GL, Quetsch LB, Aloia LS, Brown CE, Kanne SM. Associations Between Parenting Stress and Quality Time in Families of Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:829-840. [PMID: 36626008 PMCID: PMC9830131 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Increased stress among parents of youth with ASD has been well-documented. However, research on aspects of the parent-child relationship and subsequent links to parenting stress is limited. We assessed parents (N = 511) of youth with ASD to examine relations between parenting stress and parent-child quality time (amount of quality time, shared enjoyment, synchronicity). Elevated parenting stress was associated with less time spent engaging with youth in shared activities and decreased parent and child enjoyment during shared interactions. Parents with elevated stress reported engaging in shared activities and experiencing synchronicity with their child less often than parents below the clinical threshold. Future research should emphasize longitudinal efforts examining the directionality of this relationship to better inform family-focused intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Bradley
- University of Arkansas, 316B Memorial Hall, 72701, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Grace L Staples
- University of Arkansas, 316B Memorial Hall, 72701, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Lauren B Quetsch
- University of Arkansas, 316B Memorial Hall, 72701, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Lindsey S Aloia
- University of Arkansas, 316B Memorial Hall, 72701, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Cynthia E Brown
- Pacific University, College Way, 97116, Forest Grove, OR, USA
| | - Stephen M Kanne
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
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5
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Musetti A, Zagaria A, Pezzi M, Fante C, Dioni B, Raffin C, Manari T, Lenzo V, De Luca Picione R. Parental quality of life, child adjustment and adult attachment in parents of children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2024; 146:104684. [PMID: 38281373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents of children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may experience a lower quality of life (QoL) than parents of offspring with typical development. However, factors associated with parental QoL are not yet fully understood. AIMS This study aimed to investigate the relationships between parental QoL, child adjustment and adult attachment among parents of children and adolescents with ASD. METHODS AND PROCEDURES One hundred and eighty-eight parents of children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD completed a group of self-report questionnaires on sociodemographic variables, QoL (i.e., overall QoL and ASD symptoms-related parental QoL), child adjustment (i.e., offspring's total problems and prosocial behaviors) and adult attachment. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Structural equation modeling revealed that the overall parental QoL was negatively related to children's total problems and positively associated with prosocial behaviors, as well as with higher levels of secure attachment and lower levels of fearful attachment styles. Additionally, ASD symptoms-related parental QoL was negatively associated with the offspring's total problems. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This suggests that child characteristics may interact with parental characteristics to either enhance or compromise the QoL of parents of children and adolescents with ASD. Implications of these findings for promoting parental QoL are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Musetti
- University of Parma Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, Parma, Italy.
| | - Andrea Zagaria
- Sapienza University of Rome Department of Psychology, Roma, Italy
| | - Mattia Pezzi
- University of Parma Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Fante
- Institute for Educational Technologies, National Research Council, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Dioni
- University of Parma Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, Parma, Italy; Fondazione Bambini e Autismo Onlus, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Cinzia Raffin
- Fondazione Bambini e Autismo Onlus, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Tommaso Manari
- University of Parma Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, Parma, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lenzo
- University of Catania Department Educational Sciences, Catania, Italy
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Loffi RG, Cruz TKF, Paiva GM, Souto DO, Barreto SR, Santana PAN, Nascimento AAAC, Costa FRM, Cota EB, Haase VG. Theoretical-Methodological Foundations for the Global Integration Method (Método de Integração Global-MIG) in the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:191. [PMID: 38397303 PMCID: PMC10887636 DOI: 10.3390/children11020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there is no intervention model for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that addresses all levels and factors of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF, WHO). The most researched programs focus on naturalistic, developmental and behavioral approaches to socio-communication. Less attention has been paid to motor and environmental reactivity aspects (behavior/interest restriction and sensory reactivity). The evidence rationale for the Global Integration Method (MIG, "Método de Integração Global"), a model addressing sensorimotor reactivity in addition to socio-communication, is presented. MIG is an integrative, interdisciplinary, family-oriented intervention and naturalistic program that addresses all levels and moderating factors of ASD's impact. MIG's theoretical rationale is based on the predictive coding impairment and embodied cognition hypotheses. MIG incorporates both bottom-up (flexible therapeutic suit, social-motor synchronization) and top-down (schematic social information processing, narratives, imagery) strategies to promote the building and use of accurate, flexible and context-sensitive internal predictive models. MIG is based on the premises that predictive coding improves both socio-communication and environmental reactivity, and that the postural stabilization provided by the flexible therapeutic suit frees information processing resources for socio-cognitive learning. MIG builds on interdisciplinary, professionally and parentally mediated work based on behavioral principles of intensive training in a situated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Guimarães Loffi
- Instituto de Neurodesenvolvimento, Cognição e Educação Inclusiva (INCEI), TREINITEC Ltda., Rua Carmélia Loffi 17, Justinópolis, Ribeirão das Neves 33900-730, MG, Brazil; (R.G.L.); (G.M.P.); (D.O.S.); (S.R.B.); (P.A.N.S.); (A.A.A.C.N.); (F.R.M.C.); (E.B.C.); (V.G.H.)
