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Troncoso OP, Corman-Hijar JI, Torres FG. Lignocellulosic Biomass for the Fabrication of Triboelectric Nano-Generators (TENGs)-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15784. [PMID: 37958768 PMCID: PMC10647769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth in population and increased environmental awareness demand the emergence of new energy sources with low environmental impact. Lignocellulosic biomass is mainly composed of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. These materials have been used in the energy industry for the production of biofuels as an eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuels. However, their use in the fabrication of small electronic devices is still under development. Lignocellulose-based triboelectric nanogenerators (LC-TENGs) have emerged as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional batteries, which are mainly composed of harmful and non-degradable materials. These LC-TENGs use lignocellulose-based components, which serve as electrodes or triboelectric active materials. These materials can be derived from bulk materials such as wood, seeds, or leaves, or they can be derived from waste materials from the timber industry, agriculture, or recycled urban materials. LC-TENG devices represent an eco-friendly, low-cost, and effective mechanism for harvesting environmental mechanical energy to generate electricity, enabling the development of self-powered devices and sensors. In this study, a comprehensive review of lignocellulosic-based materials was conducted to highlight their use as both electrodes and triboelectric active surfaces in the development of novel eco-friendly triboelectric nano-generators (LC-TENGs). The composition of lignocellulose and the classification and applications of LC-TENGs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando G. Torres
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 15088, Peru; (O.P.T.); (J.I.C.-H.)
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Tabassum Z, Mohan A, Mamidi N, Khosla A, Kumar A, Solanki PR, Malik T, Girdhar M. Recent trends in nanocomposite packaging films utilising waste generated biopolymers: Industrial symbiosis and its implication in sustainability. IET Nanobiotechnol 2023; 17:127-153. [PMID: 36912242 PMCID: PMC10190667 DOI: 10.1049/nbt2.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled waste generation and management difficulties are causing chaos in the ecosystem. Although it is vital to ease environmental pressures, right now there is no such practical strategy available for the treatment or utilisation of waste material. Because the Earth's resources are limited, a long-term, sustainable, and sensible solution is necessary. Currently waste material has drawn a lot of attention as a renewable resource. Utilisation of residual biomass leftovers appears as a green and sustainable approach to lessen the waste burden on Earth while meeting the demand for bio-based goods. Several biopolymers are available from renewable waste sources that have the potential to be used in a variety of industries for a wide range of applications. Natural and synthetic biopolymers have significant advantages over petroleum-based polymers in terms of cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and user-friendliness. Using waste as a raw material through industrial symbiosis should be taken into account as one of the strategies to achieve more economic and environmental value through inter-firm collaboration on the path to a near-zero waste society. This review extensively explores the different biopolymers which can be extracted from several waste material sources and that further have potential applications in food packaging industries to enhance the shelf life of perishables. This review-based study also provides key insights into the different strategies and techniques that have been developed recently to extract biopolymers from different waste byproducts and their feasibility in practical applications for the food packaging business.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Tabassum
- School of Bioengineering and BiosciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwaraPunjabIndia
| | - Anand Mohan
- School of Bioengineering and BiosciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwaraPunjabIndia
| | - Narsimha Mamidi
- Department of Chemistry and NanotechnologyThe School of Engineering and ScienceTecnologico de MonterreyMonterreyNuevo LeonMexico
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystmesUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Ajit Khosla
- School of Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyXidian UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Anil Kumar
- Gene Regulation LaboratoryNational Institute of ImmunologyNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Tabarak Malik
- Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of HealthJimma UniversityJimmaEthiopia
| | - Madhuri Girdhar
- School of Bioengineering and BiosciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwaraPunjabIndia
