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Lim JW. Polymer Materials for Optoelectronics and Energy Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3698. [PMID: 39124361 PMCID: PMC11312893 DOI: 10.3390/ma17153698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
This review comprehensively addresses the developments and applications of polymer materials in optoelectronics. Especially, this review introduces how the materials absorb, emit, and transfer charges, including the exciton-vibrational coupling, nonradiative and radiative processes, Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), and energy dynamics. Furthermore, it outlines charge trapping and recombination in the materials and draws the corresponding practical implications. The following section focuses on the practical application of organic materials in optoelectronics devices and highlights the detailed structure, operational principle, and performance metrics of organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photodetectors, and organic transistors in detail. Finally, this study underscores the transformative impact of organic materials on the evolution of optoelectronics, providing a comprehensive understanding of their properties, mechanisms, and diverse applications that contribute to advancing innovative technologies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Won Lim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 495 Tech Way, NW, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
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2
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Tuma FA, Jari AA, Hasan HA, Badran HA. Synthesis, Surface Morphology, Gas Sensor, DSC Technique and Third-Order Behavior of Conducting Polymer. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03448-0. [PMID: 37755630 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The compound polyaniline (Poly-ANI) with different concentrations of (H2SO4) sulfuric acid has been synthesized by the chemical polymerization method. The prepared compounds have been characterized using number of techniques including FTIR, FE-SEM, EDS and DSC. Additionally, UV-Vis spectroscopy employed for studying the linear optical properties of polymer with different acid concentrations. Third order optical nonlinearity was characterized using Z-scan at 532 nm. The results showed that the nonlinear refractive index has a negative sign. It was observed that the nonlinear refractive index changes in different ratios of H2SO4. The high value of nonlinear refractive index ([Formula: see text]) obtained along Z-axis is [Formula: see text] cm2/W, and the corresponding [Formula: see text] is 21.5 × 10-5 esu. Also, the Poly-ANI film shows the response to NH3 gas sensing in the range 20 ppm-250 ppm and can be used for NH3 sensing application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadhil A Tuma
- Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Alyaa A Jari
- Ministry of Education, Directorate of Education, Al-Basma Preparatory School for Girls, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Harith A Hasan
- Department of Material Science, Polymer Research Centre, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Hussain A Badran
- Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
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Pavel IA, Lasserre A, Simon L, Rossignol J, Lakard S, Stuerga D, Lakard B. Microwave Gas Sensors Based on Electrodeposited Polypyrrole-Nickel Phthalocyanine Hybrid Films. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5550. [PMID: 37420717 DOI: 10.3390/s23125550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the incorporation of sulfonated metallophthalocyanines into sensitive sensor materials can improve electron transfer and thus species detection. Herein, we propose a simple and easy alternative to the use of generally expensive sulfonated phthalocyanines by electropolymerizing polypyrrole together with nickel phthalocyanine in the presence of an anionic surfactant. The addition of the surfactant not only helps the incorporation of the water-insoluble pigment into the polypyrrole film, but the obtained structure has increased hydrophobicity, which is a key property for developing efficient gas sensors with low sensitivity to water. The obtained results show the effectiveness of the materials tested for the detection of ammonia in the range of 100 to 400 ppm. It is shown by comparing the microwave sensor responses that the film without nickel phthalocyanine (hydrophilic) produces greater variations than the film with nickel phthalocyanine (hydrophobic). These results are consistent with the expected results since the hydrophobic film is not very sensitive to residual ambient water and therefore does not interfere with the microwave response. However, although this excess response is usually a handicap, as it is a source of drift, in these experiments the microwave response shows great stability in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Lasserre
- GERM, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Department Interfaces, UMR CNRS 6303, UB, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Léo Simon
- GERM, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Department Interfaces, UMR CNRS 6303, UB, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Jérôme Rossignol
- GERM, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Department Interfaces, UMR CNRS 6303, UB, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Sophie Lakard
- UTINAM-UMR CNRS 6213, Université de Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Didier Stuerga
- GERM, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Department Interfaces, UMR CNRS 6303, UB, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Boris Lakard