| | - Thalita Karla Flores Cruz
- Instituto de Neurodesenvolvimento, Cognição e Educação Inclusiva (INCEI), TREINITEC Ltda., Rua Carmélia Loffi 17, Justinópolis, Ribeirão das Neves 33900-730, MG, Brazil; (R.G.L.); (G.M.P.); (D.O.S.); (S.R.B.); (P.A.N.S.); (A.A.A.C.N.); (F.R.M.C.); (E.B.C.); (V.G.H.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Giulia Moreira Paiva
- Instituto de Neurodesenvolvimento, Cognição e Educação Inclusiva (INCEI), TREINITEC Ltda., Rua Carmélia Loffi 17, Justinópolis, Ribeirão das Neves 33900-730, MG, Brazil; (R.G.L.); (G.M.P.); (D.O.S.); (S.R.B.); (P.A.N.S.); (A.A.A.C.N.); (F.R.M.C.); (E.B.C.); (V.G.H.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Deisiane Oliveira Souto
- Instituto de Neurodesenvolvimento, Cognição e Educação Inclusiva (INCEI), TREINITEC Ltda., Rua Carmélia Loffi 17, Justinópolis, Ribeirão das Neves 33900-730, MG, Brazil; (R.G.L.); (G.M.P.); (D.O.S.); (S.R.B.); (P.A.N.S.); (A.A.A.C.N.); (F.R.M.C.); (E.B.C.); (V.G.H.)
| | - Simone Rosa Barreto
- Instituto de Neurodesenvolvimento, Cognição e Educação Inclusiva (INCEI), TREINITEC Ltda., Rua Carmélia Loffi 17, Justinópolis, Ribeirão das Neves 33900-730, MG, Brazil; (R.G.L.); (G.M.P.); (D.O.S.); (S.R.B.); (P.A.N.S.); (A.A.A.C.N.); (F.R.M.C.); (E.B.C.); (V.G.H.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fonoaudiológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Aparecida Neves Santana
- Instituto de Neurodesenvolvimento, Cognição e Educação Inclusiva (INCEI), TREINITEC Ltda., Rua Carmélia Loffi 17, Justinópolis, Ribeirão das Neves 33900-730, MG, Brazil; (R.G.L.); (G.M.P.); (D.O.S.); (S.R.B.); (P.A.N.S.); (A.A.A.C.N.); (F.R.M.C.); (E.B.C.); (V.G.H.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda Aparecida Alves Cunha Nascimento
- Instituto de Neurodesenvolvimento, Cognição e Educação Inclusiva (INCEI), TREINITEC Ltda., Rua Carmélia Loffi 17, Justinópolis, Ribeirão das Neves 33900-730, MG, Brazil; (R.G.L.); (G.M.P.); (D.O.S.); (S.R.B.); (P.A.N.S.); (A.A.A.C.N.); (F.R.M.C.); (E.B.C.); (V.G.H.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Rachel Martins Costa
- Instituto de Neurodesenvolvimento, Cognição e Educação Inclusiva (INCEI), TREINITEC Ltda., Rua Carmélia Loffi 17, Justinópolis, Ribeirão das Neves 33900-730, MG, Brazil; (R.G.L.); (G.M.P.); (D.O.S.); (S.R.B.); (P.A.N.S.); (A.A.A.C.N.); (F.R.M.C.); (E.B.C.); (V.G.H.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia: Cognição e Comportamento, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Elisa Braz Cota
- Instituto de Neurodesenvolvimento, Cognição e Educação Inclusiva (INCEI), TREINITEC Ltda., Rua Carmélia Loffi 17, Justinópolis, Ribeirão das Neves 33900-730, MG, Brazil; (R.G.L.); (G.M.P.); (D.O.S.); (S.R.B.); (P.A.N.S.); (A.A.A.C.N.); (F.R.M.C.); (E.B.C.); (V.G.H.)
