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Sabalina A, Gaidukovs S, Aunins A, Gromova A, Gaidukova G, Orlova L, Platnieks O. Exploring the Processing Potential of Polylactic Acid, Polyhydroxyalkanoate, and Poly(butylene succinate- co-adipate) Binary and Ternary Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2288. [PMID: 39204508 PMCID: PMC11360580 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable and bio-based polymers, including polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), and poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA), stand out as sustainable alternatives to traditional petroleum-based plastics for a wide range of consumer applications. Studying binary and ternary blends is essential to exploring the synergistic combinations and efficiencies of three distinct biopolyesters. A comprehensive evaluation of melt-extruded binary and ternary polymer blends of PHA, PLA, and PBSA was conducted. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed a heterogeneous morphology characteristic of immiscible blends, with a predominant spherical inclusion morphology observed in the majority of the blends. An increased PBSA concentration led to an elevation in melt viscosity and elasticity across both ternary and binary blends. An increased PHA content reduced the viscosity, along with both storage and loss moduli in the blends. Moreover, a rise in PHA concentration within the blends led to increased crystallinity, albeit with a noticeable reduction in the crystallization temperature of PHA. PLA retained amorphous structure in the blends. The resultant bio-based blends manifested enhanced rheological and calorimetric traits, divergent from their pure polymer counterparts, highlighting the potential for optimizing material properties through strategic formulation adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Sabalina
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia (A.G.); (O.P.)
| | - Sergejs Gaidukovs
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia (A.G.); (O.P.)
| | - Arturs Aunins
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia (A.G.); (O.P.)
| | - Anda Gromova
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia (A.G.); (O.P.)
| | - Gerda Gaidukova
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia (A.G.); (O.P.)
| | - Liga Orlova
- Institute of Materials and Surface Engineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Oskars Platnieks
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia (A.G.); (O.P.)
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2
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Svoboda R, Machotová J. How Depolymerization-Based Plasticization Affects the Process of Cold Crystallization in Poly(P-Dioxanone). Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400369. [PMID: 38923170 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The self-plasticization, i.e., the increase in the polymer chains' mobility by including its monomer, has a major impact on a polymer's structural, thermal, and mechanical properties. In this study, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical and Raman microscopies, thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA), size exclusion chromatography equipped with a multi-angle light scattering detector (SEC-MALS), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) are used to investigate the effect of thermally induced self-plasticization of poly-(p-dioxanone), PDX, on the crystal growths from the amorphous and molten states. Significant changes in the crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of PDX are found only for samples self-plasticized at the depolymerization temperature (Td) above 150 °C. The intense self-plasticization leads to the decrease of the crystallization temperature, increase of the crystal growth rapidity, disappearance of the distinct α→α' polymorphic transition, reduction of the overall melting temperature, and segregation of the redundant monomer. Although the morphology of the crystalline phase has a major impact on the mechanical properties of PDX, the self-plasticization itself does not seem to result in any major changes in the magnitude, localization, or morphology of formed crystallites (these are primarily driven by the temperature of crystal growth). The manifestation of the variable activation energy concept is discussed for the present crystallization data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Svoboda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Machotová
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic
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3
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Yang J, Chen Y, Yang Z, Dai L, Choi H, Meng Z. Unveiling the Nanoconfinement Effect on Crystallization of Semicrystalline Polymers Using Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1155. [PMID: 38675074 PMCID: PMC11053607 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Semicrystalline polymers under nanoconfinement show distinct structural and thermomechanical properties compared to their bulk counterparts. Despite extensive research on semicrystalline polymers under nanoconfinement, the nanoconfinement effect on the local crystallization process and the unique structural evolution of such polymers have not been fully understood. In this study, we unveil such effects by using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to study the crystallization process of a model semicrystalline polymer-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-under different levels of nanoconfinement induced by nanoparticles that are represented implicitly. We quantify in detail the evolution of the degree of crystallinity (XC) of PVA and examine distinct crystalline regions from simulation results. The results show that nanoconfinement can promote the crystallization process, especially at the early stage, and the interfaces between nanoparticles and polymer can function as crystallite nucleation sites. In general, the final XC of PVA increases with the levels of nanoconfinement. Further, nanoconfined cases show region-dependent XC with higher and earlier increase of XC in regions closer to the interfaces. By tracking region-dependent XC evolution, our results indicate that nanoconfinement can lead to a heterogenous crystallization process with a second-stage crystallite nucleation in regions further away from the interfaces. In addition, our results show that even under very high cooling rates, the nanoconfinement still promotes the crystallization of PVA. This study provides important insights into the underlying mechanisms for the intricate interplay between nanoconfinement and the crystallization behaviors of semicrystalline polymer, with the potential to guide the design and characterization of semicrystalline polymer-based nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhaoxu Meng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA; (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (Z.Y.); (L.D.); (H.C.)