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The comprehensive characterization of Prosopis juliflora pods as a potential bioenergy feedstock. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18586. [PMID: 36329067 PMCID: PMC9633834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of renewable and sustainable biofuels using inevitable wastes is a promising alternative to the alarming depletion of fossil fuels. Significantly, the sustainable biorefinery of lignocellulosic waste, as an alternative fuel source, is a prognosticating approach to tackle many agricultural/forestry residues and offers a circular economy as well as environmental benefits. But, the heterogeneity of lignocellulosic biomass is one of the major bottlenecks in lignocellulosic biorefinery. Thus the characterization of lignocellulosic biomass is essential to understanding the feedstock's nature, composition and suitability for biofuel production. The present study taps evergreen spiny non-edible pods of Prosopis juliflora (Pj) as an energy feedstock. Proximate, ultimate and biochemical characterization of Pj pods were conducted, and thermal behaviour and calorific values were determined. Cellulose and hemicellulose were isolated and characterized by reliable methods. The overall characterization has revealed the Pj pods as a potential feedstock for bioenergy. The collected Pj pods contain (% w/w) moisture 7.89 ± 0.002, volatile matter 87.67 ± 0.002, ash 0.21 ± 0.002, fixed carbon 4.23 ± 0.002 with a calorific value of 17.62 kg/MJ. The CHNS content was (w/w %) carbon 41.77, nitrogen 3.58, sulfur 26.3 and hydrogen 6.55. The biochemical composition analysis yields (% w/w) on a dry basis; cellulose 26.6 ± 0.18, hemicellulose 30.86 ± 0.27, lignin 4.71 ± 0.12, protein 11.63 ± 0.12 and starch 1.1 ± 0.06 and extractives 30.56 ± 0.008. The isolated cellulose and hemicellulose were analyzed and confirmed by CP/MAS &1H NMR, FTIR, TG-DSC, SEM, XRD, and TGA. The present results revealed that the tested biomass, Prosopis juliflora, could be used as a feedstock in biorefinery for bioenergy.
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Xylan-starch-based bioplastic formulation and xylan influence on the physicochemical and biodegradability properties. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Roldi-Oliveira M, Diniz LM, Elias AL, Luz SM. Hemicellulose Films from Curaua Fibers ( Ananas erectifolius): Extraction and Thermal and Mechanical Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14152999. [PMID: 35893963 PMCID: PMC9331607 DOI: 10.3390/polym14152999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With growing environmental concerns over synthetic polymers, natural polymeric materials, such as hemicellulose, are considered a good sustainable alternative. Curaua fibers could be an excellent source of biopolymer as they have a relatively high hemicellulose content (15 wt%) and only a small amount of lignin (7 wt%). In this work, hemicellulose was extracted by an alkaline medium using KOH and the influence of the alkali concentration, temperature, and time was studied. A hemicellulose film was produced by water casting and its mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties were characterized. The results show that the best method, which resulted in the highest hemicellulose yield and lowest contamination from lignin, was using 10% (w/v) KOH concentration, 25 °C, and time of 3 h. The hemicellulose film exhibited better thermal stability and elongation at break than other polymeric films. It also exhibited lower rigidity and higher flexibility than other biodegradable polymers, including polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Roldi-Oliveira
- Mechanical Department, Technology Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (M.R.-O.); (L.M.D.)
| | - Layse M. Diniz
- Mechanical Department, Technology Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (M.R.-O.); (L.M.D.)
| | - Anastasia L. Elias
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada;
| | - Sandra M. Luz
- Mechanical Department, Technology Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (M.R.-O.); (L.M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Xylan Hemicellulose: A Renewable Material with Potential Properties for Food Packaging Applications. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132413504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Xylan hemicelluloses are considered the second most abundant class of polysaccharides after cellulose which has good natural barrier properties necessary for foods packaging papers and films. Xylan exists today as a natural polymer, but its utilisation in packaging applications is limited and not sufficiently analysed. In this study, the performances of hardwood xylan hemicellulose in forming uniform films and as biopolymer for paper coatings were analysed. The xylan-coated paper and film samples were tested regarding their water, air, and water vapour permeability, water solubility, mechanical strength, and antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Structural analyses of xylan hemicelluloses emphasised a high number of hydroxyl groups with high water affinity. This affects the functional properties of xylan-coated papers but can facilitate the chemical modification of xylan in order to improve their hydrophobic properties and extend their areas of application. The obtained results unveil a promising starting point for using this material in food packaging applications as a competitive and sustainable alternative to petroleum-based polymers.