| | - Vitor Geraldi Haase
- Instituto de Neurodesenvolvimento, Cognição e Educação Inclusiva (INCEI), TREINITEC Ltda., Rua Carmélia Loffi 17, Justinópolis, Ribeirão das Neves 33900-730, MG, Brazil; (R.G.L.); (G.M.P.); (D.O.S.); (S.R.B.); (P.A.N.S.); (A.A.A.C.N.); (F.R.M.C.); (E.B.C.); (V.G.H.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia: Cognição e Comportamento, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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Volgyesi-Molnar M, Gyori M, Eapen V, Borsos Z, Havasi A, Jakab Z, Janoch L, Nemeth V, Oszi T, Szekeres A, Stefanik K. Quality of Life in Hungarian Parents of Autistic Individuals. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-024-06243-3. [PMID: 38280137 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Parents of autistic individuals have been known to have a lower overall quality of life (QQL) than those of typically developing children. We present the first Hungarian large-sample study whose objective was to explore the differences in QOL between parents of autistic individuals (AS) and those of neurotypical (NT) persons. METHODS Based on the ABCX model we developed a questionnaire comprising standardized scales to characterize the life of parents involved. Our data came from parents of 842 individuals (ASD = 521, NT = 321) between 0 and 49 years. Battery deployed standardized instruments to examine quality of life (WHO-QQL BREF and Quality of Life in Autism questionnaire, QOLA). We assessed the families' socio-economic/demographic characteristics, parents' psychological well-being, the autistic/neurotypical individuals' characteristics, and the interventions. RESULTS Our data showed significantly lower QOL in parents of autistic individuals in all domains of questionnaires. We analyzed 20 relevant factors to uncover the predictors of parental QOL. We confirmed the existence of most but not all predictors present in earlier literature and identified intervention-related predictors. CONCLUSION Our study confirms the importance of supporting parents in their role, and of providing health and social supports that focus on quality of life, in addition to child care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Volgyesi-Molnar
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - ELTE University 'Autism in Education' Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
- Faculty of Special Education, Institute of Special Needs Education for People with Atypical Behaviour and Cognition, ELTE University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Miklos Gyori
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - ELTE University 'Autism in Education' Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Academic Unit of Infant, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Services (AUCS), South Western Sydney Local Health District & Ingham Institute, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Zsofia Borsos
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - ELTE University 'Autism in Education' Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Special Education, Institute for the Psychology of Special Needs, ELTE University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agnes Havasi
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - ELTE University 'Autism in Education' Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Special Education, Institute of Special Needs Education for People with Atypical Behaviour and Cognition, ELTE University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Jakab
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - ELTE University 'Autism in Education' Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Special Education, Institute for the Psychology of Special Needs, ELTE University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlone Janoch
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - ELTE University 'Autism in Education' Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Special Education, Institute of Special Needs Education for People with Atypical Behaviour and Cognition, ELTE University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vivien Nemeth
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - ELTE University 'Autism in Education' Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Special Education, Institute of Special Needs Education for People with Atypical Behaviour and Cognition, ELTE University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Doctoral School of Education, ELTE University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamasne Oszi
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - ELTE University 'Autism in Education' Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Special Education, Institute of Special Needs Education for People with Atypical Behaviour and Cognition, ELTE University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agota Szekeres
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - ELTE University 'Autism in Education' Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Special Education, Institute of Special Needs Education for People with Atypical Behaviour and Cognition, ELTE University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Education, Kaposvar, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Stefanik
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - ELTE University 'Autism in Education' Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Special Education, Institute of Special Needs Education for People with Atypical Behaviour and Cognition, ELTE University, Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Matsushima K, Kato T. An Exploratory Study on the Association between Atypical Behavioral Responses to Tickling and Autistic Traits in Japanese Children. Occup Ther Health Care 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38174406 DOI: 10.1080/07380577.2023.2297358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Although play is an essential occupation for children, parents of children with autistic traits tend to struggle with play-based interpersonal interaction with them. Tickling play appears to be one of the most interpersonal forms of play because nobody can tickle themselves. However, atypical tactile processing (e.g. tactile sensitivity) has been reported in children with autistic traits, who may exhibit atypical behavioral responses during tickling play. Our aim was to investigate the association between autistic traits and behavioral responses during parent-child tickling play in Japanese young children. We recorded tickling interaction between children and their parents using behavior coding with six behavioral items. Autistic traits and tactile sensitivity were measured using parent-reported questionnaires. Results showed two behavioral responses were significantly associated with autistic traits in all children: "approach with positive emotional response" and "no response" were negatively and positively correlated with autistic traits, respectively. This exploratory study suggests that behavioral responses during tickling play may be associated with autistic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Matsushima