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4
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Li X, Zhang X, Ji H, Wei Y, Xie X, Zhu W, Bi J. The Crystallization and Melting Behavior of Neodymium-Based Butadiene Rubber Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:342. [PMID: 38337231 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of poly(butadiene-isoprene) copolymer rubber (BIR) and TDAE oil on the crystallization and melting behavior of neodymium-based butadiene rubber (Nd-BR). The study demonstrates that the melting points of Nd-BR and its blends decrease with lower crystallization temperatures. Below the critical crystallization temperature (Tc,c), the melting behavior shows dual peaks in distinct temperature ranges, which are attributed to different spherulitic sizes. The addition of BIR or TDAE oil lowers the Tc,c, with TDAE oil exerting a more substantial effect. These diluents mainly influence the nucleation temperature and crystallinity level of Nd-BR while having a minimal effect on the crystallization mechanism. A master curve, which overlaps for various samples, is developed by correlating the peak melting temperature (Tm,peak) with the Tc. This curve facilitates a quantitative assessment of the effects of BIR and TDAE oil on Nd-BR, highlighting the greater influence of TDAE oil on the crystalline structure compared with BIR at equivalent mass fractions. By applying the Lorentz equation and multi-peak fitting, a relationship between the melting points and crystallization temperatures is established, enabling the calculation of the equilibrium melting points (Tm0) for different samples. The findings show a reduction in the Tm0 due to the diluents; specifically, the Tm0 is approximately 0 °C for pure Nd-BR, and it decreases to -4.579 °C and -6.579 °C for samples with 50 PHR TDAE oil and 60 wt.% BIR, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Li
- Huangpu Institute of Materials, Centers for Aircraft Science, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Huangpu Institute of Materials, Centers for Aircraft Science, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Huan Ji
- Huangpu Institute of Materials, Centers for Aircraft Science, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Yanxing Wei
- Huangpu Institute of Materials, Centers for Aircraft Science, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Xinzheng Xie
- Huangpu Institute of Materials, Centers for Aircraft Science, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Huangpu Institute of Materials, Centers for Aircraft Science, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Jifu Bi
- Huangpu Institute of Materials, Centers for Aircraft Science, Guangzhou 510700, China
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
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Gavande V, Jeong M, Lee WK. On the Mechanical, Thermal, and Rheological Properties of Polyethylene/Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polypropylene Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4236. [PMID: 37959916 PMCID: PMC10647653 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel ultra-high molecular weight polypropylene (UHMWPP) as a dispersed component was melt blended with conventional high-density polyethylene (PE) and maleic anhydride grafted-polyethylene (mPE) in different proportions through a kneader. Ultra-high molecular weight polypropylene is a high-performance polymer material that has excellent mechanical properties and toughness compared to other polymers. Mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties were presented for various UHMWPP loadings, and correlations between mechanical and rheological properties were examined. Optimal comprehensive mechanical properties are achieved when the UHMWPP content reaches approximately 50 wt%, although the elongation properties do not match those of pure PE or mPE. However, it is worth noting that the elongation properties of these blends did not match those of PE or mPE. Particularly, for the PE/UHMWPP blends, a significant drop in tensile strength was observed as the UHMWPP content decreased (from 30.24 MPa for P50U50 to 13.12 MPa for P90U10). In contrast, the mPE/UHMWPP blends demonstrated only minimal changes in tensile strength (ranging from 29 MPa for mP50U50 to 24.64 MPa for mP90U10) as UHMWPP content varied. The storage modulus of the PE/UHMWPP blends increased drastically with the UHMWPP content due to the UHMWPP chain entanglements and rigidity. Additionally, we noted a substantial reduction in the melt index of the blend system when the UHMWPP content exceeded 10% by weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Won-Ki Lee
- Division of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (V.G.)
