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Prociak T, Bogdal D, Kuranska M, Dlugosz O, Kubik M. The Effect of Rapeseed Oil Biopolyols and Cellulose Biofillers on Selected Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3357. [PMID: 38998437 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of research on polyurethane viscoelastic foams (PUVFs) modified with biomaterials. This investigation looked at the effect of the biomaterials on the foaming processes, as well as the acoustical and selected physical-mechanical properties of the foams. Various types of rapeseed oil biopolyols and microcellulose were used to modify the materials. The analysis of properties covered a reference biopolyol-free sample and materials containing 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, and 30 wt.% of different types of biopolyols in the mixture of polyol components. The biopolyols differed in terms of functionality and hydroxyl value (OHv). Next, a selected formulation was modified with various microcellulose biofillers in the amount of 0.5-2 wt.%. The PUVFs, with apparent densities of more than 210 kg/m3 and open-cell structures (more than 85% of open cells), showed a slow recovery to their original shape after deformation when the pressure force was removed. They were also characterized by a tensile strength in the range of 156-264 kPa, elongation at break of 310-510%, hardness of 8.1-23.1 kPa, and a high comfort factor of 3.1-7.1. The introduction of biopolyols into the polyurethane system resulted in changes in sound intensity levels of up to 31.45%, while the addition of fillers resulted in changes in sound intensity levels of up to 13.81%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Prociak
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- Stanmark, Halki 6/1, 30-228 Cracow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Bogdal
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Maria Kuranska
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Olga Dlugosz
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Mark Kubik
- Stanmark, Halki 6/1, 30-228 Cracow, Poland
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2
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Ciastowicz Ż, Pamuła R, Białowiec A. Utilization of Plant Oils for Sustainable Polyurethane Adhesives: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1738. [PMID: 38673094 PMCID: PMC11050924 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of plant oils as a renewable resource for the production of polyurethane adhesives presents a promising way to improve sustainability and reduce environmental impact. This review explores the potential of various vegetable oils, including waste oils, in the synthesis of polyurethanes as an alternative to conventional petroleum-based raw materials. The investigation highlights the environmental challenges associated with conventional polyurethane production and highlights the benefits of switching to bio-renewable oils. By examining the feasibility and potential applications of vegetable oil-based polyurethanes, this study emphasizes the importance of further research and development in this area to realize the full potential of sustainable polyurethane adhesives. Further research and development in this area are key to overcoming the challenges and realizing the full potential of plant-oil-based polyurethanes in various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta Ciastowicz
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
- Selena Industrial Technologies Sp. z o.o., Pieszycka 3, 58-200 Dzierżoniów, Poland;
| | - Renata Pamuła
- Selena Industrial Technologies Sp. z o.o., Pieszycka 3, 58-200 Dzierżoniów, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
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3
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Li D, Yu L, Lu Z, Kang H, Li L, Zhao S, Shi N, You S. Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications of Fluorinated Polyurethane. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:959. [PMID: 38611217 PMCID: PMC11013766 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorinated polyurethane (FPU) is a new kind of polyurethane (PU) material with great applicational potential, which is attributed to its high bond energy C-F bonds. Its unique low surface energy, excellent thermal stability, and chemical stability have attracted considerable research attention. FPU with targeted performance can be precisely synthesized through designing fluorochemicals as hard segments, soft segments, or additives and changes to the production process to satisfy the needs of coatings, clothing textiles, and the aerospace and biomedical industries for materials that are hydrophobic and that are resistant to weathering, heat, and flames and that have good biocompatibility. Here, the synthesis, structure, properties, and applications of FPU are comprehensively reviewed. The aims of this research are to shed light on the design scheme, synthesis method, structure, and properties of FPU synthesized from different kinds of fluorochemicals and their applications in different fields and the prospects for the future development of FPU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Lu Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Zhan Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Hailan Kang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Shufa Zhao
- Shenyang Guide Rubber Products Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110141, China
| | - Ning Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Shibo You
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
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4