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kato
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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9
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Fante C, De Luca Picione R, Dioni B, Manari T, Raffin C, Capelli F, Franceschini C, Lenzo V, Musetti A. Parental Quality of Life and Impact of Multidisciplinary Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Qualitative Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-023-06225-x. [PMID: 38170430 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The presence of a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the family can have a negative impact on parental Quality of Life (QoL), but evidence on how treatments for children with ASD can affect parental QoL is currently limited. In this qualitative study, we develop a semi-structured interview in order to investigate the impact of ASD on the QoL of mothers and fathers from a subjective perspective, as well as the effect of the intervention on their QoL and adjustment process. The sample consisted of 31 parents of children with ASD severity 2 or 3, aged 5 to 11 years, undergoing a multidisciplinary intervention. In order to identify emerging themes from the interview transcripts, a Thematic Analysis was conducted using a bottom-up approach. We identified three main themes relating to parental QoL (ASD impact on QoL, useful external resources, QoL improvement-related factors) and five themes relating to parents' views on the intervention (positive impact on parent, dissatisfaction with previous interventions, parental involvement, useful features, critical issues). The results provide indications of the process of parental adaptation and the components of interventions that foster an improvement in their QoL. In conclusion, living with a child with ASD can have a significant influence on a parents' QoL, not just physically and emotionally, but also in terms of general goals, family structure, and social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fante
- Institute for Educational Technologies, National Research Council, Via De Marini 6, Torre di Francia, Genoa, Italy.
| | | | - Barbara Dioni
- Fondazione Bambini e Autismo Onlus, Pordenone, Italy
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Borgo Carissimi 10, Parma, Italy
| | - Tommaso Manari
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Borgo Carissimi 10, Parma, Italy
| | - Cinzia Raffin
- Fondazione Bambini e Autismo Onlus, Pordenone, Italy
| | | | | | - Vittorio Lenzo
- Department Educational Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Musetti
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Borgo Carissimi 10, Parma, Italy.
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10
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McConkey R. Nurturing the Positive Mental Health of Autistic Children, Adolescents and Adults alongside That of Their Family Care-Givers: A Review of Reviews. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1645. [PMID: 38137093 PMCID: PMC10741576 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of autism internationally has been accompanied by an increased appreciation of the poorer mental health experienced by people with this condition and also of their family care-givers. In particular, higher incidences of anxiety and depression are reported in high-income nations and these conditions are likely to be under-recognised and under-reported in lower-resourced regions or countries. Mainstream mental health services seem to be ill-equipped to respond adequately to the needs of autistic persons and their care-givers. This literature review of 29 recently published reviews covering nearly 1000 journal articles summarises the insights and strategies that have been shown to promote the mental health and emotional wellbeing of autistic persons. In particular, a focus on family-centred, community-based supports is recommended that aim to enhance social communication, extend social connections and promote an individual's self-esteem, self-determination and social motivation. These low-cost interventions are especially pertinent in low-resourced settings, but they can be used internationally to prevent mental illness and assist in the treatment of anxiety and depression in autistic persons and their family carers. The priority is to focus on primary-care responses with cross-sectoral working rather than investing in high-cost psychiatric provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy McConkey
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Belfast BT15 1AP, UK
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Raju S, Hepsibah PEV, Niharika MK. Quality of life in parents of children with Autism spectrum disorder: Emphasizing challenges in the Indian context. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 69:371-378. [PMID: 37213591 PMCID: PMC10198003 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2023.2173832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Research has raised concerns about the quality of life (QOL) of parents of children with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Parents in different cultures show different psychological functioning when caring for a child with ASD. Hence, we examined QOL in parents of children with ASD in India and its relationship with socio-demographic factors. Materials and methods: We used a self-reported questionnaire and WHOQOL-BREF instrument to collect data on socio-demographic details and QOL respectively. Data were collected from two groups of participants - parents of children with ASD and parents of typically developing children (N = 60). Results: Results revealed significant differences in QOL between the two groups. Further, we found a positive correlation between socio-demographic variables and QOL in parents of children with ASD. Conclusions: Findings emphasize the need for intervention approaches aimed at family functioning, improving support services, and assisting parents to develop healthy coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suma Raju
