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Xiao N, Ma H, Wang W, Sun Z, Li P, Xia T. Overexpression of ZmSUS1 increased drought resistance of maize (Zea mays L.) by regulating sucrose metabolism and soluble sugar content. PLANTA 2024; 259:43. [PMID: 38277077 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION ZmSUS1 improved drought tolerance of maize by regulating sucrose metabolism and increasing soluble sugar content, and endowing transgenic maize with higher relative water content and photosynthesis levels. Sucrose synthase (SUS), a key enzyme of sugar metabolism, plays an important role in the regulation of carbon partitioning in plant, and affects important agronomic traits and abiotic responses to adversity. However, the function of ZmSUS1 in plant drought tolerance is still unknown. In this study, the expression patterns of ZmSUS1 in different tissues and under drought stress were analyzed in maize (Zea mays L.). It was found that ZmSUS1 was highly expressed during kernel development but also in leaves and roots of maize, and ZmSUS1 was induced by drought stress. Homozygous transgenic maize lines overexpressing ZmSUS1 increased the content and activity of SUS under drought stress and exhibited higher relative water content, proline and abscisic acid content in leaves. Specifically, the net photosynthetic rate and the soluble sugar contents including sucrose, glucose, fructose and SUS decomposition products including UDP-glucose (UDP-G) and ADP-glucose (ADP-G) in transgenic plants were significantly improved after drought stress. RNA-seq analysis showed that overexpressing of ZmSUS1 mainly affected the expression level of carbon metabolism-related genes. Especially the expression level of sucrose metabolism-related genes including sucrose phosphatase gene (SPP), sucrose phosphate synthase gene (SPS) and invertase gene (INV) were significantly up-regulated in transgenic maize. Overall, these results suggested that ZmSUS1 improved drought tolerance by regulating sucrose metabolism and increasing the soluble sugar content, and endowing transgenic maize with higher relative water content and photosynthesis levels, which can serve as a new gene candidate for cultivating drought-resistant maize varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, China
| | - Haizhen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, China
| | - Wanxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, China
| | - Zengkun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, China
| | - Panpan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, China.
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, China.
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Kim KY, Jeong YJ, Park SY, Park EJ, Jeon JH, Song IS, Liu KH. Evaluation of the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Potential of Saxagliptin through Reactive Metabolite Identification in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:106. [PMID: 38258116 PMCID: PMC10819019 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A liver injury was recently reported for saxagliptin, which is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. However, the underlying mechanisms of saxagliptin-induced liver injury remain unknown. This study aimed to evaluate whether saxagliptin, a potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitor that is globally used for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus, binds to the nucleophiles in vitro. Four DPP-4 inhibitors, including vildagliptin, were evaluated for comparison. Only saxagliptin and vildagliptin, which both contain a cyanopyrrolidine group, quickly reacted with L-cysteine to enzyme-independently produce thiazolinic acid metabolites. This saxagliptin-cysteine adduct was also found in saxagliptin-administered male Sprague-Dawley rats. In addition, this study newly identified cysteinyl glycine conjugates of saxagliptin and 5-hydroxysaxagliptin. The observed metabolic pathways were hydroxylation and conjugation with cysteine, glutathione, sulfate, and glucuronide. In summary, we determined four new thiazoline-containing thiol metabolites (cysteine and cysteinylglycine conjugates of saxagliptin and 5-hydroxysaxagliptin) in saxagliptin-administered male rats. Our results reveal that saxagliptin can covalently bind to the thiol groups of cysteine residues of endogenous proteins in vivo, indicating the potential for saxagliptin to cause drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Young Kim
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (K.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-J.P.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Yeo-Jin Jeong
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (K.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-J.P.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - So-Young Park
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (K.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-J.P.); (J.-H.J.)
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Park
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (K.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-J.P.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Ji-Hyeon Jeon
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (K.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-J.P.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Im-Sook Song
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (K.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-J.P.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (K.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-J.P.); (J.-H.J.)
