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Shashoua Y, Peydaei A, Mortensen MN, Kanstrup AB, Gregory DJ. Physio-chemical degradation of single-use plastics in natural weather and marine environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124414. [PMID: 38908677 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has reached concerning levels globally, with single-use plastic products (SUPs) comprising at least 50% of plastic waste. This study investigates the physical and chemical degradation of frequently used SUPs, including petroleum-based and bio-based plastics, in natural Northern European coastal weather and marine environments over a three-year period from 2019 to 2022. Addressing a critical knowledge gap, this research was based on a hypothesis that real-world ageing studies on SUPs would produce more accurate time- and process-lines for their transformation from macro-to microplastics than are available today based on the modeling studies more frequently used. The study employs optical examination, mechanical testing, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine and relate physical and chemical changes with time. The results indicate that SUPs undergo significantly faster degradation in natural weather than predicted to date. Photooxidation emerges as the primary degradation pathway for all SUPs, emphasizing the role of light in plastic breakdown. Importantly, physical degradation to microplastics in natural environments is not always associated with significant chemical changes such as breaking chemical bonds. Black SUPs exhibit greater resistance to visible light and ultraviolet radiation than equivalent white and transparent examples. In marine environments, SUPs degrade measurably slower than in air, their degradation slowing with increasing distance from the water surface. Our findings indicate the urgent need for strategies that mitigate the impacts of photo-oxidation of SUPs. Such strategies may include a focus on the removal of post-use SUPs from pavements, roads, beaches, and water surfaces where photo-oxidation is faster than underwater and underground. Preferential use of black SUPs over white or transparent should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Shashoua
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, IC Modewegsvej-Brede, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Asal Peydaei
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, IC Modewegsvej-Brede, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
| | - Martin N Mortensen
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, IC Modewegsvej-Brede, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Anders B Kanstrup
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, IC Modewegsvej-Brede, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - David J Gregory
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, IC Modewegsvej-Brede, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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2
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Dikpati A, Maio VDP, Ates E, Greffard K, Bertrand N. Studying the stability of polymer nanoparticles by size exclusion chromatography of radioactive polymers. J Control Release 2024; 369:394-403. [PMID: 38556217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The properties of nanomedicines will influence how they can deliver drugs to patients reproducibly and effectively. For conventional pharmaceutical products, Chemistry, Manufacturing and Control (CMC) documents require monitoring stability and storage conditions. For nanomedicines, studying these important considerations is hindered by a lack of appropriate methods. In this paper, we show how combining radiolabelling with size exclusion chromatography, using a method called SERP (for Size Exclusion of Radioactive Polymers), can inform on the in vitro degradation of polymer nanoparticles. Using nanoparticles composed of biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), we show that SERP is more sensitive than dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) to detect degradation. We also demonstrate that the properties of the polymer composition and the nature of the aqueous buffer affect nanoparticle degradation. Importantly, we show that minute changes in stability that cannot be detected by DLS and NTA impact the pharmacokinetic of nanoparticles injected in vivo. We believe that SERP might prove a valuable method to document and understand the pharmaceutical quality of polymer nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Dikpati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Blvd, Québec City G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Vanessa Dos Passos Maio
- Faculty of Pharmacy, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Blvd, Québec City G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Ece Ates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Blvd, Québec City G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Karine Greffard
- Faculty of Pharmacy, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Blvd, Québec City G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bertrand
- Faculty of Pharmacy, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Blvd, Québec City G1V 4G2, Canada.
