Are Magnesium Screws Proper for Mandibular Condyle Head Osteosynthesis?

Prospective evaluation of ultrasound features of magnesium-based bioabsorbable screw resorption in pediatric fractures

OBJECTIVE

Bioabsorbable magnesium-based alloy screws release gas upon resorption. The resulting findings in the adjacent soft tissues and joints may mimic infection. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ultrasound (US) findings in soft tissues and joints during screw resorption.

METHODS

Prospectively acquired US studies from pediatric patients treated with magnesium screws were evaluated for screw head visibility, posterior acoustic shadowing, twinkling artifact, foreign body granuloma, gas (soft tissue, intra-articular), alterations of the skin and subcutaneous fat, perifascial fluid, localized fluid collections, hypervascularization, and joint effusion.

RESULTS

Sixty-six US studies of 28 pediatric patients (nfemale = 9, nmale = 19) were included. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 10.84 years; the mean time between surgery and ultrasound was 128.3 days (range = 6-468 days). The screw head and posterior acoustic shadowing were visible in 100% of the studies, twinkling artifact in 6.1%, foreign body granuloma in 92.4%, gas locules in soft tissue in 100% and intra-articular in 18.2%, hyperechogenicity of the subcutaneous fat in 90.9%, cobblestoning of the subcutaneous fat in 24.2%, loss of normal differentiation between the epidermis/dermis and the subcutaneous fat in 57.6%, localized fluid collection in 9.9%, perifascial fluid in 12.1%, hypervascularization in 27.3%, and joint effusion in 18.2%.

CONCLUSION

US findings in pediatric patients treated with magnesium screws strongly resemble infection, but are normal findings in the setting of screw resorption.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

Bioabsorbable magnesium-based alloy screws release gas during resorption. The resulting US findings in the adjacent soft tissues and joints in pediatric patients may mimic infection, but are normal findings.

KEY POINTS

• Bioabsorbable magnesium-based alloy screws release gas upon resorption. • The resulting ultrasound findings in children's soft tissues and joints closely resemble those of soft tissue infection or osteosynthesis-associated infection. • Be familiar with these ultrasound findings in order to avoid inadvertently misdiagnosing a soft tissue infection or osteosynthesis-associated infection.

Two-screw osteosynthesis of the mandibular condylar head with different screw materials: a finite element analysis

This study compared the biomechanical behavior of titanium, magnesium, and polylactic acid screws for two-screw osteosynthesis of mandibular condylar head fractures using finite element analysis. Von Mises stress distribution, fracture displacement, and fragment deformation were evaluated. Titanium screws performed the best in terms of carrying the highest load, resulting in the least fracture displacement and fragment deformation. Magnesium screws showed intermediate results, while PLA screws were found to be unsuitable with stress values exceeding their tensile strength. These findings suggest that magnesium alloys could be considered a suitable alternative to titanium screws in mandibular condylar head osteosynthesis.

Current Frequency of Mandibular Condylar Process Fractures

There are significant discrepancies in the reported prevalence of condylar process fractures among all mandibular fractures (16.5-56%) in the available literature. In addition, it seems that the actual number of difficult-to-treat fractures of the mandibular head is unknown. The purpose of this study is to present the current incidence of the different types of mandibular process fractures with a special focus on mandibular head fractures. The medical records of 386 patients with single or multiple mandibular fractures were reviewed. Of the fractures found, 58% were body fractures, 32% were angle fractures, 7% were ramus fractures, 2% were coronoid process fractures, and 45% were condylar process fractures. The most common fracture of the condylar process was a basal fracture (54% of condylar fractures), and the second most common fracture was a fracture of the mandibular head (34% of condylar process fractures). Further, 16% of patients had low-neck fractures, and 16% had high-neck fractures. Of the patients with head fractures, 8% had a type A fracture, 34% had a type B fracture, and 73% had a type C fracture. A total of 89.6% of the patients were surgically treated with ORIF. Mandibular head fractures are not as rare as previously thought. Head fractures occur twice as often in the pediatric population than in adults. A mandibular fracture is most likely related to a mandible head fracture. Such evidence can guide the diagnostic procedure in the future.