- UTINAM-UMR CNRS 6213, Université de Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
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Al-Gburi AJA, Zakaria Z, Rahman NA, A Althuwayb A, Ibrahim IM, Saeidi T, Dayo ZA, Ahmad S. A Miniaturized and Highly Sensitive Microwave Sensor Based on CSRR for Characterization of Liquid Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093416. [PMID: 37176299 PMCID: PMC10180052 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a miniaturized and highly sensitive microwave sensor based on a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) is proposed for the detection of liquid materials. The modeled sensor was designed based on the CSRR structure with triple rings (TRs) and a curve feed for improved measurement sensitivity. The designed sensor oscillates at a single frequency of 2.5 GHz, which is simulated using an Ansys HFSS simulator. The electromagnetic simulation explains the basis of the mode resonance of all two-port resonators. Five variations of the liquid media under tests (MUTs) are simulated and measured. These liquid MUTs are as follows: without a sample (without a tube), air (empty tube), ethanol, methanol, and distilled water (DI). A detailed sensitivity calculation is performed for the resonance band at 2.5 GHz. The MUTs mechanism is performed with a polypropylene tube (PP). The samples of dielectric material are filled into PP tube channels and loaded into the CSRR center hole; the E-fields around the sensor affect the relationship with the liquid MUTs, resulting in a high Q-factor value. The final sensor has a Q-factor value and sensitivity of 520 and 7.032 (MHz)/εr) at 2.5 GHz, respectively. Due to the high sensitivity of the presented sensor for characterizing various liquid penetrations, the sensor is also of interest for accurate estimations of solute concentrations in liquid media. Finally, the relationship between the permittivity and Q-factor value at the resonant frequency is derived and investigated. These given results make the presented resonator ideal for the characterization of liquid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi
- Centre for Telecommunication Research & Innovation (CeTRI), Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology (FTKEE), Malacca 76100, Malaysia
| | - Zahriladha Zakaria
- Centre for Telecommunication Research & Innovation (CeTRI), Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer (FKEKK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tungal 76100, Malaysia
| | - Norhanani Abd Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Port Dickson (PPD), Port Dickson 71250, Malaysia
| | - Ayman A Althuwayb
- Electrical Engineering Department, Engineering College, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Mohd Ibrahim
- Centre for Telecommunication Research & Innovation (CeTRI), Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer (FKEKK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tungal 76100, Malaysia
| | - Tale Saeidi
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, İstinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey
| | - Zaheer Ahmed Dayo
- College of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huangzhou 438000, China
| | - Sarosh Ahmad
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), 28911 Madrid, Spain
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Al-Gburi AJA, Rahman NA, Zakaria Z, Akbar MF. Realizing the High Q-Factor of a CSIW Microwave Resonator Based on an MDGS for Semisolid Material Characterization. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:922. [PMID: 37241546 PMCID: PMC10220675 DOI: 10.3390/mi14050922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the high-quality factor (Q-factor) and high sensitivity of a circular substrate-integrated waveguide (CSIW) are proposed for the characterization of semisolid materials. The modeled sensor was designed based on the CSIW structure with a mill-shaped defective ground structure (MDGS) to improve measurement sensitivity. The designed sensor oscillates at a single frequency of 2.45 GHz, which was simulated using an Ansys HFSS simulator. Electromagnetic simulation explains the basis of the mode resonance of all two-port resonators. Six variations of the materials under test (SUTs) were simulated and measured, including air (without an SUT), Javanese turmeric, mango ginger, black turmeric, turmeric, and distilled water (DI). A detailed sensitivity calculation was performed for the resonance band at 2.45 GHz. The SUT test mechanism was performed using a polypropylene tube (PP). The samples of dielectric material were filled into the channels of the PP tube and loaded into the center hole of the MDGS. The E-fields around the sensor affect the relationship with the SUTs, resulting in a high Q-factor value. The final sensor had a Q-factor of 700 and a sensitivity of 2.864 at 2.45 GHz. Due to the high sensitivity of the presented sensor for characterization of various semisolid penetrations, the sensor is also of interest for accurate estimation of solute concentration in liquid media. Finally, the relationship between the loss tangent, permittivity, and Q-factor at the resonant frequency were derived and investigated. These results make the presented resonator ideal for the characterization of semisolid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi
- Center for Telecommunication Research & Innovation (CeTRI), Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology (FTKEE), Malacca 76100, Malaysia
| | - Norhanani Abd Rahman
- Centre of Telecommunication Research & Innovation (CeTRI), Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tungal, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
| | - Zahriladha Zakaria