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Kirpluks M, Abolins A, Eihe D, Pomilovskis R, Fridrihsone A. Rapeseed Oil as Feedstock for Bio-Based Thermoset Foams Obtained via Michael Addition Reaction. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:117. [PMID: 38201783 PMCID: PMC10780781 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed oil was used to develop thermoset foams via Michael addition reaction by mixing two liquid components, Michael donor and Michael acceptor. The foaming of the curing thermoset was achieved by the physical blowing agent which expanded from the reacting foam mass due to an exothermic curing reaction. The influence of the rapeseed oil-based Michael donor functionality on the foaming process and the characteristics of the obtained thermoset foams was studied. The 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine catalyst's influence on the foaming process kinetics was studied using FOAMAT equipment. The curing of the bio-based thermoset was analysed using a dielectric polarisation sensor. The morphology of the developed thermoset foam was analysed using a scanning electron microscope and the obtained foams were characterized using TGA, DSC, DMA and mechanical analysis tests. A direct correlation between the thermoset foam polymer crosslinking density and foaming reactivity, mechanical properties and glass transition temperature were determined. Obtained rapeseed oil based thermoset foams had a relatively low thermal conductivity of 33.9-35.4 mW/(m·K) which allows their use as thermal insulation material in civil engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikelis Kirpluks
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Str. Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.A.); (D.E.); (R.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Arnis Abolins
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Str. Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.A.); (D.E.); (R.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Darta Eihe
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Str. Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.A.); (D.E.); (R.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Ralfs Pomilovskis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Str. Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.A.); (D.E.); (R.P.); (A.F.)
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Str. P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Anda Fridrihsone
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Str. Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.A.); (D.E.); (R.P.); (A.F.)
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5
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Zemła M, Michałowski S, Prociak A. Synthesis and Characterization of Flame Retarded Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Different Types of Blowing Agents. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7217. [PMID: 38005146 PMCID: PMC10673181 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, rigid polyurethane foams modified with non-halogenated flame retardant were obtained. The foams were synthesized using two systems containing different blowing agents. In the first one, cyclopentane and water were used as a mixture of blowing agents, and in the second one, only water was used as a chemical blowing agent. The systems were modified with the additive phosphorus flame retardant Roflam F5. The obtained modified foams were tested for their flammability and basic properties, such as apparent density, closed-cell contents and analyses of the cell structures, thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, and water absorption. Increasing the content of Roflam F5 caused a decrease in temperature during the combustion of the material and extended the burning time. The addition of 1.0 wt.% phosphorus derived from Roflam F5 caused the modified rigid polyurethane foam to become a self-extinguishing material. The increase in the content of Roflam F5 caused a decrease in the total heat release and the maximum heat release rate during the pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry. The foams with the highest content of flame retardant and foamed with a chemical-physical and chemical blowing agent had a lower total heat release by 19% and 11%, respectively, compared to reference foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zemła
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Aleksander Prociak
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Ivdre A, Abolins A, Volkovs N, Vevere L, Paze A, Makars R, Godina D, Rizikovs J. Rigid Polyurethane Foams as Thermal Insulation Material from Novel Suberinic Acid-Based Polyols. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3124. [PMID: 37514513 PMCID: PMC10383278 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing polyols from biomass sources contributes to a more circular economy by replacing petroleum-based polyols in the vast production of polyurethanes (PUR). One such potential biomass source could be leftover birch bark from which suberinic acids (SA) can be obtained. The purpose of this study was to identify the best synthesis routes for novel SA-based polyols, obtain rigid PUR foams, and evaluate their competitiveness and potential suitability as thermal insulation material. Novel polyols were synthesized from depolymerized SA by esterification with various functionality and molecular weight alcohols in several molar ratios. The moisture content, hydroxyl and acid values, and apparent viscosity were tested. Free-rise rigid PUR foams from the most suitable SA-based polyol and tall oil-based polyol were successfully prepared, reaching ~20 wt.% total renewable material content in the foam. The obtained rigid PUR foams' morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties were investigated and compared to present foam materials, including commercial foams. The apparent density (~33 kg/m3), as well as the closed cell content (~94%), compression strength (0.25 MPa, parallel to the foaming direction), and thermal conductivity (~0.019 W/(m·K)), approved the competitiveness and potential ability of SA-based rigid PUR foam production as thermal insulation material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiga Ivdre
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arnis Abolins
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Laima Vevere
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aigars Paze
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Daniela Godina
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Rizikovs
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
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7