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, JSS Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, India
| | - P. E. V. Hepsibah
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, JSS Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, India
| | - M. K. Niharika
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, JSS Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, India
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Abouelseoud MO, Saini P, Almuraisi MJ, Khan YS. Short Report. An innovative training programme for families of children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Qatar: Parents as interventionists. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 131:104368. [PMID: 36334402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research has established the association of maladaptive behaviours exhibited by individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) with an increase in the extent of care burden among their caregivers. The mental health needs of caregivers and their effective management, therefore, need to be given due consideration. The main aim of this paper is to reiterate the significance of the role of training programmes for caregivers in enhancing their knowledge and enabling them to manage behavioural challenges with more independence and confidence. METHODS The aims, structure, and content of the ASD training programme for caregivers implemented by the specialist child and adolescent mental health service, Hamad Medical Corporation, are described. Sixty families have benefited from this initiative so far. A summary of the feedback provided by forty caregivers, all biological parents, is also summarised. RESULTS The mean score related to knowledge among participants before and after attending the training increased from 3.28 to 4.41. Out of the 40 parents who provided feedback, 27 (67.5%) reported an increase in their understanding of the topic after attendance. CONCLUSION This initiative consolidates the significance of programmes focusing on enhancing awareness and improving coping among caregivers of children and young people with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prerana Saini
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar.
| | - May Jasim Almuraisi
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar.
| | - Yasser Saeed Khan
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar.
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Cheng S, Cheng S, Liu S, Li Y. Parents' pandemic stress, parental involvement, and family quality of life for children with autism. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1061796. [PMID: 36530705 PMCID: PMC9751346 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1061796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research has shown that parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suffered high levels of stress during the COVID-19 pandemic and faced poor family quality of life (FQOL). However, little is known about the inherent dynamic interaction between pandemic stress and FQOL, especially in the Chinese cultural context. Aims This study provides preliminary evidence by examining the relationships among pandemic stress, parental involvement, and FQOL for children with autism in mainland China. Method A total of 709 parents of children with autism completed measures of FQOL, parental involvement, and pandemic stress. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the interrelations among these variables. Results Pandemic stress has direct effect and indirect effect mediated by parental involvement on FQOL. Two dimensions of pandemic stress had a direct effect on FQOL (β1 = 0.11; β2 = -0.55) and three dimensions had an indirect effect on FQOL through parental involvement (β1 = -0.097; β2 = 0.257; β3 = 0.114). Conclusion Stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic affects family quality of life for children with autism in complex ways. Policies may be developed to enhance parental pragmatic hopefulness in the anti-epidemic victory and alleviate negative physical and mental reactions caused by the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanyin Cheng
- School of Philosophy and Social Development, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Salleh NS, Tang LY, Jayanath S, Lim Abdullah K. An Explorative Study of Affiliate Stigma, Resilience, and Quality of Life Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). J Multidiscip Healthc 2022; 15:2053-2066. [PMID: 36124176 PMCID: PMC9482371 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s376869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Children diagnosed with ASD usually have impaired social functions, exhibit repetitive, stereotyped and self-stimulatory behaviors, which make them prone to be stigmatized by the public. However, stigma not only affects those with stigmatization characteristics such as children with ASD but also tends to include other people related to them including parents. This is called affiliate stigma. However, affiliate stigma is unlikely to occur if public awareness is high. Considering that awareness of ASD is still comparatively low in this region and that, as a review of the literature showed, there have been limited studies on stigma and ASD conducted in South-East Asia, particularly in Malaysia, this study is of great significance, especially in the context of the East and other developing countries. The aim of this study was to explore parents' experiences of caring and perceptions of affiliate stigma, resilience and quality of life (QoL) when caring for a child with ASD. Methods This paper is part of the sequential explanatory mixed-methods study in which, after a cross-sectional study of 144 parents, a qualitative approach was used to explore parents' experiences of caring and their perceptions of affiliate stigma, resilience, and QoL. Participants were recruited when they were accompanying their children to therapy at two tertiary public hospitals in one of the north-eastern states of Malaysia. Eleven parents of children with ASD aged 2-12 years participated. Qualitative data analysis followed Braun and Clarke's methodology of thematic analysis. Results Four themes were identified: the meaning of QoL, ASD and life adjustment, perceived stigma, and resilience. Conclusion This is the first Southeast Asian study on parent-perceived affiliate stigma, resilience, and QoL in the context of ASD. These findings can inform healthcare personnel and policymakers into day-to-day parenting realities and therefore an effort to coordinate support services across all disciplines could be made to improve outcomes for both parents and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Shuhada Salleh