Rotator cuff repair with biodegradable high-purity magnesium suture anchor in sheep model

Background

Rotator cuff tear has become one of the diseases affecting people's living quality. Conventional anchor materials such as titanium alloy and poly-lactic acid can lead to postoperative complications like bone defects and aseptic inflammation. Magnesium (Mg)-based implants are biodegradable and biocompatible, with strong potential to be applied in orthopaedics.

Methods

In this study, we developed a high-purity (HP) Mg suture anchor and studied its mechanical properties and degradation behavior in vitro. Furthermore, we described the use of high-purity Mg to prepare suture anchor for the rotator cuff repair in sheep.

Results

The in vitro tests showed that HP Mg suture anchor possess proper degradation behavior and appropriate mechanical property. Animal experiment indicated that HP Mg suture anchor provided reliable anchoring function in 12 weeks and showed no toxic effect on animal organs.

Conclusion

In summary, the HP Mg anchor presented in this study had favorable mechanical property and biosecurity.

The translational potential of this article: The translational potential of this article is to use high-purity Mg to develop a degradable suture anchor and verify the feasibility of the application in animal model. This study provides a basis for further research on the clinical application of biodegradable high-purity Mg suture anchor.

Bone Union Quality after Fracture Fixation of Mandibular Head with Compression Magnesium Screws

For some years now, fixation devices created with resorbable magnesium alloys for the mandibular head have been clinically available and are beginning to be used. It is thus valuable to evaluate the quality of unions in these cases. The aim of this study was radiological comparison of magnesium versus titanium open reduction and rigid fixations in the mandible condylar head. Thirty-one patients were treated for fractures of the mandibular head with magnesium WE43 alloy headless compression screws (diameter 2.3 mm) and, as a reference group, 29 patients were included with similar construction titanium screws (diameter 1.8 mm). The 12-month results of the treatment were evaluated by the texture analysis of CT. Near similar treatment results were found with magnesium screws in traditional titanium fixation. Magnesium screws result in a higher density of the bone structure in the mandibular head. Conclusions: The quantitative evaluation of bone union after surgical treatment of mandibular head fracture with magnesium compression headless screws indicates that stable consolidation was achieved. Undoubtedly, the resorption process of the screws was found to be incomplete after 12 months, evidenced by a marked densification of the bone structure at the fracture site.

Magnesium-Based Alloys Used in Orthopedic Surgery

Magnesium (Mg)-based alloys have become an important category of materials that is attracting more and more attention due to their high potential use as orthopedic temporary implants. These alloys are a viable alternative to nondegradable metals implants in orthopedics. In this paper, a detailed overview covering alloy development and manufacturing techniques is described. Further, important attributes for Mg-based alloys involved in orthopedic implants fabrication, physiological and toxicological effects of each alloying element, mechanical properties, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis of Mg are presented. A section detailing the main biocompatible Mg-based alloys, with examples of mechanical properties, degradation behavior, and cytotoxicity tests related to in vitro experiments, is also provided. Special attention is given to animal testing, and the clinical translation is also reviewed, focusing on the main clinical cases that were conducted under human use approval.

Clinical Evaluation of Magnesium Alloy Osteosynthesis in the Mandibular Head

Titanium alloys are used in skeletal surgery. However, once bone union is complete, such fixation material becomes unnecessary or even harmful. Resorbable magnesium materials have been available for several years (WE43 alloy). The aim of this study was to clinically compare magnesium versus titanium open reduction and rigid fixations in mandible condylar heads. Ten patients were treated for fractures of the mandibular head with magnesium headless compression screws (2.3 mm in diameter), and 11 patients were included as a reference group with titanium screws (1.8 mm in diameter) with similar construction. The fixation characteristics (delay, time, and number of screws), distant anatomical results (mandibular ramus height loss, monthly loss rate, and relative loss of reconstructed ramus height), basic functional data (mandibular movements, facial nerve function, and cutaneous perception) and the influence of the effects of the injury (fracture type, fragmentation, occlusion, additional fractures, and associated diseases) on the outcome were evaluated. The long-term results of treatment were evaluated after 18 months. Treatment results similar to those of traditional titanium fixation were found with magnesium screws. Conclusions: Resorbable metal screws can be a favored option for osteosynthesis because surgical reentry can be avoided. These materials provide proper and stable treatment results.