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Borowicz M, Isbrandt M, Paciorek-Sadowska J, Sander P. Comparing the Properties of Bio-Polyols Based on White Mustard ( Sinapis alba) Oil Containing Boron and Sulfur Atoms Obtained by Various Methods and Checking Their Influence on the Flammability of Rigid Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093401. [PMID: 37176283 PMCID: PMC10180400 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The article compares the properties of bio-polyols obtained from white mustard (Sinapis alba) seed oil, which contain boron and sulfur atoms. Each of the bio-polyols was prepared by a different method of testing the efficiency of the incorporation of boron and sulfur atoms. All synthesis methods were based on the epoxidation of unsaturated bonds followed by the opening of epoxy rings by compounds containing heteroatoms. Two of the bio-polyols were subjected to additional esterification reactions of hydroxyl groups with boric acid or its ester. Three new bio-polyols were obtained as a result of the performed syntheses. The synthesized compounds were subjected to detailed physicochemical (physical state, color, smell, density, viscosity and pH), analytical (hydroxyl number, acid number, water content, content of C, H, N, S, O, B elements and GPC analysis), spectroscopic (FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR) and thermal (DSC) tests. The obtained results allowed for a detailed characterization of the synthesized bio-polyol raw materials. Their suitability for obtaining polyurethane materials was also determined. The synthesized compounds have been found to be an interesting alternative to petrochemical polyols. The influence of the synthesized compounds on the flammability of polyurethane materials was tested experimentally. On the basis of this testing, a number of rigid polyurethane/polyisocyanurate foams were obtained, which were then subjected to flammability tests with the methods of horizontal and vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and using the cone calorimeter. Based on this research, it was found that the presence of sulfur and boron heteroatoms reduced the flammability of polyurethane materials based on synthesized bio-polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Borowicz
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marek Isbrandt
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Paciorek-Sadowska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Sander
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Vieira FR, Gama NV, Evtuguin DV, Amorim CO, Amaral VS, Pinto PCOR, Barros-Timmons A. Bio-Based Polyurethane Foams from Kraft Lignin with Improved Fire Resistance. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051074. [PMID: 36904315 PMCID: PMC10005662 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were synthesized using exclusively lignin-based polyol (LBP) obtained via the oxyalkylation of kraft lignin with propylene carbonate (PC). Using the design of experiments methodology combined with statistical analysis, the formulations were optimized to obtain a bio-based RPUF with low thermal conductivity and low apparent density to be used as a lightweight insulating material. The thermo-mechanical properties of the ensuing foams were compared with those of a commercial RPUF and a RPUF (RPUF-conv) produced using a conventional polyol. The bio-based RPUF obtained using the optimized formulation exhibited low thermal conductivity (0.0289 W/m·K), low density (33.2 kg/m3), and reasonable cell morphology. Although the bio-based RPUF has slightly lower thermo-oxidative stability and mechanical properties than RPUF-conv, it is still suitable for thermal insulation applications. In addition, the fire resistance of this bio-based foam has been improved, with its average heat release rate (HRR) reduced by 18.5% and its burn time extended by 25% compared to RPUF-conv. Overall, this bio-based RPUF has shown potential to replace petroleum-based RPUF as an insulating material. This is the first report regarding the use of 100% unpurified LBP obtained via the oxyalkylation of LignoBoost kraft lignin in the production of RPUFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R. Vieira
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.R.V.); (A.B.-T.)
| | - Nuno V. Gama
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dmitry V. Evtuguin
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos O. Amorim
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vitor S. Amaral
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula C. O. R. Pinto
- RAIZ, Forest and Paper Research Institute, Quinta de S. Francisco, 3801-501 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Barros-Timmons
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.R.V.); (A.B.-T.)
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Development of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Based on Kraft Lignin Polyol Obtained by Oxyalkylation Using Propylene Carbonate. CHEMENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering6060095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop new rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) for thermal insulation based on kraft lignin, the main by-product of the pulp and paper industry. Crude lignin-based polyol (LBP) was obtained via the oxyalkylation of kraft lignin using propylene carbonate (PC). A design of experiments (DoE) was used to evaluate the effect of the isocyanate (NCO)-to-hydroxyl (OH)-group’s ratio, the content of crude LBP, the blowing agent (BA), and catalyst on the thermal conductivity and density of RPUFs. Statistical analysis revealed that the increase in crude LBP and BA content in the formulation decreases the thermal conductivity and density of the foams. In addition, the fact that LBP is a viscous polyol containing PC-oligomers appears to affect the cellular structure of RPUFs, and consequently reduces their mechanical and thermal properties. The main novelty of this study consisted in the careful optimization of the formulation, namely, with regard to the type of blowing agent and with the high content of crude LBP obtained from the oxyalkylation of LignoBoost kraft lignin without purification to obtain good quality RPUF that meets market requirements for insulation materials.