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Li Yoong Tang
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subhashini Jayanath
- Developmental Pediatrics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Lim Abdullah
- Department of Nursing, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
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Chellew T, Barbaro J, Freeman NC. The Early Childhood Signs of Autism in Females: a Systematic Review. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-022-00337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCompared to males, females are at a much greater likelihood of receiving a later diagnosis of autism, which impacts their opportunity to receive early support. To assist with early identification, this systematic literature review aimed to ascertain whether females differ from males in the early childhood signs of autism. The small number of heterogeneous studies made it difficult to draw conclusions, although it appears that females and males under 6 years of age are more similar than different in terms of their expression of autistic behaviours. Given the discrepant sex/gender ratio in autism, these findings highlight the importance of exploring whether there are different and/or specific, not yet identified, early signs of autism in females and males.
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Ljubičić M, Delin S, Kolčić I. Family and Individual Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Developmental Disorders and Diabetes Type 1. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102861. [PMID: 35628987 PMCID: PMC9145317 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This cross-sectional study assessed both family and individual quality of life (QOL), and their association with self-esteem, optimism, chronic psychological stress, anxiety, and depression in parents of children with chronic conditions. Methods: Parents of children with Down syndrome (DS), autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), cerebral palsy (CP), diabetes mellitus type 1 (DMT1), and parents of children without chronic diseases with typical development (TD) were included. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to assess parental characteristics associated with the domains of individual and family QOL. Results: Compared to the parents of TD children, parents of children with ASD and DS were more likely to report reduced family QOL in all domains, while parents of children with DMT1 had lower parental perception. Self-esteem was positively associated with all domains of individual QOL, while optimism was associated with the overall individual QOL perception and health. Higher stress perception was negatively associated with most of the domains of individual and family QOL. Conclusions: This study confirmed that parents of children with chronic conditions are more likely to have lower perception of both individual and family QOL, which were associated with self-esteem, chronic stress, anxiety, and depression. Interventions should focus not only on the child with a chronic condition but on parents too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Ljubičić
- Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, Splitska 1, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital Zadar, Bože Peričića 5, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Sanja Delin
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital Zadar, Bože Peričića 5, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
- Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Obala kralja Petra Krešimira IV 2, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
| | - Ivana Kolčić
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; or
- Algebra LAB, Algebra University College, Gradišćanska ul. 24, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Brain Cholesterol Biosynthetic Pathway Is Altered in a Preclinical Model of Fragile X Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063408. [PMID: 35328827 PMCID: PMC8955806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the most frequent form of inherited X-linked pathology, associated with an intellectual and developmental disability, and currently considered the first monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Low levels of total cholesterol reported in the serum of FXS patients, and evidence that FMRP targets a subset of mRNAs encoding proteins of lipid synthesis and transport suggests that the cholesterol metabolism impairments could be involved in FXS. Thus, the aim of the presented work was to investigate the modulations of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and its end-products in a recently developed Fmr1-Δexon 8 rat model of FXS. Here, we show that this experimental model mimics what is found in FXS patients, exhibiting a lower serum cholesterol content, accompanied by a reduction in food intake and body weight compared to WT animals. Moreover, alterations of proteins committed to cholesterol synthesis and uptake have been observed in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Interestingly, the end-products show a brain region-dependent modulation in Fmr1-Δexon 8 rats. Overall, our results demonstrate that the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway is altered in some brain regions of this preclinical model of FXS. This finding has relevance for future studies to delve deeper into the involvement of this metabolic process in FXS, and thus its possible role as a therapeutic target.