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Port Dickson (PPD), Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan 71250, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Firdaus Akbar
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai 14300, Malaysia
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Phamornnak C, Han B, Spencer BF, Ashton MD, Blanford CF, Hardy JG, Blaker JJ, Cartmell SH. Instructive electroactive electrospun silk fibroin-based biomaterials for peripheral nerve tissue engineering. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 141:213094. [PMID: 36162344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Aligned sub-micron fibres are an outstanding surface for orienting and promoting neurite outgrowth; therefore, attractive features to include in peripheral nerve tissue scaffolds. A new generation of peripheral nerve tissue scaffolds is under development incorporating electroactive materials and electrical regimes as instructive cues in order to facilitate fully functional regeneration. Herein, electroactive fibres composed of silk fibroin (SF) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) were developed as a novel peripheral nerve tissue scaffold. Mats of SF with sub-micron fibre diameters of 190 ± 50 nm were fabricated by double layer electrospinning with thicknesses of ∼100 μm (∼70-80 μm random fibres and ∼20-30 μm aligned fibres). Electrospun SF mats were modified with interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) of PEDOT:PSS in various ratios of PSS/EDOT (α) and the polymerisation was assessed by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). The mechanical properties of electrospun SF and IPNs mats were characterised in the wet state tensile and the electrical properties were examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of the optimal IPNs (α = 2.3 and 3.3) mats were ascertained via the growth and neurite extension of mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) for 7 days. The longest neurite outgrowth of 300 μm was observed in the parallel direction of fibre alignment on laminin-coated electrospun SF and IPN (α = 2.3) mats which is the material with the lowest electron transfer resistance (Ret, ca. 330 Ω). These electrically conductive composites with aligned sub-micron fibres exhibit promise for axon guidance and also have the potential to be combined with electrical stimulation treatment as a further step for the effective regeneration of nerves.
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Zhang Z, Wang J, Hu Y, Wang L. Microwaves, a potential treatment for bacteria: A review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:888266. [PMID: 35958124 PMCID: PMC9358438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.888266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have brought great harm to the public, especially after the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. This has rendered traditional antibiotic therapy ineffective. In recent years, hyperthermia has offered new treatments to remove bacteria. Microwaves (MW) are a component of the electromagnetic spectrum and can rapidly heat materials. Taking advantage of this characteristic of MW, related studies have shown that both thermal and non-thermal effects of MW can inactivate various bacteria. Even though the understanding of MW in the field of bacteria is not sufficient for widespread use at present, MW has performed well in dealing with microorganisms and controlling infection. This review will focus on the application of MW in bacteria and discuss the advantages, prospects and challenges of using MW in the bacterial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yihe Hu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Long Wang,
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Savin M, Mihailescu CM, Moldovan C, Grigoroiu A, Ion I, Ion AC. Resistive Chemosensors for the Detection of CO Based on Conducting Polymers and Carbon Nanocomposites: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:821. [PMID: 35164084 PMCID: PMC8838520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposite materials have seen increased adoption in a wide range of applications, with toxic gas detection, such as carbon monoxide (CO), being of particular interest for this review. Such sensors are usually characterized by the presence of CO absorption sites in their structures, with the Langmuir reaction model offering a good description of the reaction mechanism involved in capturing the gas. Among the reviewed sensors, those that combined polymers with carbonaceous materials showed improvements in their analytical parameters such as increased sensitivities, wider dynamic ranges, and faster response times. Moreover, it was observed that the CO reaction mechanism can differ when measured in mixtures with other gases as opposed to when it is detected in isolation, which leads to lower sensitivities to the target gas. To better understand such changes, we offer a complete description of carbon nanostructure-based chemosensors for the detection of CO from the sensing mechanism of each material to the water solution strategies for the composite nanomaterials and the choice of morphology for enhancing a layers' conductivity. Then, a series of state-of-the-art resistive chemosensors that make use of nanocomposite materials is analyzed, with performance being assessed based on their detection range and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Savin
- Department of Microsystems in Biomedical and Enviromental Applications, National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, Erou Iancu Nicolae Street 126A, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (M.S.); (C.M.); (A.G.); (I.I.)
