1
|
Hou B, Wang Y, Li B, Gong T, Wu J, Li J. Synthesis of novel L-lactic acid-based plasticizers and their effects on the flexibility, crystallinity, and optical transparency of poly(lactic acid). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132826. [PMID: 38825277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Using bio-based plasticizers derived from biomass resources to replace traditional phthalates can avoid the biotoxicity and non-biodegradability caused by the migration of plasticizers during the application of plastics. In this study, L-lactic acid and levulinic acid were employed as the major biomass monomer to successfully fabricate L-lactic acid-based plasticizers (LBL-n, n = 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5) containing a diverse number of lactate groups. The plasticizing mechanism was explained, manifesting that L-lactic acid-based plasticizers containing a substantial number of lactate groups could effectively improve the flexibility of poly (lactic acid) (PLA), and the elongation at break was 590 %-750 %. Compared to LBL-1.5 plasticized-PLA films, the tensile strength and modulus of ketonized-LBL-1.5 (KLBL-1.5) plasticized-PLA films increased to 59 % and 163 %, indicating the ketal functionality of plasticizers enhanced the strength of PLA. Meanwhile, the increment of lactate groups and the introduction of the ketal group in the plasticizer increased the crystallization, migration, and volatilization stability of plasticized-PLA films and also kept their outstanding optical transparency. Besides, the biodegradability of KLBL-1.5 was investigated by active soil and Tenebrio molitor experiments, and its degradation products were characterized. The findings indicated that KLBL-1.5 was fully decomposed. Taken together, this paper offers new promise for developing high-efficiency and biodegradable plasticizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyou Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yanning Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Bingjian Li
- Unipower Hydrogen Membrane Materials (Jiangsu) Research Institute Co., Ltd., China
| | - Tianyang Gong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Changshu Sanheng Building Material Co. Ltd, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Jinchun Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barreto G, Restrepo S, Vieira CM, Monteiro SN, Colorado HA. Rice Husk with PLA: 3D Filament Making and Additive Manufacturing of Samples for Potential Structural Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:245. [PMID: 38257043 PMCID: PMC10819151 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has garnered significant attention as a versatile method for fabricating green and complex composite materials. This study delves into the fabrication of polymer composites by employing polylactic acid (PLA) in conjunction with rice husk as a reinforcing filler. The filaments were made by an extruded filament maker and then were used to make tensile and impact samples by another extrusion technology, fused deposition modeling (FDM). The structural and morphological characteristics of the composite materials were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy SEM. Results show that both the filament and samples are very reliable in producing polymer parts with this rice husk solid waste. This research contributes to increasing materials' circularity and potentially creating a local social economy around rice production, where this waste is not much used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Barreto
- CCComposites Laboratory, Engineering School, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (G.B.); (S.R.)
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, LAMAV, UENF—State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Santiago Restrepo
- CCComposites Laboratory, Engineering School, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (G.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Carlos Mauricio Vieira
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, LAMAV, UENF—State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Henry A. Colorado
- CCComposites Laboratory, Engineering School, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (G.B.); (S.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tessanan W, Phinyocheep P, Amornsakchai T. Sustainable Materials with Improved Biodegradability and Toughness from Blends of Poly(Lactic Acid), Pineapple Stem Starch and Modified Natural Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:232. [PMID: 38257031 PMCID: PMC10821380 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), derived from renewable resources, plays a significant role in the global biodegradable plastic market. However, its widespread adoption faces challenges, including high brittleness, hydrophobicity, limited biodegradability, and higher costs compared to traditional petroleum-based plastics. This study addresses these challenges by incorporating thermoplastic pineapple stem starch (TPSS) and modified natural rubber (MNR) into PLA blends. TPSS, derived from pineapple stem waste, is employed to enhance hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and reduce costs. While the addition of TPSS (10 to 40 wt.%) marginally lowered mechanical properties due to poor interfacial interaction with PLA, the inclusion of MNR (1 to 10 wt.%) in the PLA/20TPSS blend significantly improved stretchability and impact strength, resulting in suitable modulus (1.3 to 1.7 GPa) and mechanical strength (32 to 52 MPa) for diverse applications. The presence of 7 wt.% MNR increased impact strength by 90% compared to neat PLA. The ternary blend exhibited a heterogeneous morphology with enhanced interfacial adhesion, confirmed by microfibrils and a rough texture on the fracture surface. Additionally, a downward shift in PLA's glass transition temperature (Tg) by 5-6 °C indicated improved compatibility between components. Remarkably, the PLA ternary blends demonstrated superior water resistance and proper biodegradability compared to binary blends. These findings highlight the potential of bio-based plastics, such as PLA blends with TPSS and MNR, to contribute to sustainable economic models and reduce environmental impact for using in plastic packaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wasan Tessanan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Payathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (W.T.); (P.P.)
- Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Pranee Phinyocheep
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Payathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (W.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Taweechai Amornsakchai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Payathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (W.T.); (P.P.)
- Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- TEAnity Team Co., Ltd., 40/494 Soi Navamintra 111, Khet Bueng Kum, Bangkok 10230, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen PH, Chen CW, Mao HI, Dai CA, Su CS, Tsai JC, Lin FH. Bio-Based PLA/PBS/PBAT Ternary Blends with Added Nanohydroxyapatite: A Thermal, Physical, and Mechanical Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4585. [PMID: 38232012 PMCID: PMC10708084 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The physical and mechanical properties of novel bio-based polymer blends of polylactic acid (PLA), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with various added amounts of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) were investigated in this study. The formulations of PLA/PBS/PBAT/nHA blends were divided into two series, A and B, containing 70 or 80 wt% PLA, respectively. Samples of four specimens per series were prepared using a twin-screw extruder, and different amounts of nHA were added to meet the regeneration needs of bone graft materials. FTIR and XRD analyses were employed to identify the presence of each polymer and nHA in the various blends. The crystallization behavior of these blends was examined using DSC. Tensile and impact strength tests were performed on all samples to screen feasible formulations of polymer blends for bone graft material applications. Surface morphology analyses were conducted using SEM, and the dispersion of nHA particles in the blends was further tested using TEM. The added nHA also served as a nucleating agent aimed at improving the crystallinity and mechanical properties of the blends. Through the above analyses, the physical and mechanical properties of the polymer blends are reported and the most promising bone graft material formulations are suggested. All blends were tested for thermal degradation analysis using TGA and thermal stability was confirmed. The water absorption experiments carried out in this study showed that the addition of nHA could improve the hydrophilicity of the blends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hua Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wen Chen
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan;
| | - Hsu-I Mao
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-An Dai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
| | - Chie-Shaan Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan;
| | - Jung-Chin Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan;
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hybrid micro-composite sheets of Polylactic Acid (PLA)/Carbon Black (CB)/natural kenaf fiber processed by calendering method. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
6
|
Matos RS, da Costa ÍC, Yasumura HD, de Azevedo SG, Sanches EA, da Fonseca Filho HD. Nanoscale surface dynamics of spatial patterns of polymeric bilayered particles loaded with essential oil. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3633-3641. [PMID: 35916245 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin/PCL bilayered particles loaded with Piper nigrum essential oil was synthesized aiming to access their morphological and surface dynamic patterns. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was applied to investigate the 3D morphology and multifractal aspects of the particles surface. The AFM maps revealed spherical surfaces and well dispersed particles, besides a rougher surface on the loaded system. Minkowski functionals showed that shape of the rough peaks was similar in the unloaded and loaded systems; however, the presence of deep valleys on the loaded particles revealed their rougher pattern. Multifractal analysis revealed that unloaded and loaded particles presented multifractal behavior with different surface dynamics. The loaded surface presented a greater width of the multifractal spectrum and smaller difference of fractal dimensions, confirming their more vertically growing. These results can be useful in the development of novel polymeric-based particles loaded with essential oil. Their unique surface dynamics can provide enhanced physical properties and performance in emerging biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Saraiva Matos
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Amapá (UNIFAP), Amazonian Materials Group, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Carvalho da Costa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais (PPGCEM), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Heloisa David Yasumura
