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Li X, Lei C, Wan J, Xu W, Zhou J, Shi B. A novel complex coupling agent for enhancing the compatibility between collagen fiber and natural rubber: A utilization strategy for leather wastes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130942. [PMID: 38493813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Leather shavings are generated as solid waste in the leather industry and may cause environmental pollution if not disposed judiciously. These solid wastes, primarily composed of collagen fibers (CFs), can be recycled as biomass composites. However, CFs are incompatible with natural rubber (NR) due to its hydrophilicity. Conventionally, the compatibility has been improved by utilizing silane coupling agents (SCAs) along with a large number of organic solvents, which further contribute to environmental pollution. In this study, we developed a novel complex coupling agent (CCA) to enhance the compatibility between CF and NR. The CCA was synthesized through a coordination reaction between Cr(III) and α-methacrylic acid (MAA). Cr(III) in the coupling agent coordinates with the active groups in CFs, while the unsaturated double bonds in MAA facilitate covalent crosslinking between the CCA and NR, improving compatibility. The coordination bonding between CF and NR exhibits strong interfacial interaction, endowing the composites with desirable mechanical properties. Moreover, the proposed method is an economical and green approach that can be used to synthesize CF-based composites without requiring organic solvents. Herein, a strategy promoted sustainable development in the leather industry has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chao Lei
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Junyu Wan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering (Sichuan University), Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weixing Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Jianfei Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Bi Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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2
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Akbarian-Saravi N, Basar IA, Margoto OH, Abdollahi G N, Crawford B, Magel B, Gharibnavaz M, Eskicioglu C, Milani AS. Characterization of the Mechanical, Biodegradation, and Morphological Properties of NBR/Biopolymer Blend, Integrated with a Risk Evaluation. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:9256-9268. [PMID: 38434901 PMCID: PMC10906039 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Biopolymer blends have attracted considerable attention in industrial applications due to their notable mechanical properties and biodegradability. This work delves into the innovative combination of butadiene-acrylonitrile (referred to as NBR) with a pectin-based biopolymer (NGP) at a 90:10 mass ratio through a detailed analysis employing mechanical characterization, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and morphology studies using SEM. Additionally, biopolymer's biodegradability under aerobic and anaerobic conditions is tested. The study's findings underscore the superior tensile strength and elongation at break of the NGP/NBR blend in comparison to pure NBR, while also exhibiting a decrease in puncture resistance due to imperfect bonds at the particle-matrix interfaces, necessitating the use of a compatibilizer. In anaerobic conditions, evaluation of biodegradable properties reveals 2% and 12% biodegradability in NBR and NGP/NBR blend, respectively. The degradation properties were also aligned with TGA results highlighting a lower decomposition temperature for NGP. Additionally, this research integrates the application of a conditional value-at-risk (CVaR)-based analysis of the blend's tensile properties to evaluate the uncertainty impact in the experiment. Under risk, a significant enhancement in the tensile performance (by 80%) of the NGP/NBR blend was shown compared to pure NBR. Ultimately, the study shows that adding pectin to the NBR compound amplifies the overall performance of the biopolymer significantly under select criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Akbarian-Saravi
- Composites
Research Network-Okanagan Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Alper Basar
- Bioreactor
Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Olivia Helena Margoto
- Composites
Research Network-Okanagan Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Nadia Abdollahi G
- Composites
Research Network-Okanagan Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Bryn Crawford
- Composites
Research Network-Okanagan Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Benjamin Magel
- Composites
Research Network-Okanagan Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | | - Cigdem Eskicioglu
- Bioreactor
Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Abbas S. Milani
- Composites
Research Network-Okanagan Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
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3
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Torres GB, Hiranobe CT, da Silva EA, Cardim GP, Cardim HP, Cabrera FC, Lozada ER, Gutierrez-Aguilar CM, Sánchez JC, Carvalho JAJ, Job AE, Santos RJ. Eco-Friendly Natural Rubber-Jute Composites for the Footwear Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4183. [PMID: 37896427 PMCID: PMC10610683 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, biocomposites represent a new generation of materials that are environmentally friendly, cost-effective, low-density, and not derived from petroleum. They have been widely used to protect the environment and generate new alternatives in the polymer industry. In this study, we incorporated untreated jute fibers (UJFs) and alkaline-treated jute fibers (TJFs) at 1-5 and 10 phr into TSR 10 natural rubber as reinforcement fillers. These composites were produced to be used in countersole shoes manufacturing. Untreated fibers were compared to those treated with 10% sodium hydroxide. The alkali treatment allowed the incorporation of fibers without compromising their mechanical properties. The TJF samples exhibited 8% less hardness, 70% more tensile strength, and the same flexibility compared to their pure rubber counterparts. Thanks to their properties and ergonomic appearance, the composites obtained here can be useful in many applications: construction materials (sound insulating boards, and flooring materials), the automotive industry (interior moldings), the footwear industry (shoe soles), and anti-static moldings. These new compounds can be employed in innovative processes to reduce their carbon footprint and negative impact on our planet. Using the Lorenz-Park equation, the loaded composites examined in this study exhibited values above 0.7, which means a competitive load-rubber interaction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of the composites in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barrera Torres
- Industrial Design Engineering Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Metropolitan Institute of Technology (ITM), Medellín 050036, Colombia; (G.B.T.); (C.M.G.-A.)