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen-Marinela Mihailescu
- Department of Microsystems in Biomedical and Enviromental Applications, National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, Erou Iancu Nicolae Street 126A, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (M.S.); (C.M.); (A.G.); (I.I.)
| | - Carmen Moldovan
- Department of Microsystems in Biomedical and Enviromental Applications, National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, Erou Iancu Nicolae Street 126A, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (M.S.); (C.M.); (A.G.); (I.I.)
| | - Alexandru Grigoroiu
- Department of Microsystems in Biomedical and Enviromental Applications, National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, Erou Iancu Nicolae Street 126A, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (M.S.); (C.M.); (A.G.); (I.I.)
| | - Ion Ion
- Department of Microsystems in Biomedical and Enviromental Applications, National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, Erou Iancu Nicolae Street 126A, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (M.S.); (C.M.); (A.G.); (I.I.)
| | - Alina Catrinel Ion
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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Beygisangchin M, Abdul Rashid S, Shafie S, Sadrolhosseini AR. Polyaniline Synthesized by Different Dopants for Fluorene Detection via Photoluminescence Spectroscopy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7382. [PMID: 34885536 PMCID: PMC8658293 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different dopants on the synthesis, optical, electrical and thermal features of polyaniline were investigated. Polyaniline (PANI) doped with p-toluene sulfonic acid (PANI-PTSA), camphor sulphonic acid (PANI-CSA), acetic acid (PANI-acetic acid) and hydrochloric acid (PANI-HCl) was synthesized through the oxidative chemical polymerization of aniline under acidic conditions at ambient temperature. Fourier transform infrared light, X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy and electrical analysis were used to define physical and structural features, bandgap values, electrical conductivity and type and degree of doping, respectively. Tauc calculation reveals the optical band gaps of PANI-PTSA, PANI-CSA, PANI-acetic acid and PANI-HCl at 3.1, 3.5, 3.6 and 3.9 eV, respectively. With the increase in dopant size, crystallinity is reduced, and interchain separations and d-spacing are strengthened. The estimated conductivity values of PANI-PTSA, PANI-CSA, PANI-acetic acid and PANI-HCl are 3.84 × 101, 2.92 × 101, 2.50 × 10-2, and 2.44 × 10-2 S·cm-1, respectively. Particularly, PANI-PTSA shows high PL intensity because of its orderly arranged benzenoid and quinoid units. Owing to its excellent synthesis, low bandgap, high photoluminescence intensity and high electrical features, PANI-PTSA is a suitable candidate to improve PANI properties and electron provider for fluorene-detecting sensors with a linear range of 0.001-10 μM and detection limit of 0.26 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnoush Beygisangchin
- Nanomaterials Processing and Technology Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Functional Nanotechnology Devices Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Suraya Abdul Rashid
- Nanomaterials Processing and Technology Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Suhaidi Shafie
- Functional Nanotechnology Devices Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Amir Reza Sadrolhosseini
- Magneto-Plasmonic Laboratory, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran;
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Von Tumacder D, Morávková Z, Minisy IM, Hromádková J, Bober P. Electropolymerized polypyrrole/safranin-O films: Capacitance enhancement. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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