- Laboratório de Síntese de Nanomateriais e Nanoscopia (LSNN), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Sidney Gomes de Azevedo
- Laboratório de Polímeros Nanoestruturados (NANOPOL - @nanopol_ufam), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Edgar Aparecido Sanches
- Laboratório de Polímeros Nanoestruturados (NANOPOL - @nanopol_ufam), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Henrique Duarte da Fonseca Filho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais (PPGCEM), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Laboratório de Síntese de Nanomateriais e Nanoscopia (LSNN), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang A, Song X, Liu F, Wang H, Geng L, Chen B, Peng X, Wang Z, Tian G. Facile preparation of anisotropic
PLA
/
CNT
nanocomposites by hot and cold rolling processes for improving mechanical and conductive properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Xincheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Fan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Haokun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Lihong Geng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Binyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Xiangfang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Genlin Tian
- Department of Biomaterials International Center for Bamboo and Rattan Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Viscoelastic and Properties of Amphiphilic Chitin in Plasticised Polylactic Acid/Starch Biocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112268. [PMID: 35683940 PMCID: PMC9182625 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhancement of the PLA thermomechanical properties is significant due to its suitability as a replacement for primary synthetic polymer use in diverse industrial production. The amphiphilic chitin was used as a compatibilizer in PLA/starch biocomposite. The properties of plasticised polylactic acid blended with starch, and amphiphilic chitin was studied for enhanced thermomechanical and viscoelastic properties. Chitin was modified using acetylated substitution reaction and blended with plasticised PLA/starch biocomposite. The biocomposite was prepared with combined compression and melt extrusion techniques. The biocomposite’s thermomechanical, thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties were studied using dynamic mechanical analysis, TGA-DSC, tensile test, and scanning electron microscopy. The storage and loss modulus were significantly enhanced with increased amphiphilic chitin content. Similarly, the single peak of tan delta showed good miscibility of the polymeric blend. Additionally, the modulus increases with frequency change from 1 Hz to 10 Hz. The thermal stability of the biocomposite was observed to be lower than the neat PLA. The tensile properties of the biocomposite increased significantly more than the neat PLA, with P4S4C having the highest tensile strength and modulus of 87 MPa and 7600 MPa. The SEM images show good miscibility with no significant void in the fractured surface. The viscoelastic properties of PLA were enhanced considerably with plasticizer and amphiphilic chitin with improved biodegradability. The properties of the biocomposite can be adapted for various industrial applications.
Collapse
|
9
|
Shuai C, Yu L, Feng P, Peng S, Pan H, Bai X. Construction of a stereocomplex between poly(D-lactide) grafted hydroxyapatite and poly(L-lactide): toward a bioactive composite scaffold with enhanced interfacial bonding. J Mater Chem B 2021; 10:214-223. [PMID: 34927656 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02111g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The poly(L-lactide) (PLLA)/hydroxyapatite (HAP) composite scaffold is expected to combine the favorable compatibility and processability of PLLA with the excellent bioactivity and osteoconductivity of HAP. Unfortunately, the poor interfacial bonding between PLLA and HAP leads to a deterioration in mechanical properties. In this study, poly(D-lactide) (PDLA) was grafted onto the surface of HAP nanoparticles (g-HAP), and then g-HAP was incorporated into PLLA to improve interfacial bonding by stereocomplexation in a scaffold fabricated via selective laser sintering (SLS). The results showed that HAP nanoparticles were grafted with PDLA at a grafting rate of 8.72% by ring-opening polymerization through chemical bonding in the presence of the hydroxyl groups of HAP. The grafted PDLA formed an interfacial stereocomplex with PLLA via an intertwined spiral structure ascribed to their antiparallel and complementary configuration under the action of hydrogen bonding. Consequently, the tensile strength and modulus of the PLLA/g-HAP scaffold increased by 86% and 69%, respectively, compared to those of the PLLA/HAP scaffold. In addition, the scaffold displayed good bioactivity by inducing apatite nucleation and deposition and possessed good cytocompatibility for cell adhesion, growth and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cijun Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China. .,School of Energy and Machinery Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Pei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Shuping Peng