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Flenik TMN, Bara TS, Cordeiro ML. Family Functioning and Emotional Aspects of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Southern Brazil. J Autism Dev Disord 2022; 53:2306-2313. [PMID: 35298757 PMCID: PMC8929243 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects children and their families. We investigated the family environment of children with ASD in Brazil. Twenty-one families participated. Outcome measures administered to parents included the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Questionnaire on Resources and Stress—Short Form, and the Family Environment Scale. All families reported a number of difficulties, including social interactions and peer relationships, stress levels, and communication difficulties. Families also reported great concern for their child’s future. Brazil is a developing country, yet there are few national resources and studies related to ASD. The challenges continue from diagnosis through treatment. Our results emphasize the need to understand the family environment of children with autism and their parents’ apprehensions to develop effective coping programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago S Bara
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba, PR, 80250-200, Brazil
| | - Mara L Cordeiro
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil. .,Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba, PR, 80250-200, Brazil. .,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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A Personalized Approach to Evaluating and Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020147. [PMID: 35207636 PMCID: PMC8877244 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Quality of life of mothers of children and adolescents with mental health problems in Mongolia: associations with the severity of children's mental health problems and family structure. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2022; 9:298-305. [PMID: 36618750 PMCID: PMC9806993 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2022.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), most parents of children with mental health problems receive limited support from social and health services while caring for their children. However, research on the quality of life (QOL) of these parents in LMICs is limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal QOL and children's mental health problems, and other related factors in Mongolia. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of children aged 4-17 years who lived in Ulaanbaatar and visited the National Mental Health Centre in Mongolia and their mothers was conducted. The mothers' QOL was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF, and the severity of children's mental health problems was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed using the mothers' WHOQOL domain scores as dependent variables and the children's SDQ scores and demographic and socioeconomic factors as explanatory variables. RESULTS A total of 242 child-mother dyads were included in this study, and 231 dyads were included in the multivariate regression analyses. Children's SDQ internalising scores were negatively associated with all four maternal QOL domain scores, while their externalising scores were negatively associated with maternal physical and psychological domain scores. Non-cohabitation of fathers was negatively associated with physical, social, and environmental domain scores, and non-cohabitation of grandparents was associated with psychological and environmental domain scores. CONCLUSIONS In Mongolia, maternal QOL is influenced by the severity of children's mental health problems and family member support. These findings highlight the importance of developing systems to support all families.
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Nkonyane F, Gurayah T, Lingah T. Challenges and coping strategies of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Eswatini. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2021; 33:32-41. [PMID: 38041438 DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2023.2259428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Research shows that the debilitating effects of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) not only have an impact on the child, but on the parents and caregivers as well. This study aimed to explore the challenges and coping strategies of parents of children with ASD in Eswatini.Methodology: An exploratory, descriptive qualitative study that used purposive sampling to interview parents of children with ASD was utilised. Data were gathered using two focus groups, three dyads, and two semi-structured interviews. There were 18 participants in this study. Data were interpreted by thematic analysis, and considered according to Lazarus and Folkman's Transactional Model of Stress and Coping.Findings: The themes were in alignment with the aim of this study, namely the "challenges of parents of children with ASD" and "coping strategies of parents of children with ASD". Significant personal and societal difficulties, the severity of the symptoms of ASD, and challenges in the health and education systems were subthemes identified under the "challenges of parents" theme. The subthemes that emerged from the "coping strategies" theme were adaptive coping and maladaptive coping. Factors associated with adaptive coping included acceptance of the ASD diagnosis, optimism and faith in God, social support, and celebrating milestones. Maladaptive coping strategies encompassed using corporal punishment, avoidance, social withdrawal, and keeping the child locked in.Conclusion: Recommendations made to mitigate the challenges included strengthening research into ASD, increasing awareness in communities, and training professionals working in the field of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanele Nkonyane
- Mankayane Government Hospital, Occupational Therapy Department, Eswatini
| | - Thavanesi Gurayah
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, South Africa
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