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Takayama T, Shibazaki R. Mechanical Anisotropy of Injection-Molded PP/PS Polymer Blends and Correlation with Morphology. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4167. [PMID: 37896410 PMCID: PMC10611185 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular orientation formed by melt-forming processes depends strongly on the flow direction. Quantifying this anisotropy, which is more pronounced in polymer blends, is important for assessing the mechanical properties of thermoplastic molded products. For injection-molded polymer blends, this study used short-beam shear testing to evaluate the mechanical anisotropy as a stress concentration factor, and clarified the correlation between the evaluation results and the phase structure. Furthermore, because only shear yielding occurs with short-beam shear testing, the yielding conditions related to uniaxial tensile loading were identified by comparing the results with those of three-point bending tests. For continuous-phase PP, the phase structure formed a sea-island structure. The yield condition under uniaxial tensile loading was interface debonding. For continuous-phase PS, the phase structure was dispersed and elongated in the flow direction. The addition of styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS) altered this structure. The yielding condition under uniaxial tensile loading was shear yielding. The aspect ratio of the dispersed phase was found to correlate with the stress concentration factor. When the PP forming the sea-island structure was of continuous phase, the log-complex law was sufficient to explain the shear yield initiation stress without consideration of the interfacial interaction stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Takayama
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
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Taheri A, Kashaninejad M, Tamaddon AM, Du J, Jafari SM. Rheological Characteristics of Soluble Cress Seed Mucilage and β-Lactoglobulin Complexes with Salts Addition: Rheological Evidence of Structural Rearrangement. Gels 2023; 9:485. [PMID: 37367155 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional, physicochemical, and rheological properties of protein-polysaccharide complexes are remarkably under the influence of the quality of solvent or cosolute in a food system. Here, a comprehensive description of the rheological properties and microstructural peculiarities of cress seed mucilage (CSM)-β-lactoglobulin (Blg) complexes are discussed in the presence of CaCl2 (2-10 mM), (CSM-Blg-Ca), and NaCl (10-100 mM) (CSM-Blg-Na). Our results on steady-flow and oscillatory measurements indicated that shear thinning properties can be fitted well by the Herschel-Bulkley model and by the formation of highly interconnected gel structures in the complexes, respectively. Analyzing the rheological and structural features simultaneously led to an understanding that formations of extra junctions and the rearrangement of the particles in the CSM-Blg-Ca could enhance elasticity and viscosity, as compared with the effect of CSM-Blg complex without salts. NaCl reduced the viscosity and dynamic rheological properties and intrinsic viscosity through the salt screening effect and dissociation of structure. Moreover, the compatibility and homogeneity of complexes were approved by dynamic rheometry based on the Cole-Cole plot supported by intrinsic viscosity and molecular parameters such as stiffness. The results outlined the importance of rheological properties as criteria for investigations that determine the strength of interaction while facilitating the fabrication of new structures in salt-containing foods that incorporate protein-polysaccharide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Taheri
- Department of Food Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683, Singapore
| | - Mahdi Kashaninejad
- Department of Food Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Tamaddon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Juan Du
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683, Singapore
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran
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8
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Hejazi ES, Masoomi M. Investigation the effect of processing condition and dispersed phase content on rheology–morphology relationship in polypropylene/polyethylene terephthalate microfibrillar composite. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elahe sadat Hejazi