| | - Carlos T. Hiranobe
- School of Engineering and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (C.T.H.); (G.P.C.); (F.C.C.)
| | - Erivaldo Antonio da Silva
- Department of Cartography, School of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Guilherme P. Cardim
- School of Engineering and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (C.T.H.); (G.P.C.); (F.C.C.)
| | - Henrique P. Cardim
- Postgraduate Program in Science and Technology of Materials (POSMAT), School of Engineering and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Flavio C. Cabrera
- School of Engineering and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (C.T.H.); (G.P.C.); (F.C.C.)
| | - Elizabeth R. Lozada
- Postgraduate Program in Sustainable Development, Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Metropolitan Institute of Technology (ITM), Medellín 050036, Colombia;
| | - Carlos M. Gutierrez-Aguilar
- Industrial Design Engineering Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Metropolitan Institute of Technology (ITM), Medellín 050036, Colombia; (G.B.T.); (C.M.G.-A.)
| | - Juan C. Sánchez
- Advanced Manufacturing Technology Center (SENA), Medellín 050036, Colombia; (J.C.S.); (J.A.J.C.)
- Mechanical Department, Pascual Bravo University Institution (IUPB), Medellín 050036, Colombia
| | - Jaime A. Jaramillo Carvalho
- Advanced Manufacturing Technology Center (SENA), Medellín 050036, Colombia; (J.C.S.); (J.A.J.C.)
- Mechanical Department, Pascual Bravo University Institution (IUPB), Medellín 050036, Colombia
| | - Aldo E. Job
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Renivaldo J. Santos
- School of Engineering and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (C.T.H.); (G.P.C.); (F.C.C.)
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4
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R Lozada E, Gutiérrez Aguilar CM, Jaramillo Carvalho JA, Sánchez JC, Barrera Torres G. Vegetable Cellulose Fibers in Natural Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2914. [PMID: 37447558 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, natural fibers have had a significant impact on the research and development of innovative composites made with natural rubber, improving their properties over those of their counterparts that incorporate polluting synthetic fibers. In recent years, this fact has stimulated the research into several modified natural rubber composites reinforced with vegetable fibers. This paper reviews the scientific literature published in the last decade about the properties and characteristics of natural vegetable fibers and natural rubber used in composites. Nowadays the use of alternative materials has become necessary, considering that synthetic materials have caused irreversible damage to the environment, being associated with global warming, for this reason research and development with materials that print a lower carbon footprint during the manufacturing process and subsequent product manufacturing. This review is an invitation to the use of vegetable fibers, as well as vegetable-type matrices, in this case natural rubber as a binder system, it is fantastic to know the different works carried out by other scientists and engineers, in this way to project new compounds linked to innovation in processes that reduce the carbon footprint and its negative impact on our planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Lozada
- Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Metropolitan Institute of Technology-ITM, Medellín 050036, Colombia
| | | | | | - Juan C Sánchez
- Advanced Manufacturing Technology Center, SENA, Medellín 050036, Colombia
| | - Giovanni Barrera Torres
- Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Metropolitan Institute of Technology-ITM, Medellín 050036, Colombia
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5
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Supanakorn G, Taokaew S, Phisalaphong M. Multifunctional Cellulosic Natural Rubber and Silver Nanoparticle Films with Superior Chemical Resistance and Antibacterial Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:521. [PMID: 36770481 PMCID: PMC9921950 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Composite films of natural rubber/cellulose fiber/silver nanoparticle were synthesized in a green route via the latex solution process. Hybrid cellulose filler containing carboxymethyl cellulose and cellulose microfibers was used to facilitate facile and fast preparation and to improve mechanical strength to the composites, respectively. All the composites possessed a high tensile strength of ~120 MPa, a high heat resistance of nearly 300 °C, and more than 20% biodegradability in soil in two weeks. Chemical resistance and antibacterial activity of the composite was enhanced depending on sizes and concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The composites containing 0.033-0.1% w/w AgNPs retarded toluene uptake to less than 12% throughout 8 h, whereas the composite containing 0.067-0.1% w/w AgNPs exhibited excellent antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In comparison, 50 nm-AgNPs presented higher antibacterial activities than 100 nm-AgNPs. In vitro cytotoxicity test assessed after incubation for 24 h and 48 h revealed that almost all AgNPs-composite films exhibited non/weak and moderate cytotoxicity, respectively, to HaCaT keratinocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goragot Supanakorn