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3
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Maraveas C, Kyrtopoulos IV, Arvanitis KG, Bartzanas T. The Aging of Polymers under Electromagnetic Radiation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:689. [PMID: 38475374 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials degrade as they react with environmental conditions such as temperature, light, and humidity. Electromagnetic radiation from the Sun's ultraviolet rays weakens the mechanical properties of polymers, causing them to degrade. This study examined the phenomenon of polymer aging due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The study examined three specific objectives, including the key theories explaining ultraviolet (UV) radiation's impact on polymer decomposition, the underlying testing procedures for determining the aging properties of polymeric materials, and appraising the current technical methods for enhancing the UV resistance of polymers. The study utilized a literature review methodology to understand the aging effect of electromagnetic radiation on polymers. Thus, the study concluded that using additives and UV absorbers on polymers and polymer composites can elongate the lifespan of polymers by shielding them from the aging effects of UV radiation. The findings from the study suggest that thermal conditions contribute to polymer degradation by breaking down their physical and chemical bonds. Thermal oxidative environments accelerate aging due to the presence of UV radiation and temperatures that foster a quicker degradation of plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthos Maraveas
- Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vasileios Kyrtopoulos
- Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos G Arvanitis
- Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Bartzanas
- Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
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4
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Zhang Z, Shen G, Li R, Yuan L, Feng H, Chen X, Qiu F, Yuan G, Zhuang X. Long-Service-Life Rigid Polyurethane Foam Fillings for Spent Fuel Transportation Casks. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:229. [PMID: 38257028 PMCID: PMC10819990 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Soft materials bearing rigid, lightweight, and vibration-dampening properties offer distinct advantages over traditional wooden and metal-based fillings for spent fuel transport casks, due to their low density, tunable structure, excellent mechanical properties, and ease of processing. In this study, a novel type of rigid polyurethane foam is prepared using a conventional polycondensation reaction between isocyanate and hydroxy groups. Moreover, the density and size of the pores in these foams are precisely controlled through simultaneous gas generation. The as-prepared polyurethane exhibits high thermal stability exceeding 185 °C. Lifetime predictions based on thermal testing indicate that these polyurethane foams could last up to over 60 years, which is double the lifetime of conventional materials of about 30 years. Due to their occlusive structure, the mechanical properties of these polymeric materials meet the design standards for spent fuel transport casks, with maximum compression and tensile stresses of 6.89 and 1.37 MPa, respectively, at a testing temperature of -40 °C. In addition, these polymers exhibit effective flame retardancy; combustion ceased within 2 s after removal of the ignition source. All in all, this study provides a simple strategy for preparing rigid polymeric foams, presenting them as promising prospects for application in spent fuel transport casks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming & State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd., 169 Tianlin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200030, China; (G.S.); (R.L.); (H.F.); (X.C.)
| | - Guangyao Shen
- Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd., 169 Tianlin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200030, China; (G.S.); (R.L.); (H.F.); (X.C.)
| | - Rongbo Li
- Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd., 169 Tianlin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200030, China; (G.S.); (R.L.); (H.F.); (X.C.)
| | - Lei Yuan
- The Meso-Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Hongfu Feng
- Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd., 169 Tianlin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200030, China; (G.S.); (R.L.); (H.F.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiuming Chen
- Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd., 169 Tianlin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200030, China; (G.S.); (R.L.); (H.F.); (X.C.)
