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Zhang J, Wang C, Shareef N. Microstructure and Properties of Ti-Zr-Mo Alloys Fabricated by Laser Directed Energy Deposition. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1054. [PMID: 36770060 PMCID: PMC9921850 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The binary Ti-Zr congruent alloys have been a potential candidate for laser-directed energy deposition owing to an excellent combination of high structural stability and good formability. To solve its insufficient strength, a new series of Ti-Zr-Mo alloys with different Mo contents were designed based on a cluster model and then made by laser-directed energy deposition on a high-purity titanium substrate. The effect of Mo content on the microstructure and properties of the L-DEDed alloys was investigated. The consequences exhibit that the microstructure of all designed alloys is featured with near-equiaxed β grains without obvious texture. However, increasing Mo content induces a gradual refinement of the grain and a steady decrease in the lattice constant, which effectively improves the hardness, strength, wear and corrosion resistance of the designed alloys, but slightly weakens ductility and formability. From the viewpoint of both properties and forming quality, the Ti60.94Zr36.72Mo2.34 (at.%) alloy owns a proper match in mechanical, tribological, chemical, and forming properties, which is widely used in aeroengine components.
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Assessment of the Effects of Si Addition to a New TiMoZrTa System. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247610. [PMID: 34947201 PMCID: PMC8706845 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ti-based alloys are widely used in medical applications. When implant devices are used to reconstruct disordered bone, prevent bone resorption and enhance good bone remodeling, the Young's modulus of implants should be close to that of the bone. To satisfy this requirement, many titanium alloys with different biocompatible elements (Zr, Ta, Mo, Si etc.) interact well with adjacent bone tissues, promoting an adequate osseointegration. Four new different alloys were obtained and investigated regarding their microstructure, mechanical, chemical and biological behavior (in vitro and in vivo evaluation), as follows: Ti20Mo7Zr15Ta, Ti20Mo7Zr15Ta0.5Si, Ti20Mo7Zr15Ta0.75Si and Ti20Mo7Zr15TaSi. 60 days after implantation, both in control and experimental rabbits, at the level of implantation gap and into the periimplant area were found the mesenchymal stem cells which differentiate into osteoblasts, then osteocytes and osteoclasts which are involved in the new bone synthesis and remodeling, the periimplant fibrous capsule being continued by newly spongy bone tissue, showing a good osseointegration of alloys. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay confirmed the in vitro cytocompatibility of the prepared alloys.
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Savin A, Craus ML, Bruma A, Novy F, Malo S, Chlada M, Steigmann R, Vizureanu P, Harnois C, Turchenko V, Prevorovsky Z. Microstructural Analysis and Mechanical Properties of TiMo 20Zr 7Ta 15Si x Alloys as Biomaterials. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214808. [PMID: 33126523 PMCID: PMC7663523 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
TiMoZrTaSi alloys appertain to a new generation of metallic biomaterials, labeled high-entropy alloys, that assure both biocompatibility as well as improved mechanical properties required by further medical applications. This paper presents the use of nondestructive evaluation techniques for new type of alloys, TiMo20Zr7Ta15Six, with x = 0; 0.5; 0.75; 1.0, which were obtained by vacuum melting. In Ti alloys, the addition of Mo improves tensile creep strength, Si improves both the creep and oxidation properties, Zr leads to an α crystalline structure, which increases the mechanical strength and assures a good electrochemical behavior, and Ta is a β stabilizer sustaining the formation of solid β-phases and contributes to tensile strength improvement and Young modulus decreasing. The effects of Si content on the mechanical properties of the studied alloys and the effect of the addition of Ta and Zr under the presence of Si on the evolution of crystallographic structure was studied. The influence of composition on fracture behavior and strength was evaluated using X-ray diffraction, resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) analyses, SEM with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and acoustic emission (AE) within compression tests. The β-type TiMo20Zr7Ta15Six alloys had a good compression strength of over 800 MPa, lower Young modulus (69.11–89.03 GPa) and shear modulus (24.70–31.87 GPa), all offering advantages for use in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Savin
- Nondestructive Testing Department, National Institute for Research and Development for Technical Physics, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.L.C.); Tel.: +40-232-430680 (A.S.)
| | - Mihail Liviu Craus
- Nondestructive Testing Department, National Institute for Research and Development for Technical Physics, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
- Frank Laboratory for Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.L.C.); Tel.: +40-232-430680 (A.S.)
| | - Alina Bruma
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - František Novy
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovak Republic;
| | - Sylvie Malo
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, CRISMAT, 14000 Caen, France; (S.M.); (C.H.)
| | - Milan Chlada
- Institute of Thermomechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (Z.P.)
| | - Rozina Steigmann
- Nondestructive Testing Department, National Institute for Research and Development for Technical Physics, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Petrica Vizureanu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University Gheorghe Asachi, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Christelle Harnois
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, CRISMAT, 14000 Caen, France; (S.M.); (C.H.)
| | - Vitalii Turchenko
- Frank Laboratory for Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia;
| | - Zdenek Prevorovsky
- Institute of Thermomechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (Z.P.)