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Polymer Group) Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran
| | - Mahmood Masoomi
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Polymer Group) Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran
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9
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Hammani S, Daikhi S, Bechelany M, Barhoum A. Role of ZnO Nanoparticles Loading in Modifying the Morphological, Optical, and Thermal Properties of Immiscible Polymer (PMMA/PEG) Blends. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8453. [PMID: 36499948 PMCID: PMC9738493 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-performance hybrid polymer blends can be prepared by blending different types of polymers to improve their properties. However, most polymer blends exhibit phase separation after blending. In this study, polymethylmethacrylate/polyethylene glycol (PMMA/PEG) polymer blends (70/30 and 30/70 w/w) were prepared by solution casting with and without ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) loading. The effect of loading ZnO nanoparticles on blend morphology, UV blocking, glass transition, melting, and crystallization were investigated. Without loading ZnO NP, the PMMA/PEG blends showed phase separation, especially the PEG-rich blend. Loading PMMA/PEG blend with ZnO NPs increased the miscibility of the blend and most of the ZnO NPs dispersed in the PEG phase. The interaction of the ZnO NPs with the blend polymers slightly decreased the intensity of infrared absorption of the functional groups. The UV-blocking properties of the blends increased by 15% and 20%, and the band gap energy values were 4.1 eV and 3.8 eV for the blends loaded with ZnO NPs with a PMMA/PEG ratio of 70/30 and 30/70, respectively. In addition, the glass transition temperature (Tg) increased by 14 °C, the crystallinity rate increased by 15%, the melting (Tm) and crystallization(Tc) temperatures increased by 2 °C and 14 °C, respectively, and the thermal stability increased by 25 °C compared to the PMMA/PEG blends without ZnO NP loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Hammani
- Laboratoire Chimie Physique Moléculaire et Macromoléculaire, Université Saad Dahlab Blida1, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Sihem Daikhi
- Laboratoire Chimie Physique Moléculaire et Macromoléculaire, Université Saad Dahlab Blida1, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Europeen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34730 Montpellier, France
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland
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Pongputthipat W, Ruksakulpiwat Y, Chumsamrong P. Development of biodegradable biocomposite films from poly(lactic acid), natural rubber and rice straw. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Aldhafeeri T, Alotaibi M, Barry CF. Impact of Melt Processing Conditions on the Degradation of Polylactic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142790. [PMID: 35890566 PMCID: PMC9320002 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the degradation of polylactic acid (PLA) during processing, which reduces the molecular weight of PLA and its properties, prior studies have recommended low processing temperatures. In contrast, this work investigated the impact of four factors affecting shear heating (extruder type, screw configuration, screw speed, and feed rate) on the degradation of PLA. The polylactic acid was processed using a quad screw extruder (QSE) and a comparable twin screw extruder (TSE), two screw configurations, higher screw speeds, and several feed rates. The processed PLA was characterized by its rheological, thermal, and material composition properties. In both screw configurations, the QSE (which has a greater free volume) produced 3–4 °C increases in melt temperature when the screw speed was increased from 400 rpm to 1000 rpm, whereas the temperature rise was 24–25 °C in the TSE. PLA processed at low screw speeds, however, exhibited greater reductions in molecular weight—i.e., 9% in the QSE and 7% in the TSE. Screw configurations with fewer kneading blocks, and higher feed rates in the QSE, reduced degradation of PLA. At lower processing temperatures, it was found that an increase in melt temperature and shear rate did not significantly contribute to the degradation of PLA. Reducing the residence time during processing minimized the degradation of PLA in a molten state.