Variants and Modifications of the Retroauricular Approach Using in Temporomandibular Joint Surgery: A Systematic Review

Introduction: The retroauricular approach (RA) has been developed in order to expose the temporomandibular joint in a way that minimizes the risk of injury to the facial nerve and masks the postoperative scar. One of its characteristics is an excellent posterolateral view of the mandibular head, which allows for the preservation of the lateral temporomandibular joint ligaments in the course of open intracapsular surgery. Aim: The aim of this study is to systematically review the currently used variants and modifications of RA. Materials and Methods: The construction of the following study is based on PICOS and PRISMA protocols. A systematic literature search was performed based on the PubMed and BASE search engines; furthermore the authors performed a more detailed search in the Google Scholar article database as well as a loop search within the references of papers included in the systematic review. Results: Searching medical articles databases, Google Scholar, and references yielded a total of 85 records. First the titles and abstracts were blindly screened which was followed by a full-text eligibility check resulting in eventually including and qualifying 7 articles for detailed analysis. Discussion: All known variants and modifications of RA are characterized by high safety for the facial nerve and an aesthetically hidden scar. There were no reports of auricle necrosis in the collected material. Conclusions: In this systematic review, 2 variants and 2 modifications of RA that allow for open temporomandibular joint surgery have been identified; all of them together cover a large spectrum of indications for joint surgery, including reposition and osteosynthesis of mandibular head fractures, eminoplasty, or eminectomy and treatment of some forms of ankylosis.

Change in Pull-Out Force during Resorption of Magnesium Compression Screws for Osteosynthesis of Mandibular Condylar Fractures

BACKGROUND

Magnesium has been used as degradable fixation material for osteosynthesis, but it seems that mechanical strength is still a current issue in these fixations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the axial pull-out force of compression headless screws made of magnesium alloy during their resorption.

METHODS

The tests included screws made for osteosynthesis of the mandible head: 2.2 mm diameter magnesium alloy MgYREZr (42 screws) and 2.5 mm diameter polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) (42 pieces, control). The screws were resorbed in Sørensen's buffer for 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks, and force was measured as the screw was pulled out from the polyurethane block.

RESULTS

The force needed to pull the screw out was significantly higher for MgYREZr screws than for PLGA ones (p < 0.01). Within eight weeks, the pull-out force for MgYREZr significantly decreased to one third of its initial value (p < 0.01). The dynamics of this decrease were greater than those of the pull-out force for PLGA screws (p < 0.05). After these eight weeks, the values for metal and polymer screws equalized. It seems that the described reduction of force requires taking into account when using magnesium screws. This will provide more stable resorbable metallic osteosynthesis.

Bioabsorbable magnesium screw fixation for tibial tubercle osteotomy; a preliminary study

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Metallic screws are commonly used to fix tibial tubercle osteotomies (TTO). However, hardware removal late after osteotomy union is one of the most common causes of reoperation following TTOs. The use of bioabsorbable screws may eliminate secondary surgeries, but there is no study on their use in this indication. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of bioabsorbable magnesium (Alloy: MgYREZr) screws in tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) fixation.

METHODS

Ten patients with objective patellar instability who underwent distal realignment procedure using Fulkerson TTO were retrospectively reviewed. The osteotomy was secured with two parallel 4.8 mm magnesium screws in all patients. Kujala score and Lysholm knee score were used to assess the functional outcomes before and after the operation. Union of the osteotomy, displacement, and other imaging findings were evaluated with serial knee radiographs during the follow-up.

RESULTS

There were five male and five female patients with a mean age of 23.4±9.2 years (range, 15-45). The mean follow-up duration was 11.5±3.2 months (range,6-17 months). The osteotomy united in all cases at an average of 3 months. No infection or wound healing problems were seen. A significant increase in Kujala (p:.005) and Lysholm knee scores (p:.005) were recorded in all patients.

CONCLUSION

The findings support that bioabsorbable magnesium screws can be safely used as an alternative fixation technique in TTO. Furthermore, it provides the advantage to eliminate the need for implant removal.