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Effect of Dietary Sugarcane Bagasse Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Immune and Antioxidant-Related Gene Expressions of Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) Cultured under Biofloc System. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072035. [PMID: 34359162 PMCID: PMC8300095 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Supplementation of agriculture by-product as functional feed additives in combination with biofloc technology (a sustainable and environmentally friendly technology) has recently gained much attention in aquaculture. In the present study, sugarcane bagasse powder can possibly be applied as a feed additive to improve growth performance, immune response, and immune and antioxidant-related gene expression. Abstract We investigated, herein, the effects of dietary inclusion of sugarcane bagasse powder (SB) on Nile tilapia development, mucosal and serum immunities, and relative immune and antioxidant genes. Fish (15.12 ± 0.04 g) were provided a basal diet (SB0) or basal diet incorporated with SB at 10 (SB10), 20 (SB20), 40 (SB40), or 80 (SB80) g kg−1 for 8 weeks. Our results demonstrated that the dietary incorporation of sugarcane bagasse powder (SB) at 20 and 40 g kg−1 significantly ameliorated FW, WG, and SGR as opposed to fish fed basal, SB10, and SB80 diets. However, no significant changes in FCR and survivability were observed between the SB supplemented diets and the control (basal diet). The mucosal immunity exhibited significantly higher SMLA and SMPA activities (p < 0.005) in fish treated with SB diets after eight weeks. The highest SMLA and SMPA levels were recorded in fish fed SB80 followed by SB20, SB40, and SB10, respectively. For serum immunity, fish fed SB incorporated diets significantly ameliorated SL and RB levels (p < 0.05) compared with the control. However, SP was not affected by the inclusion of SB in any diet throughout the experiment. The expression of IL1, IL8, LBP, GSTa, GPX, and GSR genes in the fish liver was significantly increased in fish fed the SB20 and SB10 diets relative to the basal diet fed fish (p < 0.05); whereas only the IL8, LBP, and GPX genes in the intestines were substantially augmented via the SB20 and SB80 diets (p < 0.05). IL1 and GSR were not influenced by the SB incorporated diets (p > 0.05). In summary, sugarcane bagasse powder (SB) may be applied as a feed additive to improve growth performance, immune response, and immune and antioxidant-related gene expression in Nile tilapia.
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Zhao Y, Sun H, Yang B, Fan B, Zhang H, Weng Y. Enhancement of Mechanical and Barrier Property of Hemicellulose Film via Crosslinking with Sodium Trimetaphosphate. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:927. [PMID: 33802938 PMCID: PMC8002615 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemicellulose is a kind of biopolymer with abundant resources and excellent biodegradability. Owing to its large number of polar hydroxyls, hemicellulose has a good barrier performance to nonpolar oxygen, making this biopolymer promising as food packaging material. Hydrophilic hydroxyls also make the polymer prone to water absorption, resulting in less satisfied strength especially under humid conditions. Thus, preparation of hemicellulose film with enhanced oxygen and water vapor barrier ability, as well as mechanical strength is still sought after. Herein, sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) was used as esterification agent to form a crosslinked structure with hemicellulose through esterification reaction to render improved barrier performance by reducing the distance between molecular chains. The thus modified hemicellulose film achieved an oxygen permeability and water vapor permeability of 3.72 cm3 × μm × m-2 × d-1 × kPa-1 and 2.85 × 10-10 × g × m-1 × s-1 × Pa-1, respectively, at the lowest esterification agent addition of 10%. The crosslinked structure also brought good mechanical and thermal properties, with the tensile strength reaching 30 MPa, which is 118% higher than that of the hemicellulose film. Preliminary test of its application in apple preservation showed that the barrier film obtained can effectively slow down the oxidation and dehydration of apples, showing the prospect of application in the field of food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelong Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (B.F.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (B.F.); (H.Z.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Biao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (B.F.); (H.Z.)