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Elgharbawy AS, Ali RM. A comprehensive review of the polyolefin composites and their properties. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09932. [PMID: 35859640 PMCID: PMC9293630 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyolefins are formed by the polymerization of olefin monomer units such as ethylene, styrene, and vinyl chloride. Polyolefins composites are a mixture of polyolefins with different types of other polymers, reinforcements, or fillers. Blending neat polyolefins with composites widens its uses in various applications that require high efficiency in the areas of environmental degradation, impact resistance, fire and chemical resistance, or strength. In this review, the effects of blending neat polyolefin with other types of polymers or wood fibers on the properties of neat polymers have been represented. Moreover, this review reveals the importance of a coupling agent or compatibilizer in the improvement of the polyolefin’s compatibility with the other added components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah S Elgharbawy
- Materials Science Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, 163 Horrya Avenue, P.O. Box 832, Shatby, 21526, Alexandria, Egypt.,The Egyptian Ethylene and Derivatives Company (ETHYDCO), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rehab M Ali
- Fabrication Technology Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
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Harish V, Tewari D, Gaur M, Yadav AB, Swaroop S, Bechelany M, Barhoum A. Review on Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Materials: Bioimaging, Biosensing, Drug Delivery, Tissue Engineering, Antimicrobial, and Agro-Food Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:457. [PMID: 35159802 PMCID: PMC8839643 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, the vast potential of nanomaterials for biomedical and healthcare applications has been extensively investigated. Several case studies demonstrated that nanomaterials can offer solutions to the current challenges of raw materials in the biomedical and healthcare fields. This review describes the different nanoparticles and nanostructured material synthesis approaches and presents some emerging biomedical, healthcare, and agro-food applications. This review focuses on various nanomaterial types (e.g., spherical, nanorods, nanotubes, nanosheets, nanofibers, core-shell, and mesoporous) that can be synthesized from different raw materials and their emerging applications in bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery, tissue engineering, antimicrobial, and agro-foods. Depending on their morphology (e.g., size, aspect ratio, geometry, porosity), nanomaterials can be used as formulation modifiers, moisturizers, nanofillers, additives, membranes, and films. As toxicological assessment depends on sizes and morphologies, stringent regulation is needed from the testing of efficient nanomaterials dosages. The challenges and perspectives for an industrial breakthrough of nanomaterials are related to the optimization of production and processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vancha Harish
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144401, India; (V.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Devesh Tewari
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144401, India; (V.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Manish Gaur
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211002, India;
| | - Awadh Bihari Yadav
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211002, India;
| | - Shiv Swaroop
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India;
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, University Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34730 Montpellier, France
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Barhoum A, García-Betancourt ML, Jeevanandam J, Hussien EA, Mekkawy SA, Mostafa M, Omran MM, S. Abdalla M, Bechelany M. Review on Natural, Incidental, Bioinspired, and Engineered Nanomaterials: History, Definitions, Classifications, Synthesis, Properties, Market, Toxicities, Risks, and Regulations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:177. [PMID: 35055196 PMCID: PMC8780156 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are becoming important materials in several fields and industries thanks to their very reduced size and shape-related features. Scientists think that nanoparticles and nanostructured materials originated during the Big Bang process from meteorites leading to the formation of the universe and Earth. Since 1990, the term nanotechnology became very popular due to advances in imaging technologies that paved the way to specific industrial applications. Currently, nanoparticles and nanostructured materials are synthesized on a large scale and are indispensable for many industries. This fact fosters and supports research in biochemistry, biophysics, and biochemical engineering applications. Recently, nanotechnology has been combined with other sciences to fabricate new forms of nanomaterials that could be used, for instance, for diagnostic tools, drug delivery systems, energy generation/storage, environmental remediation as well as agriculture and food processing. In contrast with traditional materials, specific features can be integrated into nanoparticles, nanostructures, and nanosystems by simply modifying their scale, shape, and composition. This article first summarizes the history of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. Followed by the progress that led to improved synthesis processes to produce different nanoparticles and nanostructures characterized by specific features. The content finally presents various origins and sources of nanomaterials, synthesis strategies, their toxicity, risks, regulations, and self-aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (E.A.H.); (M.M.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Jaison Jeevanandam
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Eman A. Hussien
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (E.A.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Sara A. Mekkawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.M.O.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Menna Mostafa
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (E.A.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohamed M. Omran
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.M.O.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Mohga S. Abdalla
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.M.O.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