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Thermal Insulating Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Bio-Polyol from Rapeseed Oil Modified by Phosphorus Additive and Reactive Flame Retardants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012386. [PMID: 36293244 PMCID: PMC9604392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, rigid polyurethane foams obtained with the addition of a bio-polyol from rapeseed oil, were modified with the dimethyl propane phosphonate as additive flame retardant and two reactive flame retardants diethyl (hydroxymethyl)phosphonate and diethyl bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-aminomethylphosphonate. The influence of used flame retardants on the foaming process and characteristic processing times of tested polyurethane systems were determined. The obtained foams were tested in terms of cell structure, physical and mechanical properties, as well as flammability. Modified foams had worse mechanical and thermal insulation properties, caused by lower cellular density and higher anisotropy coefficient in the cross-section parallel to the foam rise direction, compared to unmodified foam. However, the thermal conductivity of all tested foam materials was lower than 25.82 mW/m∙K. The applied modifiers effectively reduced the flammability of rigid polyurethane foams, among others, increasing the oxygen index above 21.4 vol.%, reducing the total heat released by about 41-51% and the rate of heat release by about 2-52%. A correlation between the limiting oxygen index values and both total heat released parameters from the pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and cone calorimetry was observed. The correlation was also visible between the value of the heat release capacity (HRC) parameter obtained from the pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) from the cone calorimeter test.
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12
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Pomilovskis R, Mierina I, Beneš H, Trhlíková O, Abolins A, Fridrihsone A, Kirpluks M. The Synthesis of Bio-Based Michael Donors from Tall Oil Fatty Acids for Polymer Development. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194107. [PMID: 36236055 PMCID: PMC9572469 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the synthesis of a Michael donor compound from cellulose production by-products—tall oil fatty acids—was developed. The developed Michael donor compounds can be further used to obtain polymeric materials after nucleophilic polymerization through the Michael reaction. It can be a promising alternative method for conventional polyurethane materials, and the Michael addition polymerization reaction takes place under milder conditions than non-isocyanate polyurethane production technology, which requires high pressure, high temperature and a long reaction time. Different polyols, the precursors for Michael donor components, were synthesized from epoxidized tall oil fatty acids by an oxirane ring-opening and esterification reaction with different alcohols (trimethylolpropane and 1,4-butanediol). The addition of functional groups necessary for the Michael reaction was carried out by a transesterification reaction of polyol hydroxyl groups with tert-butyl acetoacetate ester. The following properties of the developed polyols and their acetoacetates were analyzed: hydroxyl value, acid value, moisture content and viscosity. The chemical structure was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization analysis was used for structure identification for this type of acetoacetate for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralfs Pomilovskis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes St. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena St. 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence:
| | - Inese Mierina
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena St. 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Hynek Beneš
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Trhlíková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Arnis Abolins
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes St. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Anda Fridrihsone
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes St. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes St. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
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13
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Synthesis of diethylene glycol-based aliphatic polyester polyol and effect of glycerin crosslinker on its properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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14
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Akdogan E, Erdem M. Environmentally-benign rigid polyurethane foam produced from a reactive and phosphorus-functionalized biopolyol: Assessment of physicomechanical and flame-retardant properties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kurańska M, Cabulis U, Prociak A, Polaczek K, Uram K, Kirpluks M. Scale-Up and Testing of Polyurethane Bio-Foams as Potential Cryogenic Insulation Materials. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103469. [PMID: 35629497 PMCID: PMC9146507 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This article compares the properties of closed-cell PUR bio-foams produced on a laboratory scale and on an industrial scale. In the formulation used, the polyol premix contained 40 wt.% of a bio-polyol based on rapeseed oil. Selected useful properties of the foams obtained on the two scales and the use of one-step and spraying methods were compared. In the case of the spraying method, the experimental system was compared to a commercial one. Given the possibility of applying the bio-foams in insulation systems for cryogenic and liquefied natural gas (LNG) applications, a compressive strength analysis of the foams was carried out at room temperature as well as at −196 °C. It was found that the foams modified with the bio-polyol were characterized by a higher compressive strength at low temperatures than commercial foams based on a petrochemical polyol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kurańska
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (K.P.); (K.U.)
