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Liu Y, Chen C, Liang T, Wang Y, Zhao R, Li G, Bai C, Wu Y, Yu F, Sheng L, Zhang R, Zhao Y. In vitro long-term antibacterial performance and mechanism of Zn-doped micro-arc oxidation coatings. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 233:113634. [PMID: 37956591 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings containing 2.86 wt%, 5.83 wt% and 8.81 wt% Zn (Zn-2.86 wt%, Zn-5.83 wt% and Zn-8.81 wt%) were separately fabricated on Ti6Al4V alloys using EDTA-ZnNa2 electrolytes. In vitro antibacterial examination exhibits that the antibacterial rates of Zn-2.86 wt%, Zn-5.83 wt% and Zn-8.81 wt% against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are 76.0 %, 100.0 % and 99.2 %, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level of MAO samples is significantly higher than that of the untreated Ti6Al4V. Zn-containing coatings especially Zn-5.83 wt% induces the strongest oxidative stress on S. aureus due to relatively high released Zn2+ concentration. Moreover, qPCR analysis shows that MAO samples inhibit the icaADBC transcription and result in the down-regulation of PIA production, thereby mitigating biofilm formation. After immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 3, 8 and 14 d, the antibacterial rate of Zn-5.83 wt% is 84.7 %, 63.2 % and 12.5 % respectively, and ROS level of MAO samples is also significantly higher than that of the untreated Ti6Al4V even after 14 d of immersion, suggesting that the antibacterial performance of MAO samples can last a relatively long immersion period and exhibit large application potential in orthopedic clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Changtian Chen
- School of Materials and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Materials and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Rongfang Zhao
- School of Materials and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- School of Materials and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Chunguang Bai
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yuxi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling (Anhui University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Maanshan 243002, China
| | - Fanglei Yu
- Zhejiang Canwell Medical Co., Ltd, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Liyuan Sheng
- Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Rongfa Zhang
- School of Materials and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Ying Zhao
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Wen X, Liu Y, Xi F, Zhang X, Kang Y. Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and its potential for improving the performance of titanium implants in biomedical applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1282590. [PMID: 38026886 PMCID: PMC10662315 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1282590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys have good biocompatibility, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, making them attractive for biomedical applications. However, their biological inertness and lack of antimicrobial properties may compromise the success of implants. In this review, the potential of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology to create bioactive coatings on Ti implants is discussed. The review covers the following aspects: 1) different factors, such as electrolyte, voltage and current, affect the properties of MAO coatings; 2) MAO coatings affect biocompatibility, including cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, angiogenic activity, corrosion resistance, osteogenic activity and osseointegration; 3) antibacterial properties can be achieved by adding copper (Cu), silver (Ag), zinc (Zn) and other elements to achieve antimicrobial properties; and 4) MAO can be combined with other physical and chemical techniques to enhance the performance of MAO coatings. It is concluded that MAO coatings offer new opportunities for improving the use of Ti and its alloys in biomedical applications, and some suggestions for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Wen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Fangquan Xi
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xingwan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Kang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
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Kozelskaya AI, Verzunova KN, Akimchenko IO, Frueh J, Petrov VI, Slepchenko GB, Bakina OV, Lerner MI, Brizhan LK, Davydov DV, Kerimov AA, Cherempey EG, Krylov SE, Rutkowski S, Tverdokhlebov SI. Antibacterial Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Biomedical Applications Fabricated via Micro-Arc Oxidation. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:444. [PMID: 37754195 PMCID: PMC10526763 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8050444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising method for improving the functional properties of calcium-phosphate coatings is the incorporation of various antibacterial additives into their structure. The microbial contamination of a superficial wound is inevitable, even if the rules of asepsis and antisepsis are optimally applied. One of the main problems is that bacteria often become resistant to antibiotics over time. However, this does not apply to certain elements, chemical compounds and drugs with antimicrobial properties. In this study, the fabrication and properties of zinc-containing calcium-phosphate coatings that were formed via micro-arc oxidation from three different electrolyte solutions are investigated. The first electrolyte is based on calcium oxide, the second on hydroxyapatite and the third on calcium acetate. By adding zinc oxide to the three electrolyte solutions, antibacterial properties of the coatings are achieved. Although the same amount of zinc oxide has been added to each electrolyte solution, the zinc concentration in the coatings obtained vary greatly. Furthermore, this study investigates the morphology, structure and chemical composition of the coatings. The antibacterial properties of the zinc-containing coatings were tested toward three strains of bacteria-Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Coatings of calcium acetate and zinc oxide contained the highest amount of zinc and displayed the highest zinc release. Moreover, coatings containing hydroxyapatite and zinc oxide show the highest antibacterial activity toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and coatings containing calcium acetate and zinc oxide show the highest antibacterial activities toward Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I. Kozelskaya
- Weinberg Research Center, School of Nuclear Science &Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.N.V.); (I.O.A.); (J.F.); (G.B.S.)