- Bio-Circular-Green-Economy Technology & Engineering Center, BCGeTEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Taokaew
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka 940-2188, Japan
| | - Muenduen Phisalaphong
- Bio-Circular-Green-Economy Technology & Engineering Center, BCGeTEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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6
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A Review of Rubber Biocomposites Reinforced with Lignocellulosic Fillers. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6070183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic fillers have attracted considerable attention over the years as a promising alternative to conventional petroleum-based fillers (carbon black) in rubber composites due to their renewability, biodegradability, availability, high mechanical properties, low density and low cost. Based on the literature available, a comprehensive review is presented here of rubber biocomposites reinforced with plant-based fillers. The study is divided into different sections depending on the matrix (natural or synthetic rubber) and the type of lignocellulosic fillers (natural fiber, microcrystalline cellulose, lignin and nanocellulose). This review focuses on the curing characteristics, mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical properties of the resulting rubber biocomposites. In addition, the effect of hybrid filler systems, lignocellulosic filler surface modification and modification of the rubber matrix on the properties of these rubber biocomposites are presented and compared. A conclusion is finally presented with some openings for future works.
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7
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Kazemi H, Parot M, Stevanovic T, Mighri F, Rodrigue D. Cellulose and lignin as carbon black replacement in natural rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Kazemi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Laval University Quebec Quebec Canada
| | - Maxime Parot
- Wood and Forest Science Department Laval University Quebec Quebec Canada
| | - Tatjana Stevanovic
- Wood and Forest Science Department Laval University Quebec Quebec Canada
| | - Frej Mighri
- Department of Chemical Engineering Laval University Quebec Quebec Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering Laval University Quebec Quebec Canada
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8
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Membrane patterning through horizontally aligned microchannels developed by sulfated chopped carbon fiber for facile permeability of blood plasma components in low-density lipoprotein apheresis. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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He L, Xia F, Wang Y, Yuan J, Chen D, Zheng J. Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of the Amino Silicone Oil Emulsion Modified Ramie Fiber Reinforced Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234083. [PMID: 34883588 PMCID: PMC8659282 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties, interface adhesion and microstructures of the amino silicone oil emulsion (ASO) modified short ramie fiber reinforced polypropylene composites (RFPCs) with different fiber fractions were investigated. The RFPCs were made through a combined process of extrusion and injection molding. Mechanical property tests of the RFPCs revealed enhancements in tensile and flexural strengths with increase of the fiber fraction due to the high stiffness of the fiber filler and a better interfacial bonding from ASO treatment. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results indicated that fiber incorporation plays an important role in DMA parameters (storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping ratio) at Tg by forming an improved interfacial adhesion and providing more effective stress transfer rate and energy dissipation between matrix and fiber. The phase behavior analysis suggests all the RFPCs are a kind of heterogeneity system based on the Cole-Cole plot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Vehicle Body Testing Research, CATARC Automotive Test Center (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300, China;
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
| | - Dachuan Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
| | - Junchao Zheng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (J.Z.)