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia;
- Correspondence: (U.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Aleksander Prociak
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (K.P.); (K.U.)
- Correspondence: (U.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Polaczek
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (K.P.); (K.U.)
| | - Katarzyna Uram
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (K.P.); (K.U.)
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia;
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16
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Blasco MPC, Limiñana MÁP, Silvestre CR, Calpena EO, Aís FA. Sustainable Reactive Polyurethane Hot Melt Adhesives Based on Vegetable Polyols for Footwear Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14020284. [PMID: 35054690 PMCID: PMC8779523 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to develop sustainable reactive polyurethane hot melt adhesives (HMPUR) for footwear applications based on biobased polyols as renewable resources, where ma-croglycol mixtures of polyadipate of 1,4-butanediol, polypropylene and different biobased polyols were employed and further reacted with 4-4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. The different reactive polyurethane hot melt adhesives obtained were characterized with different experimental techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), softening temperature and melting viscosity. Finally, their adhesion properties were measured from T-peel tests on leather/HMPUR adhesives/SBR rubber joints in order to establish the viability of the used biobased polyols and the amount of these polyols that could be added to reactive polyurethane hot melt adhesives satisfactorily to meet the quality requirements of footwear joints. All biobased polyols and percentages added to the polyurethane adhesive formulations successfully met the quality requirements of footwear, being comparable to traditional adhesives currently used in footwear joints in terms of final strength. Therefore, these new sustainable polyurethane adhesives can be considered as suitable and sustainable alternatives to the adhesives commonly used in footwear joints.
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17
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Omrani I. High performance biobased pour-in-place rigid polyurethane foams from facile prepared castor oil-based polyol: Good compatibility with pentane series blowing agent. J CELL PLAST 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x211062632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, biobased and environmentally friendly rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF) from high hydroxyl value castor oil-based polyols have been prepared without the addition of petroleum-based polyols in the formulation. The new Biopolyol with high hydroxyl value was designed on the basis of the analysis of functionality, structure and hydroxyl value relation and synthesized directly from castor oil in a facile one-pot three-step system. A series of Biopolyols with hydroxyl values in the range of 550–650 mg KOH/g were obtained through transesterification, epoxidation, and hydrolysis. The Biopolyol chemical structure was characterized using FT-IR,1H NMR spectroscopies. The formulated blend polyol with amine catalysts and cyclopentane as a blowing agent have good cyclopentane solubility and phase separation between cyclopentane and polyol was not observed after 30 days. The foaming characteristics were evaluated and improved results were obtained. The thermal conductivity, thermal stability, compressive strength, morphology, dimensional stability, density, and foam flow of the RPUFs were characterized. The results are compared with RPUF prepared using standard commercial polyether polyols for pour-in-place RPUFs. The prepared biobased RPUFs from Biopolyol was able to reach the required satisfactory properties for the appliance industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Omrani
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Zemła M, Prociak A, Michałowski S. Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modified with Phosphorus Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010102. [PMID: 35012126 PMCID: PMC8747242 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPURF) containing a bio-polyol from rapeseed oil and different phosphorus-based flame retardants were obtained. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), dimethyl propane phosphonate (DMPP) and cyclic phosphonates Addforce CT 901 (20 parts per hundred polyol by weight) were used in the synthesis of RPURF. The influence of used flame retardants on foaming process, cell structure, and physical-mechanical properties as well as flammability of RPURF were examined. The addition of flame retardants influenced the parameters of the cellular structure and decreased compressive strength. All obtained foam materials had a low thermal conductivity coefficient, which allows them to be used as thermal insulation. The research results of bio-based RPURF were compared with foams obtained without bio-polyol. All modified materials had an oxygen index above 21 vol%; therefore, they can be classified as self-extinguishing materials. The analysis of parameters obtained after the cone calorimeter test showed that the modified RPURF have a lower tendency to fire development compared to the reference foams, which was particularly noticeable for the materials with the addition of DMPP.