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Guangyin Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming & State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- The Meso-Entropy Matter Lab, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China;
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Oudir M, Ait Mesbah Z, Lerari D, Issad N, Djenane D. Development of Eco-Friendly Biocomposite Films Based on Opuntia ficus-indica Cladodes Powder Blended with Gum Arabic and Xanthan Envisaging Food Packaging Applications. Foods 2023; 13:78. [PMID: 38201106 PMCID: PMC10778558 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, food packaging is facing a critical transition period and a major challenge: it must preserve the food products' quality and, at the same time, it must meet the current requirements of the circular economy and the fundamental principles of packaging materials eco-design. Our research presents the development of eco-friendly packaging films based on Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes (OFIC) as renewable resources. OFIC powder (OFICP)-agar, OFICP-agar-gum arabic (GA), and OFICP-agar-xanthan (XG) blend films were eco-friendlily prepared by a solution casting method. The films' properties were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Water solubility and moisture content were also determined. Morphology, thickness, molecular interactions, miscibility, crystallinity, and thermal properties, were affected by adjusting the gums (GA and XG) content and glycerol in the blend films. Moisture content increased with increasing glycerol and XG content, and when 1.5 g of GA was added. Water solubility decreased when glycerol was added at 50% and increased with increasing GA and XG content. FTIR and XRD confirmed strong intermolecular interactions between the different blend film compounds, which were reflected in the shifting, appearance, and disappearance of FTIR bands and XRD peaks, indicating excellent miscibility. DSC results revealed a glass transition temperature (Tg) below room temperature for all prepared blend films, indicating that they are flexible and soft at room temperature. The results corroborated that the addition of glycerol at 30% and the GA to the OFICP increased the stability of the film, making it ideal for different food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malha Oudir
- Higher School of Food Science and Agri-Food Industry, ESSAIA, Avenue Ahmed Hamidouche Route de Beaulieu, El Harrach, Alger 16200, Algeria; (M.O.); (N.I.)
- Fundamental and Applied Physics Laboratory, FUNDAPL, Faculty of Science, University of Blida 1, P.O. Box 270, Route de Soumâa, Blida 09000, Algeria;
| | - Zohra Ait Mesbah
- Fundamental and Applied Physics Laboratory, FUNDAPL, Faculty of Science, University of Blida 1, P.O. Box 270, Route de Soumâa, Blida 09000, Algeria;
| | - Djahida Lerari
- Center for Scientific and Technical Research in Physical and Chemical Analysis, CRAPC, Zone Industrielle Bou-Ismaïl, P.O. Box 384, Tipaza 42004, Algeria;
| | - Nadia Issad
- Higher School of Food Science and Agri-Food Industry, ESSAIA, Avenue Ahmed Hamidouche Route de Beaulieu, El Harrach, Alger 16200, Algeria; (M.O.); (N.I.)
| | - Djamel Djenane
- Laboratory of Food Quality and Food Safety, Mouloud Mammeri University, P.O. Box 17, Tizi Ouzou 15000, Algeria
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Jain T, Tantisuwanno C, Paul A, Takmakov P, Joy A, Isayeva I, Simon DD. Accelerated in vitro oxidative degradation testing of polypropylene surgical mesh. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:2064-2076. [PMID: 37596906 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) surgical mesh had reasonable success in repair of hernia and treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI); however, their use for the repair of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) resulted in highly variable results with lifelong complications in some patients. One of several factors that could be associated with mesh-related POP complications is changes in the properties of the implanted surgical mesh due to oxidative degradation of PP in vivo. Currently, there are no standardized in vitro bench testing methods available for assessing the susceptibility to oxidative degradation and estimating long-term in vivo stability of surgical mesh. In this work, we adapted a previously reported automated reactive accelerated aging (aRAA) system, which uses elevated temperatures and high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), for accelerated bench-top oxidative degradation testing of PP surgical mesh. Since H2 O2 is highly unstable at elevated temperatures and for prolonged periods, the aRAA system involves a feedback loop based on electrochemical detection methods to maintain consistent H2 O2 concentration in test solutions. Four PP mesh samples with varying mesh knit designs, filament diameter, weight, and % porosity, were selected for testing using aRAA up to 4 weeks and characterized using thermal analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the oxidation index (OI) values were calculated based on the FTIR-ATR spectra to estimate the oxidative degradation and oxidation reaction kinetics of PP surgical mesh. The OI values and surface damage in the form of surface flaking, peeling, and formation of transverse cracks increased with aRAA aging time. The aRAA test method introduced here could be used to standardize the assessment of long-term stability of surgical mesh and may also be adopted for accelerated oxidative degradation testing of other polymer-based medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Jain
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Arindam Paul