- School of Energy and Machinery Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Mucosal Section, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xinna Bai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nanocellulose Xerogel as Template for Transparent, Thick, Flame-Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113032. [PMID: 34835797 PMCID: PMC8619435 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have excellent properties, such as high strength, high specific surface areas (SSA), and low coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), making them a promising candidate for bio-based reinforcing fillers of polymers. A challenge in the field of CNF-reinforced composite research is to produce strong and transparent CNF/polymer composites that are sufficiently thick for use as load-bearing structural materials. In this study, we successfully prepared millimeter-thick, transparent CNF/polymer composites using CNF xerogels, with high porosity (~70%) and high SSA (~350 m2 g−1), as a template for monomer impregnation. A methacrylate was used as the monomer and was cured by UV irradiation after impregnation into the CNF xerogels. The CNF xerogels effectively reinforced the methacrylate polymer matrix, resulting in an improvement in the flexural modulus (up to 546%) and a reduction in the CTE value (up to 78%) while maintaining the optical transparency of the matrix polymer. Interestingly, the composites exhibited flame retardancy at high CNF loading. These unique features highlight the applicability of CNF xerogels as a reinforcing template for producing multifunctional and load-bearing polymer composites.
Collapse
|
11
|
Grzebieluch W, Kowalewski P, Grygier D, Rutkowska-Gorczyca M, Kozakiewicz M, Jurczyszyn K. Printable and Machinable Dental Restorative Composites for CAD/CAM Application-Comparison of Mechanical Properties, Fractographic, Texture and Fractal Dimension Analysis. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174919. [PMID: 34501009 PMCID: PMC8434230 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to the continuous development of light-curing resin composites it is now possible to print permanent single-tooth restorations. The purpose of this study was to compare resin composites for milling -Gandio Blocks (GR), Brilliant Crios (CR) and Enamic (EN) with resin composite for 3D printing-Varseo Smile Crown plus (VSC). Three-point bending was used to measure flexural strength (σf) and flexural modulus (Ef). The microhardness was measured using a Vickers method, while fractographic, microstructural, texture and fractal dimension (FD) analyses were performed using SEM, optical microscope and picture analysis methods. The values of σf ranged from 118.96 (±2.81) MPa for EN to 186.02 (±10.49) MPa for GR, and the values of Ef ranged from 4.37 (±0.8) GPa for VSC to 28.55 (±0.34) GPa for EN. HV01 ranged from 25.8 (±0.7) for VSC to 273.42 (±27.11) for EN. The filler content ranged from 19-24 vol. % for VSC to 70-80 vol. % for GR and EN. The observed fractures are typical for brittle materials. The correlation between FD of materials microstructure and Ef was observed. σf of the printed resin depends on layers orientation and is significantly lower than σf of GR and CR. Ef of the printed material is significantly lower than Ef of blocks for milling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Grzebieluch
- Laboratory for Digital Dentistry, Department of Conservative Dentistry Witch Endodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-784-03-61
| | - Piotr Kowalewski
- Department of Fundamentals of Machine Design and Mechatronic Systems, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lukasiewicza 7/9, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Dominika Grygier
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lukasiewicza 5, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.G.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Małgorzata Rutkowska-Gorczyca
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lukasiewicza 5, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.G.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Marcin Kozakiewicz
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 113 S. Zeromski Street, 90-549 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Kamil Jurczyszyn
- Department of Oral Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Santos Andrade L, Silva NGS, Ornellas Cortat LIC, Mulinari DR.