| | - Ksenia N. Verzunova
- Weinberg Research Center, School of Nuclear Science &Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.N.V.); (I.O.A.); (J.F.); (G.B.S.)
| | - Igor O. Akimchenko
- Weinberg Research Center, School of Nuclear Science &Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.N.V.); (I.O.A.); (J.F.); (G.B.S.)
| | - Johannes Frueh
- Weinberg Research Center, School of Nuclear Science &Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.N.V.); (I.O.A.); (J.F.); (G.B.S.)
| | - Vsevolod I. Petrov
- Tomsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10/4, Akademicheskii Prospekt, 634055 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Galina B. Slepchenko
- Weinberg Research Center, School of Nuclear Science &Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.N.V.); (I.O.A.); (J.F.); (G.B.S.)
| | - Olga V. Bakina
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2/4, Akademicheskii Prospekt, 634055 Tomsk, Russia; (O.V.B.); (M.I.L.)
| | - Marat I. Lerner
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2/4, Akademicheskii Prospekt, 634055 Tomsk, Russia; (O.V.B.); (M.I.L.)
| | - Leonid K. Brizhan
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Main Military Clinical Hospital Named after Academician N.N. Burdenko» of the Ministry of defense of the Russian Federation», 3 Gospitalnaya Square, 105299 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.B.); (D.V.D.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Denis V. Davydov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Main Military Clinical Hospital Named after Academician N.N. Burdenko» of the Ministry of defense of the Russian Federation», 3 Gospitalnaya Square, 105299 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.B.); (D.V.D.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Artur A. Kerimov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Main Military Clinical Hospital Named after Academician N.N. Burdenko» of the Ministry of defense of the Russian Federation», 3 Gospitalnaya Square, 105299 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.B.); (D.V.D.); (A.A.K.)
| | | | - Sergey E. Krylov
- BITECA LLC, 9 Zapadnaya Street, Building 10, 143002 Odintsovo, Russia;
| | - Sven Rutkowski
- Weinberg Research Center, School of Nuclear Science &Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.N.V.); (I.O.A.); (J.F.); (G.B.S.)
- Tomsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10/4, Akademicheskii Prospekt, 634055 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Sergei I. Tverdokhlebov
- Weinberg Research Center, School of Nuclear Science &Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.N.V.); (I.O.A.); (J.F.); (G.B.S.)