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10
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Andler R, D'Afonseca V, Pino J, Valdés C, Salazar-Viedma M. Assessing the Biodegradation of Vulcanised Rubber Particles by Fungi Using Genetic, Molecular and Surface Analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:761510. [PMID: 34733834 PMCID: PMC8558253 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.761510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of tonnes of tyre waste are discarded annually and are considered one of the most difficult solid wastes to recycle. A sustainable alternative for the treatment of vulcanised rubber is the use of microorganisms that can biotransform polymers and aromatic compounds and then assimilate and mineralise some of the degradation products. However, vulcanised rubber materials present great resistance to biodegradation due to the presence of highly hydrophobic cross-linked structures that are provided by the additives they contain and the vulcanisation process itself. In this work, the biodegradation capabilities of 10 fungal strains cultivated in PDA and EM solid medium were studied over a period of 4 weeks. The growth of the strains, the mass loss of the vulcanised rubber particles and the surface structure were analysed after the incubation period. With the white rot fungi Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus, biodegradation percentages of 7.5 and 6.1%, respectively, were achieved. The FTIR and SEM-EDS analyses confirmed a modification of the abundance of functional groups and elements arranged on the rubber surface, such as C, O, S, Si, and Zn, due to the biological treatment employed. The availability of genomic sequences of P. ostreatus and T. versicolor in public repositories allowed the analysis of the genetic content, genomic characteristics and specific components of both fungal species, determining some similarities between both species and their relationship with rubber biodegradation. Both fungi presented a higher number of sequences for laccases and manganese peroxidases, two extracellular enzymes responsible for many of the oxidative reactions reported in the literature. This was confirmed by measuring the laccase and peroxidase activity in cultures of T. versicolor and P. ostreatus with rubber particles, reaching between 2.8 and 3.3-times higher enzyme activity than in the absence of rubber. The integrative analysis of the results, supported by genetic and bioinformatics tools, allowed a deeper analysis of the biodegradation processes of vulcanised rubber. It is expected that this type of analysis can be used to find more efficient biotechnological solutions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Andler
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (Cenbio), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - V D'Afonseca
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - J Pino
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (Cenbio), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - C Valdés
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - M Salazar-Viedma
- Laboratorio de Genética y Microevolución, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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11
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Roy K, Debnath SC, Pongwisuthiruchte A, Potiyaraj P. Recent advances of natural fibers based green rubber composites: Properties, current status, and future perspectives. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumarjyoti Roy
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | | | - Aphiwat Pongwisuthiruchte
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Pranut Potiyaraj
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
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12
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Tanan W, Panichpakdee J, Suwanakood P, Saengsuwan S. Biodegradable hydrogels of cassava starch-g-polyacrylic acid/natural rubber/polyvinyl alcohol as environmentally friendly and highly efficient coating material for slow-release urea fertilizers. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Poly(lactic acid)/natural rubber/kenaf biocomposites production using poly(methyl methacrylate) and epoxidized natural rubber as co-compatibilizers. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-021-00927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Nassar MMA, Alzebdeh KI, Pervez T, Al‐Hinai N, Munam A. Progress and challenges in sustainability, compatibility, and production of
eco‐composites
: A
state‐of‐art
review. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. A. Nassar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman
| | - Khalid I. Alzebdeh
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman
| | - Tasneem Pervez
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman
| | - Nasr Al‐Hinai
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman
| | - Abdul Munam
- Department of Chemistry Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman
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15
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Common Nettle ( Urtica dioica L.) as an Active Filler of Natural Rubber Biocomposites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071616. [PMID: 33810368 PMCID: PMC8037756 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Common nettle (Urtíca Dióica L.), as a natural fibrous filler, may be part of the global trend of producing biocomposites with the addition of substances of plant origin. The aim of the work was to investigate and explain the effectiveness of common nettle as a source of active functional compounds for the modification of elastomer composites based on natural rubber. The conducted studies constitute a scientific novelty in the field of polymer technology, as there is no research on the physico-chemical characteristics of nettle bio-components and vulcanizates filled with them. Separation and mechanical modification of seeds, leaves, branches and roots of dried nettle were carried out. Characterization of the ground plant particles was performed using goniometric measurements (contact angle), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), themogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained natural rubber composites with different bio-filler content were also tested in terms of rheological, static and dynamic mechanical properties, cross-linking density, color change and resistance to simulated aging processes. Composites with the addition of a filler obtained from nettle roots and stems showed the highest mechanical strength. For the sample containing leaves and branches, an increase in resistance to simulated ultraviolet and thermo-oxidative aging processes was observed. This phenomenon can be attributed to the activity of ingredients with high antioxidant potential contained in the plant.