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Li P, Ma H, Xiao N, Zhang Y, Xu T, Xia T. Overexpression of the ZmSUS1 gene alters the content and composition of endosperm starch in maize (Zea mays L.). PLANTA 2023; 257:97. [PMID: 37052727 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
ZmSUS1 increases the amylose content of maize by regulating the expression of Shrunken2 (Sh2) and Brittle2 (Bt2) which encode the size subunits of endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, and Granule bound starchsynthase1 (GBSS1) and Starch synthase1 (SS1). Cereal crops accumulate starch in seeds as an energy reserve. Sucrose Synthase (SuSy) plays an important role in grain starch synthesis. In this study, ZmSUS1 was transformed into maize inbred line KN5585, and transgenic plants were obtained. Compared with the non-transgenic negative control, the content and activity of SuSy were significantly increased, the amylose content in mature seeds of transgenic maize increased by 41.1-69.2%, the total starch content increased by 5.0-13.5%, the 100-grain weight increased by 19.0-26.2% and the average diameter of starch granules increased by 10.8-17.2%. These results indicated that overexpression of ZmSUS1 can significantly improve the traits of maize seeds and obtain new lines with high amylose content. It was also found that the overexpression of ZmSUS1 may increase the amylose content by altering the expression of endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) subunits Shrunken2 (Sh2) and Brittle2 (Bt2). Moreover, the ectopic expression of ZmSUS1 also affected the expression of Granule bound starch synthase1 (GBSS1) and Starch synthase1 (SS1) which encode starch synthase. This study proved the important role of ZmSUS1 in maize starch synthesis and provided a new technology strategy for improving maize starch content and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haizhen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Gajahin Gamage NT, Miyashita R, Takahashi K, Asakawa S, Senevirathna JDM. Proteomic Applications in Aquatic Environment Studies. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10030032. [PMID: 36136310 PMCID: PMC9505238 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome determines the unique individualities of organisms; however, proteins play significant roles in the generation of the colorful life forms below water. Aquatic systems are usually complex and multifaceted and can take on unique modifications and adaptations to environmental changes by altering proteins at the cellular level. Proteomics is an essential strategy for exploring aquatic ecosystems due to the diverse involvement of proteins, proteoforms, and their complexity in basic and advanced cellular functions. Proteomics can expedite the analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying biological processes in an aquatic environment. Previous proteomic studies on aquatic environments have mainly focused on pollution assessments, ecotoxicology, their role in the food industry, and extraction and identification of natural products. Aquatic protein biomarkers have been comprehensively reported and are currently extensively applied in the pharmaceutical and medical industries. Cellular- and molecular-level responses of organisms can be used as indicators of environmental changes and stresses. Conversely, environmental changes are expedient in predicting aquatic health and productivity, which are crucial for ecosystem management and conservation. Recent advances in proteomics have contributed to the development of sustainable aquaculture, seafood safety, and high aquatic food production. Proteomic approaches have expanded to other aspects of the aquatic environment, such as protein fingerprinting for species identification. In this review, we encapsulated current proteomic applications and evaluated the potential strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of proteomics for future aquatic environmental studies. The review identifies both pros and cons of aquatic proteomics and projects potential challenges and recommendations. We postulate that proteomics is an emerging, powerful, and integrated omics approach for aquatic environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeeka Thushari Gajahin Gamage
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka
| | - Rina Miyashita
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Takahashi
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuichi Asakawa
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jayan Duminda Mahesh Senevirathna
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka
- Correspondence:
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Mercury-Induced Oxidative Stress Response in Benthic Foraminifera: An In Vivo Experiment on Amphistegina lessonii. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070960. [PMID: 36101341 PMCID: PMC9312061 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of the effects of pollution (e.g., Hg pollution) is a difficult task and relies mostly on biomonitoring based on bioindicators. The application of biomarkers may represent a complementary or alternative approach in environmental biomonitoring. Mercury is known to pose a significant health hazard due to its ability to cross cellular membranes, bioaccumulate, and biomagnify. In the present research, the effects of short-term (i.e., 24 h) Hg exposure in the symbiont-bearing benthic foraminiferal species Amphistegina lessonii are evaluated using several biomarkers (i.e., proteins and enzymes). Mercury leads to significant changes in the biochemistry of cells. Its effects are mainly associated with oxidative stress (i.e., production of reactive oxygen species: ROS), depletion of glutathione (GSH), and alteration of protein synthesis. Specifically, our findings reveal that exposure to Hg leads to the consumption of GSH by GPx and GST for the scavenging of ROS and the activation of antioxidant-related enzymes, including SOD and GSH-enzymes (GST, GSR, GPx, and Se-GPx), that are directly related to a defense mechanism against ROS. The Hg exposure also activates the MAPK (e.g., p-p38) and HSP (e.g., HSP 70) pathways. The observed biochemical alterations associated with Hg exposure may represent effective and reliable proxies (i.e., biomarkers) for the evaluation of stress in A. lessonii and lead to a possible application for the detection of early warning signs of environmental stress in biomonitoring.
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