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Uram K, Prociak A, Vevere L, Pomilovskis R, Cabulis U, Kirpluks M. Natural Oil-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foam Thermal Insulation Applicable at Cryogenic Temperatures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244276. [PMID: 34960827 PMCID: PMC8707178 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents research into the preparation of rigid polyurethane foams with bio-polyols from rapeseed and tall oil. Rigid polyurethane foams were designed with a cryogenic insulation application for aerospace in mind. The polyurethane systems containing non-renewable diethylene glycol (DEG) were modified by replacing it with rapeseed oil-based low functional polyol (LF), obtained by a two-step reaction of epoxidation and oxirane ring opening with 1-hexanol. It was observed that as the proportion of the LF polyol in the polyurethane system increased, so too did the apparent density of the foam material. An increase in the value of the thermal conductivity coefficient was associated with an increase in the value of apparent density. Mechanical tests showed that the rigid polyurethane foam had higher compressive strength at cryogenic temperatures compared with the values obtained at room temperature. The adhesion test indicated that the foams subjected to cryo-shock obtained similar values of adhesion strength to the materials that were not subjected to this test. The results obtained were higher than 0.1 MPa, which is a favourable value for foam materials in low-temperature applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Uram
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksander Prociak
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Laima Vevere
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (L.V.); (R.P.); (U.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Ralfs Pomilovskis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (L.V.); (R.P.); (U.C.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena St. 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (L.V.); (R.P.); (U.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (L.V.); (R.P.); (U.C.); (M.K.)
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Sture B, Vevere L, Kirpluks M, Godina D, Fridrihsone A, Cabulis U. Polyurethane Foam Composites Reinforced with Renewable Fillers for Cryogenic Insulation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4089. [PMID: 34883591 PMCID: PMC8658850 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sawdust, microcellulose and nanocellulose and their silanized forms were used to reinforce rigid polyurethane (PU) foam composites. The concentration of fillers was varied in the range of 0.5-1.5%. For rigid PU foam formulations, three polyols from recycled and renewable materials were used, among other components. Polyols were obtained from rapeseed oil, tall oil fatty acids and recycled polyethylene terephthalate. As rigid PU foam composites in literature have been described as appropriate thermal insulation material, the appliance of obtained composites for cryogenic insulation was investigated by determining the various physical-mechanical properties of composites. The physical-mechanical properties, such as the modulus of elasticity, compressive and tensile strength in both 293 K and 77 K, adhesion measurements with and without cryo-shock, apparent density, thermal conductivity coefficient, and safety coefficient were measured. The results showed that the addition of fillers did not give a significant improvement of characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrise Sture
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (L.V.); (M.K.); (D.G.); (A.F.); (U.C.)
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21
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Identification and Evaluation of Hazardous Pyrolysates in Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane-Polyisocyanurate Foam Smoke. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193205. [PMID: 34641023 PMCID: PMC8512043 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, rigid polyurethane (PU) and polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam samples made from renewable material (tall oil fatty acid) based polyols were analyzed by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to obtain information about the full relative smoke content, with a focus on substance identification by their functional groups and hazardousness. The relative content of gaseous products produced during the thermal degradation was evaluated between the two samples, differenced by their assigned isocyanate (NCO) index value—150 and 300. The main thermal degradation components of the rigid PU-PIR foam were found to originate from the decomposition of isocyanate, primarily forming 4,4′-methylenedianiline, 3,3′-diaminodiphenylmethane, N-methylaniline, aniline, 4-benzylaniline and phenyl isocyanate. Hazard analysis revealed that the most common hazards were the hazards related to health: H315 (36%), H319 (28%), H335 (25%), and H302 (23%). The chemical compound with the highest relative content value—4,4′-methylenedianiline (45.3% for PU and 52.4% for PIR)—was identified to be a suspected carcinogen and mutagen. The focus of the study was identifying and evaluating the relative quantities of the produced gaseous products, examine their hazardousness, and provide information on the released thermal degradation products to form a renewable-source based rigid PU and PIR foam.