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15
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Zhu F, Yasin S, Hussain M. Viscoelastic Rheological Behaviors of Polypropylene and LMPP Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203485. [PMID: 34685243 PMCID: PMC8540593 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic oscillatory shear testing is used to investigate polymeric viscoelastic behaviors. Small and large amplitude oscillatory shear tests are the canonical method for characterizing the linear and nonlinear viscoelastic behaviors of any polymeric material. With prominent and abundant work on linear viscoelastic studies, the nonlinear behavior is evasive in terms of generating infinite higher harmonics in the nonlinear regime. For this reason, intrinsic nonlinearities from large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) studies have recently been used for insights on microstructural behaviors. This study is carried out for linear and nonlinear viscoelastic behavior with a main focus on LAOS of isostatic polypropylene (iPP) and relatively new low molecular weight and low modulus polypropylene-based polyolefin (LMPP) blends. The morphological results showed reduced spherulitic crystal nucleus size and increased distribution in blends with increasing LMPP. The blends showed subtle linear viscoelastic responses with strong nonlinear mechanical responses to variant strain and stress compared to pure iPP. The intracycle strain thickening and intracycle strain stiffening of high-content LMPP blends were comparatively dominant at medium strain amplitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feichao Zhu
- Department of Textile Engineering, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Sohail Yasin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Munir Hussain
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
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16
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Zhang Y, He J, Liu F. Synthesis of novel polycarbonate‐based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers compatibilizers with octadecyl side chains and their application in
PC
/
PP
blends. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Jingwei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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17
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Yu Y, Yang B, Pan Y, Jia N, Wang S, Yang Y, Zheng Z, Su L, Miao J, Qian J, Xia R, Shi Y. Understanding thermal and rheological behaviors of bimodal polymethyl methacrylate (BPMMA) fabricated via solution blending. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, a series of bimodal polymethyl methacrylate (BPMMA) was fabricated via solution-blending two neat PMMA resins. Rheology, DMTA, thermal infrared imager measurements were used in an attempt to probe the internal structure of the as-prepared BPMMA. It was demonstrated that the thermorheological behavior of the BPMMA was heavily dependent on shear rate, temperature as well as blending ratio. In addition, a typical “V-shaped” response, namely, a dip in storage modulus (G′) followed by an upturn in the plot of G′ versus measuring temperature for D4 (with lower weight-average molecular weight) was observed, characteristic of occurrence of thermorheological complexity. Our experimental results of physical–mechanical testings suggested that the BPMMA had better comprehensive properties than those of their neat PMMA counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangnan Yu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Yang Pan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Ning Jia
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Shun Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Yingdong Yang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Zhengzhi Zheng
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Lifen Su
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Jibin Miao
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Jiasheng Qian
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Ru Xia
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - You Shi
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , 610065 , Sichuan , China
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18
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Sattar MA. Interface Structure and Dynamics in Polymer‐Nanoparticle Hybrids: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Improved Interfaces. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul Sattar
- R&D Centre MRF Limited Chennai 600019 India
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
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19
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From Disposal to Technological Potential: Reuse of Polypropylene Waste from Industrial Containers as a Polystyrene Impact Modifier. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12135272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The practice of recycling over the years has been increasingly encouraged, with the aim being the manufacturing of materials that contribute to sustainable development. In light of this, the present work evaluated the potential of mixtures of polystyrene (PS)/recycled copolymer polypropylene (PPr), using styrene-(ethylene/butylene)-styrene (SEBS) as a compatibilizing agent. Initially, the mixtures were prepared in a co-rotational twin-screw extruder, and, afterwards, the extruded granules were molded by injection. The properties of torque rheometry, impact strength, tensile properties, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), heat deflection temperature (HDT), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were evaluated. The formulation PS/PPr/SEBS (70/20/10 %wt.) demonstrated an increase in viscosity, corroborating with an increase of 123% and 227% in the elongation at break and impact strength, respectively, compared to neat PS. Though the elastic modulus and tensile strength suffered losses, the reduction was not drastic. Furthermore, the addition of a semi-crystalline recycled material in the amorphous matrix (PS) contributed to an increase in thermomechanical strength, as seen in the HDT. The morphology revealed that SEBS is effective in making PS/PPr mixtures compatible because the dispersed phase is well adhered to the PS matrix and promotes greater morphological stability. Thus, it is possible to add value to discarded material and reduce the costs of the final product, which can reduce pollution.
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