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UMAOH Calcium Phosphate Coatings Designed for Drug Delivery: Vancomycin, 5-Fluorouracil, Interferon α-2b Case. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134643. [PMID: 35806777 PMCID: PMC9267872 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems based on calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings have been recently recognized as beneficial drug delivery systems in complex cases of bone diseases for admission of drugs in the localized area, simultaneously inducing osteoinduction because of the bioavailable Ca and P ions. However, micro-arc oxidation (MAO) deposition of CaP does not allow for the formation of a coating with sufficient interconnected porosity for drug delivery purposes. Here, we report on the method to deposit CaP-based coatings using a new hybrid ultrasound-assisted MAO (UMAOH) method for deposition of coatings for drug delivery that could carry various types of drugs, such as cytostatic, antibacterial, or immunomodulatory compositions. Application of UMAOH resulted in coatings with an Ra roughness equal to 3.5 µm, a thickness of 50–55 µm, and a combination of high values of internal and surface porosity, 39 and 28%, respectively. The coating is represented by the monetite phase that is distributed in the matrix of amorphous CaP. Optimal conditions of coating deposition have been determined and used for drug delivery by impregnation with Vancomycin, 5-Fluorouracil, and Interferon-α-2b. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of the manufactured drug-carrying coatings have been studied using the three different cell lines and methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
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Wang LJ, Ni XH, Zhang F, Peng Z, Yu FX, Zhang LB, Li B, Jiao Y, Li YK, Yang B, Zhu XY, Zhao QM. Osteoblast Response to Copper-Doped Microporous Coatings on Titanium for Improved Bone Integration. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:146. [PMID: 34542720 PMCID: PMC8452820 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to their excellent mechanical properties and good biocompatibility, titanium alloys have become a popular research topic in the field of medical metal implants. However, the surface of the titanium alloy does not exhibit biological activity, which may cause poor integration between the interface of the titanium implant and the interface of the bone tissue and subsequently may cause the implant to fall off. Therefore, surface biological inertness is one of the problems that titanium alloys must overcome to become an ideal orthopedic implant material. Surface modification can improve the biological properties of titanium, thereby enhancing its osseointegration effect. Copper is an essential trace element for the human body, can promote bone formation and plays an important role in maintaining the physiological structure and function of bone and bone growth and development. In this study, a microporous copper-titanium dioxide coating was prepared on the surface of titanium by microarc oxidation. Based on the evaluation of its surface characteristics, the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells were observed. A titanium rod was implanted into the rabbit femoral condyle, and the integration of the coating and bone tissue was evaluated. Our research results show that the microporous copper-titanium dioxide coating has a nearly three-dimensional porous structure, and copper is incorporated into the coating without changing the structure of the coating. In vitro experiments found that the coating can promote the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. In vivo experiments further confirmed that the titanium copper-titanium dioxide microporous coating can promote the osseointegration of titanium implants. In conclusion, copper-titanium dioxide microporous coatings can be prepared by microarc oxidation, which can improve the biological activity and biocompatibility of titanium, promote new bone formation and demonstrate good osteoinductive properties. Therefore, the use of this coating in orthopedics has potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Jie Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huai'an People's Hospital of Hongze District, Huai'an, 223100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, Dafeng People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huai'an People's Hospital of Hongze District, Huai'an, 223100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Fu-Xun Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Lei-Bing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Dafeng People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Kun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Dafeng People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Dafeng People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan-Ming Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Dafeng People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224100, Jiangsu, China.
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Zn-Doped CaP-Based Coatings on Ti–6Al–4V and Ti–6Al–7Nb Alloys Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering: Controllable Biodegradation, Bacteriostatic, and Osteogenic Activities. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
New TiNb-based alloys, such as Ti–6Al–7Nb, are currently being studied around the world as an alternative to other Ti alloys, e.g., instead of Ti–6Al–4V. We conducted a pilot study where thin (approximately 1.2 micron) CaP coatings containing low doses of Zn2+ (0.4–0.8 wt.%) were prepared by the radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RFMS) of Zn-hydroxyapatite (HA) target on Ti–6Al–4V and Ti–6Al–7Nb substrates and investigated their physicochemical properties, in vitro solubility, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial and osteogenic activities. The thickness of the obtained coatings was approximately 1.2–1.3 microns. Zn substitution did not result in roughness or structural or surface changes in the amorphous CaP coatings. The distributions of Ca, P, and Zn were homogeneous across the film thickness as shown by the EDX mapping of these elements. Zn doping of CaP coatings on both types of Ti-based alloys statistically influenced the results of the scratch-test. However, obtained values are satisfactory to use Zn-CaP coatings on biomedical implants. Increased Zn2+ release vs. tapered output of Ca and phosphate ions occurred during 5 weeks of an in vitro immersion test in 0.9% NaCl solution. Ti–6Al–7Nb alloy, unlike Ti–6Al–4V, promoted more linear biodegradation of CaP coatings in vitro. As a result, CaP-based surfaces on Ti–6Al–7Nb, compared with on Ti–6Al–4V alloy, augmented the total areas of Alizarin red staining in a 21-day culture of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a statistically significant manner. Moreover, Zn–CaP coatings statistically reduced leukemic Jurkat T cell survival within 48 h of in vitro culture. Along with the higher solubility of the Zn–CaP surface, a greater reduction (4- to 5.5-fold) in Staphylococcus aureus growth was observed in vitro when 7-day extracts of the coatings were added into the microbial culture. Hence, Zn–CaP-coated Ti–6Al–7Nb alloy with controllable biodegradation as prepared by RFMS is a prospective material suitable for bone applications in cases where there is a risk of bacterial contamination with severe consequences, for example, in leukemic patients. Further research is needed to closely investigate the mechanical features and pathways of their solubility and antimicrobial, antitumor, and osteogenic activities.