Approach in
Macadamia integrifolia
residue based
low‐density polyethylene
composites on mechanical and thermal performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laert Santos Andrade
- Department of Engineering Volta Redonda University Center (UNIFOA) Volta Redonda Brazil
| | - Nycolle Gonçalves Souza Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Technology College (FAT) State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Rod. Pres. Dutra, km 298 Resende Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Daniella Regina Mulinari
- Department of Mechanical and Energy, Technology College (FAT) State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Resende Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Correlating Structure and Morphology of Andiroba Leaf (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) by Microscopy and Fractal Theory Analyses. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11135848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Amazon rainforest is considered a megadiverse biome, where several species of its rich flora are still unknown. The anatomy of their leaves usually identifies species. In this paper, we present a complete characterization of the leaf surface of Amazon Carapa guianensis Aubl. (Andiroba), using microscopy and fractal theory to be considered a possible tool for investigating different leaves spatial patterns, especially in species with similar leaf architecture. The SEM results revealed the cellular structures and other non-cellular structures that make up the leaf architecture, both for the abaxial and adaxial sides. The cells responsible for the plant photosynthesis process were observed in the internal structure of the leaf. The wettability analysis showed that the abaxial side is more hydrophobic, while the adaxial side is more hydrophilic. AFM images exposed the relevant details of the microstructure of the leaf abaxial side, such as stomata, pores, furrows, contour, particles, and rough profiles generated by topographic irregularities. The statistical parameters revealed that the scale size influences the topographic roughness, surface asymmetry, and shape of the height distribution, also observed by advanced parameters obtained according to the standard of the international organization for standardization (ISO). The fractal and advanced fractal parameters confirmed changes in spatial patterns as a function of scale size. The largest area exhibited greater spatial complexity, low dominant spatial frequencies, more excellent surface percolation, intermediate topographic homogeneity, and high uniformity of spatial patterns.
Collapse
|
14
|
Amâncio MA, Pinto EP, Matos RS, Nobre FX, Brito WR, da Fonseca Filho HD. Nanoscale morphology and fractal analysis of TiO
2
coatings on ITO substrate by electrodeposition. J Microsc 2021; 282:162-174. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Saraiva Matos
- Department of Physics Federal University of Amapá Macapá Amapá Brazil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Federal University of Sergipe São Cristóvão Sergipe Brazil
| | - Francisco Xavier Nobre
- Department of Chemistry Federal University of Amazonas Manaus Amazonas Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas Coari Amazonas Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fractal Cracking Patterns in Concretes Exposed to Sulfate Attack. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12142338. [PMID: 31340568 PMCID: PMC6678459 DOI: 10.3390/ma12142338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Sulfate attack tests were performed on concrete samples with three water-to-cement ratios, and micro-crack growth patterns on concrete surfaces were recorded. The expansive stress and crack nucleation caused by delayed ettringite formation (DEF) were studied using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. By means of a digital image processing technology, fractal dimensions of surface cracking patterns were determined, which monotonously increase during corrosion. Moreover, it is shown that the change of fractal dimensions is directly proportional to accumulation of DEF, and therefore, a simple theoretical model could be proposed to describe the micro-crack evolution in concretes under sulfate attack.
Collapse
|
16
|
Shojaeiarani J, Bajwa DS, Stark NM. Spin-coating: A new approach for improving dispersion of cellulose nanocrystals and mechanical properties of poly (lactic acid) composites. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 190:139-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
Shojaeiarani J, Bajwa DS, Stark NM. Green esterification: A new approach to improve thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) composites reinforced by cellulose nanocrystals. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamileh Shojaeiarani
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNorth Dakota State UniversityFargo North Dakota 58102
| | - Dilpreet S. Bajwa
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNorth Dakota State UniversityFargo North Dakota 58102
| | - Nicole M. Stark
- Forest Products LaboratoryU.S. Forest ServiceMadison Wisconsin 53726‐2398
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Qiang T, Wang J, Wolcott MP. Facile Fabrication of 100% Bio-based and Degradable Ternary Cellulose/PHBV/PLA Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E330. [PMID: 29495315 PMCID: PMC5849027 DOI: 10.3390/ma11020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Modifying bio-based degradable polymers such as polylactide (PLA) and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with non-degradable agents will compromise the 100% degradability of their resultant composites. This work developed a facile and solvent-free route in order to fabricate 100% bio-based and degradable ternary cellulose/PHBV/PLA composite materials. The effects of ball milling on the physicochemical properties of pulp cellulose fibers, and the ball-milled cellulose particles on the morphology and mechanical properties of PHBV/PLA blends, were investigated experimentally and statistically. The results showed that more ball-milling time resulted in a smaller particle size and lower crystallinity by way of mechanical disintegration. Filling PHBV/PLA blends with the ball-milled celluloses dramatically increased the stiffness at all of the levels of particle size and filling content, and improved their elongation at the break and fracture work at certain levels of particle size and filling content. It was also found that the high filling content of the ball-milled cellulose particles was detrimental to the mechanical properties for the resultant composite materials. The ternary cellulose/PHBV/PLA composite materials have some potential applications, such as in packaging materials and automobile inner decoration parts. Furthermore, filling content contributes more to the variations of their mechanical properties than particle size does. Statistical analysis combined with experimental tests provide a new pathway to quantitatively evaluate the effects of multiple variables on a specific property, and figure out the dominant one for the resultant composite materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qiang
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China.