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Jakubowicz J. Special Issue: Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13071696. [PMID: 32260473 PMCID: PMC7178642 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the last half century, great attention has been paid to materials that can be used in the human body to prepare parts that replace failed bone structures. Of all materials, Ti-based materials are the most desirable, because they provide an optimum combination of mechanical, chemical and biological properties. The successful application of Ti biomaterials has been confirmed mainly in dentistry, orthopedics and traumatology. The Ti biomaterials provide high strength and a relatively low Young’s modulus. Titanium biocompatibility is practically the highest of all metallic biomaterials, however new solutions are being sought to continuous improve their biocompatibility and osseointegration. Thus, the chemical modification of Ti results in the formation of new alloys or composites, which provide new perspectives for Ti biomaterials applications. Great attention has also been paid to the formation of nanostructures in Ti-based biomaterials, which has leads to extremely good mechanical properties and very good biocompatibility. Additionally, the surface treatment applied to Ti-based biomaterials provides faster osseointegration and improve in many cases mechanical properties. The special issue “Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications” has been proposed as a means to present recent developments in the field. The articles included in the special issue cover broad aspects of Ti-based biomaterials formation with respect to design theirs structure, mechanical and biological properties, as highlighted in this editorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Jakubowicz
- Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Materials Engineering, Jana Pawla II no 24, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
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Comparative Study of Microstructural Characteristics and Hardness of β-Quenched Zr702 and Zr-2.5Nb Alloys. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12223752. [PMID: 31739480 PMCID: PMC6888493 DOI: 10.3390/ma12223752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, two commercial Zr alloys (Zr702 and Zr–2.5Nb) were subjected to the same β-quenching treatment (water cooling after annealing at 1000 °C for 10 min). Their microstructural characteristics and hardness before and after the heat treatment were well characterized and compared by electron channel contrast (ECC) imaging, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques, and microhardness measurements. Results show that after the β quenching, prior equiaxed grains in Zr702 are transformed into Widmanstätten plate structures (the average width ~0.8 μm) with many fine precipitates distributed along their boundaries, while the initial dual-phase (α + β) microstructure in Zr–2.5Nb is fully replaced by fine twinned martensitic plates (the average width ~0.31 μm). Differences in alloying elements (especially Nb) between Zr702 and Zr–2.5Nb are demonstrated to play a key role in determining their phase transformation behaviors during the β quenching. Analyses on crystallographic orientations show that the Burgers orientation relationship is well obeyed in both the alloys with misorientation angles between α plates essentially focused on ~60°. After β quenching, the hardnesses of both alloys were increased by ~35%–40%. Quantitative analyses using the Hall–Petch equation suggest that such an increase was mainly attributable to phase transformation-induced grain refinements. Since Nb is able to effectively refine the β-quenched structures, a higher hardness increment is produced in Zr–2.5Nb than in Zr702.
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Fowler L, Janse Van Vuuren A, Goosen W, Engqvist H, Öhman-Mägi C, Norgren S. Investigation of Copper Alloying in a TNTZ-Cu x Alloy. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12223691. [PMID: 31717395 PMCID: PMC6888012 DOI: 10.3390/ma12223691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alloying copper into pure titanium has recently allowed the development of antibacterial alloys. The alloying of biocompatible elements (Nb, Ta and Zr) into pure titanium has also achieved higher strengths for a new alloy of Ti-1.6 wt.% Nb-10 wt.% Ta-1.7 wt.% Zr (TNTZ), where strength was closer to Ti-6Al-4V and higher than grade 4 titanium. In the present study, as a first step towards development of a novel antibacterial material with higher strength, the existing TNTZ was alloyed with copper to investigate the resultant microstructural changes and properties. The initial design and modelling of the alloy system was performed using the calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD) methods, to predict the phase transformations in the alloy. Following predictions, the alloys were produced using arc melting with appropriate heat treatments. The alloys were characterized using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM-EDS) with transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD). The manufactured alloys had a three-phased crystal structure that was found in the alloys with 3 wt.% Cu and higher, in line with the modelled alloy predictions. The phases included the α-Ti (HCP-Ti) with some Ta present in the crystal, Ti2Cu, and a bright phase with Ti, Cu and Ta in the crystal. The Ti2Cu crystals tended to precipitate in the grain boundaries of the α-Ti phase and bright phase. The hardness of the alloys increased with increased Cu addition, as did the presence of the Ti2Cu phase. Further studies to optimize the alloy could result in a suitable material for dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Fowler
- Division of Applied Material Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.F.); (H.E.); (S.N.)
| | - Arno Janse Van Vuuren
- Centre for High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela University, 6031 Port Elizabeth, South Africa; (A.J.V.V.); (W.G.)
| | - William Goosen
- Centre for High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela University, 6031 Port Elizabeth, South Africa; (A.J.V.V.); (W.G.)
| | - Håkan Engqvist
- Division of Applied Material Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.F.); (H.E.); (S.N.)
| | - Caroline Öhman-Mägi
- Division of Applied Material Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.F.); (H.E.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Susanne Norgren
- Division of Applied Material Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.F.); (H.E.); (S.N.)
- Sandvik, Lerkrogsvägen 13, 12680 Stockholm, Sweden
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