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16
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Chalid M, Husnil YA, Puspitasari S, Cifriadi A. Experimental and Modelling Study of the Effect of Adding Starch-Modified Natural Rubber Hybrid to the Vulcanization of Sorghum Fibers-Filled Natural Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12123017. [PMID: 33348531 PMCID: PMC7765874 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber-starch copolymer hybrid obtained from our laboratory was used as an additive for rubber compound. In this work, the effect of adding this hybrid material to vulcanization kinetics of sorghum fibers-filled natural rubber was studied. The rubber compounds were added with hybrid material at various loadings, i.e., zero to two phr and thus cured at three different temperatures, i.e., 130, 140, and 150 °C. The molecular behaviors due to the hybrid addition were investigated by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The rheological phenomena of the rubber compounds were studied by performing torque analysis in moving die rheometer. The obtained data were utilized to develop the thermodynamic modeling. The compatibility of sorghum fibers-natural rubber blends in the presence of starch-modified natural rubber were characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM). FTIR results show noticeable changes in the peak intensity of particular functional groups from rubber and natural fiber as evidence of molecular interaction enhancements between rubber and natural fibers caused by incorporating the starch-modified natural rubber coupling agent to rubber-natural fiber blends. The curing time for these blends was reduced with lower required activation energy. SEM images show no visible gaps in morphology between natural rubber and the filler indicating that the addition of hybrid material to the blends also improves the compatibility between the fibers and the rubber matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochamad Chalid
- Metallurgical and Material Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Yuli Amalia Husnil
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Indonesia, Banten 15320, Indonesia;
| | - Santi Puspitasari
- Research Center for Rubber Technology, Indonesian Rubber Research Institute, Bogor 16128, Indonesia; (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Adi Cifriadi
- Research Center for Rubber Technology, Indonesian Rubber Research Institute, Bogor 16128, Indonesia; (S.P.); (A.C.)
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17
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Ogunsona E, Hojabr S, Berry R, Mekonnen TH. Nanocellulose-triggered structural and property changes of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber films. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2038-2050. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Ogunsona EO, Mekonnen TH. Multilayer assemblies of cellulose nanocrystal - polyvinyl alcohol films featuring excellent physical integrity and multi-functional properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 580:56-67. [PMID: 32682116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A simplistic approach to cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) percolation at low concentrations with multifold increases in properties, through the development of multilayered film assemblies was employed. CNC networks combined with polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) thin films were fabricated leading to multilayer assembly of randomly aligned CNC nanorod bundles, similar to those found in biological structures. Oxygen impermeable barrier property of the films was achieved. The optical clarity remained mostly pristine while exhibiting improved UV absorbance. These films can be applied towards shielding UV sensitive materials that require optical transparency. A 415 and 2300% increase in strength and modulus, respectively, were observed for multilayered film with 10 wt% CNC loading as compared to the baseline neat PVOH film. The multilayers and networks formed through strong hydrogen bonds and structural alignment of the CNCs make this strategy effective in achieving enhanced properties at low CNCs loadings, which can be applied to other polymer films with property limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel O Ogunsona
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tizazu H Mekonnen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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19
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Craciun G, Manaila E, Ighigeanu D, Stelescu MD. A Method to Improve the Characteristics of EPDM Rubber Based Eco-Composites with Electron Beam. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010215. [PMID: 31952265 PMCID: PMC7023520 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A natural fiber reinforced composite, belonging to the class of eco composites, based on ethylene-propylene-terpolymer rubber (EPDM) and wood wastes were obtained by electron beam irradiation at 75, 150, 300, and 600 kGy in atmospheric conditions and at room temperature using a linear accelerator of 5.5 MeV. The sawdust (S), in amounts of 5 and 15 phr, respectively, was used to act as a natural filler for the improvement of physical and chemical characteristics. The cross-linking effects were evaluated through sol-gel analysis, mechanical tests, and Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR spectroscopy comparatively with the classic method with dibenzoyl peroxide (P) applied on the same types of samples at high temperature. Gel fraction exhibits values over 98% but, in the case of P cross-linking, is necessary to add more sawdust (15 phr) to obtain the same results as in the case of electron beam (EB) cross-linking (5 phr/300 kGy). Even if the EB cross-linking and sawdust addition have a reinforcement effect on EPDM rubber, the medium irradiation dose of 300 kGy looks to be a limit to which or from which the properties of the composite are improved or deteriorated. The absorption behavior of the eco-composites was studied through water uptake tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Craciun
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, # 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (G.C.); (D.I.)
| | - Elena Manaila
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, # 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (G.C.); (D.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Ighigeanu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, # 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (G.C.); (D.I.)
| | - Maria Daniela Stelescu
- National R&D Institute for Textile and Leather—Leather and Footwear Research Institute, # 93 Ion Minulescu St., 031215 Bucharest, Romania;
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