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Sharkeev YP, Komarova EG, Chebodaeva VV, Sedelnikova MB, Zakharenko AM, Golokhvast KS, Litvinova LS, Khaziakhmatova OG, Malashchenko VV, Yurova KA, Gazatova ND, Kozlov IG, Khlusova MY, Zaitsev KV, Khlusov IA. Amorphous-Crystalline Calcium Phosphate Coating Promotes In Vitro Growth of Tumor-Derived Jurkat T Cells Activated by Anti-CD2/CD3/CD28 Antibodies. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3693. [PMID: 34279263 PMCID: PMC8269898 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A modern trend in traumatology, orthopedics, and implantology is the development of materials and coatings with an amorphous-crystalline structure that exhibits excellent biocopatibility. The structure and physico-chemical and biological properties of calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings deposited on Ti plates using the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) method under different voltages (200, 250, and 300 V) were studied. Amorphous, nanocrystalline, and microcrystalline statesof CaHPO4 and β-Ca2P2O7 were observed in the coatings using TEM and XRD. The increase in MAO voltage resulted in augmentation of the surface roughness Ra from 2.5 to 6.5 µm, mass from 10 to 25 mg, thickness from 50 to 105 µm, and Ca/P ratio from 0.3 to 0.6. The electrical potential (EP) of the CaP coatings changed from -456 to -535 mV, while the zeta potential (ZP) decreased from -53 to -40 mV following an increase in the values of the MAO voltage. Numerous correlations of physical and chemical indices of CaP coatings were estimated. A decrease in the ZP magnitudes of CaP coatings deposited at 200-250 V was strongly associated with elevated hTERT expression in tumor-derived Jurkat T cells preliminarily activated with anti-CD2/CD3/CD28 antibodies and then contacted in vitro with CaP-coated samples for 14 days. In turn, in vitro survival of CD4+ subsets was enhanced, with proinflammatory cytokine secretion of activated Jurkat T cells. Thus, the applied MAO voltage allowed the regulation of the physicochemical properties of amorphous-crystalline CaP-coatings on Ti substrates to a certain extent. This method may be used as a technological mechanism to trigger the behavior of cells through contact with micro-arc CaP coatings. The possible role of negative ZP and Ca2+ as effectors of the biological effects of amorphous-crystalline CaP coatings is discussed. Micro-arc CaP coatings should be carefully tested to determine their suitability for use in patients with chronic lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurii P Sharkeev
- Laboratory of Physics of Nanostructured Biocomposites, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
- Research School of High-Energy Physics, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina G Komarova
- Laboratory of Physics of Nanostructured Biocomposites, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Valentina V Chebodaeva
- Laboratory of Physics of Nanostructured Biocomposites, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Mariya B Sedelnikova
- Laboratory of Physics of Nanostructured Biocomposites, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Kirill S Golokhvast
- School of Engineering, Far Eastern Federal University, 690090 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Larisa S Litvinova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236029 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Olga G Khaziakhmatova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236029 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Malashchenko
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236029 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Kristina A Yurova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236029 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Natalia D Gazatova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236029 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Ivan G Kozlov
- Department of Organization and Management in the Sphere of Circulation of Medicines, Institute of Postgraduate Education, I.M. Sechenov Federal State Autonomous Educational University of Higher Education-First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Y Khlusova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Zaitsev
- Siberian Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency, 636070 Seversk, Russia
| | - Igor A Khlusov
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236029 Kaliningrad, Russia
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Morphology and General Pathology, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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