| | - Baomin Fan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (B.F.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (B.F.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (B.Y.); (B.F.); (H.Z.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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Effects of lamellar organization and arabinoxylan substitution rate on the properties of films simulating wheat grain aleurone cell wall. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 270:117819. [PMID: 34364586 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we evaluated the properties of alternate arabinoxylan (AX)/(1→3) (1→4)-β-D-glucan (BG) multilayer films. AX was extracted from wheat at three growth stages and single-component and alternate overlapping multilayer films were prepared. The physical properties, water diffusion rate, and water mobility of multilayer films during water absorption and desorption were studied. There were significant differences in the AX content and arabinose-to-xylose ratio at different growth stages. The LAX/BG multilayer films showed excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties with an increase in the relative humidity. The AX multilayer films with a low substitution rate showed a better water-binding capacity, whereas water molecules in films with a high substitution rate showed higher mobility. Therefore, a low substitution rate AX and AX/BG composite structure can improve the thermodynamic properties of multilayer films, but limit water mobility. We provide new insights on the physicochemical properties and water-regulation effects of wheat cell wall.
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Purkayastha S, Saha S, Ghosh AK. Influence of green extraction process of nano fibrillated cellulose using subcritical water/
CO
2
on its properties and development of its bio composite. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srijita Purkayastha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Anup K. Ghosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
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Shao H, Zhao Y, Sun H, Yang B, Fan B, Zhang H, Weng Y. Barrier Film of Etherified Hemicellulose from Single-Step Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2199. [PMID: 32992935 PMCID: PMC7599748 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemicellulose with good biodegradability and low oxygen permeability shows great potential in food packaging. However, its strong hydrophilicity leads to its poor moisture resistance, which hinders its wider application. In this paper, a near-hydrophobic hemicellulose was obtained by using single-step synthesis from poplar powder via etherification modification with epoxy chloropropane. This proposed approach has the advantage of avoiding the destruction of hemicellulose structure by secondary alkali-hydrolysis, which was what usually occurred in traditional etherification procedures. The feasibility of using epoxy chloropropane as an alkylation reagent to etherify hemicellulose was confirmed, and the reaction mechanism was elucidated. Contact angle test, thermogravimetric analysis, oxygen transmittance test, and infrared spectrum analysis showed that the barrier property and thermal stability of etherified hemicellulose films have been significantly improved. At an epoxy chloropropane/wood powder ratio (volume/weight) of 2/3 (mL/g), the epoxy hemicellulose films contained the most epoxy groups and displayed the best performance, i.e., tensile strength of 14.6 MPa, surface contact angle of 71.7° and oxygen transmission coefficient of 1.9 (cm3·µm)/(m2·d·kPa), showing great promise as barrier film in food-packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuelong Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Biao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Baomin Fan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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Sridhar V, Park H. Extraction of Microfibrillar Cellulose From Waste Paper by NaOH/Urethane Aqueous System and Its Utility in Removal of Lead from Contaminated Water. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122850. [PMID: 32630461 PMCID: PMC7345829 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Though recycling of waste paper is widely practiced but usually it is downgraded to lower valued recycled waste paper. Based on this concern, we report the development of novel NaOH/urethane aqueous system for extraction of microfibrillated cellulose from waste paper. The purity of so obtained microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) was evaluated by morphological tests using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by evaluation of physicochemical properties using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Morphologies of MFC studied by SEM and TEM showed that the size of purified cellulose fibrils reduced when compared to that of waste paper but fibrils are cleaner and smoother due to the removal of talc and lignin. XRD analysis revealed that MFC exhibits good crystallinity. The utility of sulfonated and pristine microfibrillar cellulose in removal of lead from contaminated water is also reported. Our results show that renewable, sustainable, cheap, and waste biomass like waste paper can be used for producing valuable second-generation high-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadahanambi Sridhar
- Global Core Research Centre for Ships and Offshore Plants (GCRC-SOP), Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Hyun Park
- Global Core Research Centre for Ships and Offshore Plants (GCRC-SOP), Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
- Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-2730
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