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22
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Abolins A, Pomilovskis R, Vanags E, Mierina I, Michalowski S, Fridrihsone A, Kirpluks M. Impact of Different Epoxidation Approaches of Tall Oil Fatty Acids on Rigid Polyurethane Foam Thermal Insulation. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14040894. [PMID: 33668608 PMCID: PMC7918627 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A second-generation bio-based feedstock-tall oil fatty acids-was epoxidised via two pathways. Oxirane rings were introduced into the fatty acid carbon backbone using a heterogeneous epoxidation catalyst-ion exchange resin Amberlite IR-120 H or enzyme catalyst Candida antarctica lipase B under the trade name Novozym® 435. High functionality bio-polyols were synthesised from the obtained epoxidated tall oil fatty acids by oxirane ring-opening and subsequent esterification reactions with different polyfunctional alcohols: trimethylolpropane and triethanolamine. The synthesised epoxidised tall oil fatty acids (ETOFA) were studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The chemical structure of obtained polyols was studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. Average molecular weight and polydispersity of polyols were determined from size exclusion chromatography data. The obtained polyols were used to develop rigid polyurethane (PU) foam thermal insulation material with an approximate density of 40 kg/m3. Thermal conductivity, apparent density and compression strength of the rigid PU foams were determined. The rigid PU foams obtained from polyols synthesised using Novozym® 435 catalyst had superior properties in comparison to rigid PU foams obtained from polyols synthesised using Amberlite IR-120 H. The developed rigid PU foams had an excellent thermal conductivity of 21.2-25.9 mW/(m·K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnis Abolins
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes St. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.A.); (R.P.); (E.V.); (A.F.)
| | - Ralfs Pomilovskis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes St. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.A.); (R.P.); (E.V.); (A.F.)
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7 St., LV-1048 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Edgars Vanags
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes St. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.A.); (R.P.); (E.V.); (A.F.)
| | - Inese Mierina
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7 St., LV-1048 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Slawomir Michalowski
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Anda Fridrihsone
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes St. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.A.); (R.P.); (E.V.); (A.F.)
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes St. 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.A.); (R.P.); (E.V.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence:
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A Pathway toward a New Era of Open-Cell Polyurethane Foams-Influence of Bio-Polyols Derived from Used Cooking Oil on Foams Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225161. [PMID: 33207702 PMCID: PMC7698128 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to create greener polyurethane (PUR) foams, modified used cooking oils (UCO) were applied as starting resources for the synthesis of bio-polyols. The bio-polyols were produced using transesterification of UCO with diethylene glycol (UCO_DEG) and triethanolamine (UCO_TEA). Next, open-cell PUR foams were synthesized by replacing 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the petrochemical polyol with the bio-polyol UCO_DEG or UCO_TEA. It was observed that an increasing bio-polyol content (up to 60%) led to an increase of the closed cell content. However, a further increase in the bio-polyol content up to 100% resulted in foam cell opening. The bio-foams obtained in the experiment had an apparent density of 13–18 kg/m3. The coefficient of thermal conductivity was determined at three different average temperatures: 10, 0 and −10 °C. The PUR bio-foams modified with bio-polyol UCO_TEA had lower values of thermal conductivity, regardless of the average temperature (35.99–39.57 mW/m·K) than the foams modified with bio-polyol UCO_DEG (36.95–43.78 mW/m·K). The compressive strength of most of the bio-foams was characterized by a higher value than the compressive strength of the reference material (without bio-polyol). Finally, it was observed that the bio-materials exhibited dimensional stability at 70 °C.
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24
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Screening Life Cycle Assessment of Tall Oil-Based Polyols Suitable for Rigid Polyurethane Foams. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13205249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A screening Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of tall oil-based bio-polyols suitable for rigid polyurethane (PU) foams has been carried out. The goal was to identify the hot-spots and data gaps. The system under investigation is three different tall oil fatty acids (TOFA)-based bio-polyol synthesis with a cradle-to-gate approach, from the production of raw materials to the synthesis of TOFA based bio-polyols at a pilot-scale reactor. The synthesis steps that give the most significant environmental footprint hot-spots were identified. The results showed the bio-based feedstock was the main environmental hot-spot in the bio-polyol production process. Future research directions have been highlighted.
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TG/DTA-FTIR as a method for analysis of tall oil based rigid polyurethane foam decomposition gaseous products in a low oxygen environment. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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