- Composite Materials and Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA.
| | - Jinwu Wang
- Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - Michael P Wolcott
- Composite Materials and Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Environmentally Friendly Compatibilizers from Soybean Oil for Ternary Blends of Poly(lactic acid)-PLA, Poly(ε-caprolactone)-PCL and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-PHB. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10111339. [PMID: 29165359 PMCID: PMC5706286 DOI: 10.3390/ma10111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ternary blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with a constant weight percentage of 60%, 10% and 30% respectively were compatibilized with soybean oil derivatives epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), maleinized soybean oil (MSO) and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO). The potential compatibilization effects of the soybean oil-derivatives was characterized in terms of mechanical, thermal and thermomechanical properties. The effects on morphology were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). All three soybean oil-based compatibilizers led to a noticeable increase in toughness with a remarkable improvement in elongation at break. On the other hand, both the tensile modulus and strength decreased, but in a lower extent to a typical plasticization effect. Although phase separation occurred, all three soybean oil derivatives led somewhat to compatibilization through reaction between terminal hydroxyl groups in all three biopolyesters (PLA, PHB and PCL) and the readily reactive groups in the soybean oil derivatives, that is, epoxy, maleic anhydride and acrylic/epoxy functionalities. In particular, the addition of 5 parts per hundred parts of the blend (phr) of ESO gave the maximum elongation at break while the same amount of MSO and AESO gave the maximum toughness, measured through Charpy’s impact tests. In general, the herein-developed materials widen the potential of ternary PLA formulations by a cost effective blending method with PHB and PCL and compatibilization with vegetable oil-based additives.
Collapse
|
20
|
Li Z, Song S, Zhao X, Lv X, Sun S. Grafting Modification of the Reactive Core-Shell Particles to Enhance the Toughening Ability of Polylactide. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10080957. [PMID: 28813019 PMCID: PMC5578323 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome the brittleness of polylactide (PLA), reactive core-shell particles (RCS) with polybutadiene as core and methyl methacrylate-co-styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate as shell were prepared to toughen PLA. Tert-dodecyl mercaptan (TDDM) was used as chain transfer agent to modify the grafting properties (such as grafting degree, shell thickness, internal and external grafting) of the core-shell particles. The introduction of TDDM decreased the grafting degree, shell thickness and the Tg of the core phase. When the content of TDDM was lower than 1.15%, the RCS particles dispersed in the PLA matrix uniformly-otherwise, agglomeration took place. The addition of RCS particles induced a higher cold crystallization temperature and a lower melting temperature of PLA which indicated the decreased crystallization ability of PLA. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results proved the good miscibility between PLA and the RCS particles and the increase of TDDM in RCS induced higher storage modulus of PLA/RCS blends. Suitable TDDM addition improved the toughening ability of RCS particles for PLA. In the present research, PLA/RCS-T4 (RCS-T4: the reactive core-shell particles with 0.76 wt % TDDM addition) blends displayed much better impact strength than other blends due to the easier cavitation/debonding ability and good dispersion morphology of the RCS-T4 particles. When the RCS-T4 content was 25 wt %, the impact strength of PLA/RCS-T4 blend reached 768 J/m, which was more than 25 times that of the pure PLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokun Li
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Shixin Song
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Xuanchen Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Xue Lv
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Shulin Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| |
Collapse
|