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Pavel Takmakov
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Abraham Joy
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Irada Isayeva
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - David D Simon
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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7
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Sundera Murthe S, Sreekantan S, Mydin RBSMN, Vasudevan M, Appaturi JN. Shelf-life, bioburden, water and oxygen permeability studies of laser welded SEBS/PP blended polymer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14379. [PMID: 37658068 PMCID: PMC10474096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common material used for blood bags is PVC, which requires the addition of DEHP to increase its flexibility. DEHP is known to cross the polymer barrier and move into the stored blood and, ultimately, the patient's bloodstream. In this work, an alternative prototype composed of SEBS/PP was fabricated through blow-moulding and compared with the commercially available PVC-based blood bag which was designated as the control. The blow-moulded sample layers were welded together using CO2 lasers and optimized to obtain complete sealing of the sides. The samples' performance characteristics were analyzed using water permeability, oxygen permeability, shelf-life, and bioburden tests. The SEBS/PP sample exhibited the highest oxygen permeability rate of 1486.6 cc/m2/24 h after 40 days of ageing, indicating that the sample is conducive for red blood cell (RBC) respiration. On the other hand, the SEBS/PP sample showcased a lower water permeability rate of 0.098 g/h m2 after 40 days of aging, indicating a high-water barrier property and thus preventing water loss during storage. In comparison, the oxygen and water permeability rates of PVC-DEHP were found to be distinctly lower in performance (662.7 cc/m2/24 h and 0.221 g/h m2, respectively). In addition, shelf-life analyses revealed that after 40 days of ageing, polymer samples exhibited no visual damage or degradation. The optimal parameters to obtain adequate welding of the SEBS/PP were determined to be power of 60% (18 W), speed of 70 in/sec and 500 Pulse Per Inch (PPI). Furthermore, the bioburden estimates of SEBS/PP of 115 CFU are markedly lower compared to the bioburden estimate of PVC-DEHP of 213 CFU. The SEBS/PP prototype can potentially be an effective alternative to PVC-based blood bags, particularly for high-risk patients in order to reduce the likelihood of medical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satisvar Sundera Murthe
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Srimala Sreekantan
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
- De Eco SR Hygiene, Science and Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Rabiatul Basria S M N Mydin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mugashini Vasudevan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Jimmy Nelson Appaturi
- De Eco SR Hygiene, Science and Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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8
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Tawagi E, Ung T, Cheng HLM, Santerre JP. Arrhenius-model-based degradable oligourethane hydrogels for controlled growth factor release. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:167-186. [PMID: 37207744 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable hydrogels are growing in demand to enable the delivery of biomolecules (e.g. growth factors) for regenerative medicine. This research investigated the resorption of an oligourethane/polyacrylic acid hydrogel, a biodegradable hydrogel which supports tissue regeneration. The Arrhenius model was used to characterize the resorption of the polymeric gels in relevant in vitro conditions, and the Flory-Rehner equation was used to correlate the volumetric swelling ratio with the extent of degradation. The study found that the swelling rate of the hydrogel follows the Arrhenius model at elevated temperatures, estimating degradation time in saline solution at 37°C to be between 5 and 13 months, serving as a preliminary approximation of degradation in vivo. The degradation products had low cytotoxicity towards endothelial cells, and the hydrogel supported stromal cell proliferation. Additionally, the hydrogels were able to release growth factors and maintain the biomolecules' bioactivity towards cell proliferation. The study of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release from the hydrogel used a diffusion process model, showing that the electrostatic attraction between VEGF and the anionic hydrogel allowed for controlled and sustained VEGF release over three weeks. In a rat subcutaneous implant model, a selected hydrogel with desired degradation rates exhibited minimal foreign body response and supported M2a macrophage phenotype, and vascularization. The low M1 and high M2a macrophage phenotypes within the implants were associated with tissue integration. This research supports the use of oligourethane/polyacrylic acid hydrogels as a promising material for delivering growth factors and supporting tissue regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: There is a need for degradable elastomeric hydrogels that can support the formation of soft tissues and minimize long-term foreign body responses. An Arrhenius model was used to estimate the relative breakdown of hydrogels, in-vitro. The results demonstrate that hydrogels made from a combination of poly(acrylic acid) and oligo-urethane diacrylates can be designed to resorb over defined periods ranging from months to years depending on the chemical formulation prescribed by the model. The hydrogel formulations also provided for different release profiles of growth factors, relevant to tissue regeneration. In-vivo, these hydrogels had minimal inflammatory effects and showed evidence of integration into the surrounding tissue. The hydrogel approach can help the field design a broader range of biomaterials for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tawagi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, 14th Floor, Room 1435, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada; Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor Ung
- Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hai-Ling Margaret Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, 14th Floor, Room 1435, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada; Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, 14th Floor, Room 1435, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada; Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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9
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Tian R, Li K, Lin Y, Lu C, Duan X. Characterization Techniques of Polymer Aging: From Beginning to End. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3007-3088. [PMID: 36802560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymers have been widely applied in various fields in the daily routines and the manufacturing. Despite the awareness of the aggressive and inevitable aging for the polymers, it still remains a challenge to choose an appropriate characterization strategy for evaluating the aging behaviors. The difficulties lie in the fact that the polymer features from the different aging stages require different characterization methods. In this review, we present an overview of the characterization strategies preferable for the initial, accelerated, and late stages during polymer aging. The optimum strategies have been discussed to characterize the generation of radicals, variation of functional groups, substantial chain scission, formation of low-molecular products, and deterioration in the polymers' macro-performances. In view of the advantages and the limitations of these characterization techniques, their utilization in a strategic approach is considered. In addition, we highlight the structure-property relationship for the aged polymers and provide available guidance for lifetime prediction. This review could allow the readers to be knowledgeable of the features for the polymers in the different aging stages and provide access to choose the optimum characterization techniques. We believe that this review will attract the communities dedicated to materials science and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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10
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Yun J, Zolfaghari A, Singh V. New methodology to predict operational limit of
hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber
packer element for downhole application in energy industry. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jushik Yun
- Houston Enabling Technology Group, 3MT SLB Sugar Land Texas USA
| | | | - Viraj Singh
- Houston Enabling Technology Group, 3MT SLB Sugar Land Texas USA
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11
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Cheng K, Shang L, Li H, Peng B, Li Z. A novel degradable sealing material for the preparation of dissolvable packer rubber barrel. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2023.2180389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Greenhouse Gas Storage and CO2-EOR, Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Leiwang Shang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Greenhouse Gas Storage and CO2-EOR, Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Greenhouse Gas Storage and CO2-EOR, Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Zaifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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12
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Investigation of thermo-oxidative aging of silicone-based adhesives: substantiating separability between environmental and mechanical damages. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Zaharescu T. Synergistic effect of silica nanoparticles assisted by rosemary powder in the stabilization of styrene-isoprene-styrene triblock copolymer. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Simon A, Pepin J, Berthier D, Méo S. Degradation mechanism of FKM during thermo-oxidative aging from mechanical and network structure correlations. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Storage Life Prediction of Rubber Products Based on Step Stress Accelerated Aging and Intelligent Algorithm. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010157. [PMID: 36616506 PMCID: PMC9823469 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with the constant stress accelerated aging test, the step stress accelerated aging test reduces the accelerated aging test time by increasing the aging temperature step by step to obtain the aging failure life of rubber in a shorter time, but its data processing method is not mature enough. In this paper, a simplified step is proposed to process the step stress accelerated aging data. The identification of the acceleration factor is transformed into an optimization problem to avoid the error accumulation problem caused by fitting the data at each temperature. Considering the non-Arrhenius phenomenon in the rubber aging process, a modified Arrhenius equation was used to extrapolate the acceleration factor at low temperatures to calculate the prediction curves for the degradation of polyurethane rubber properties at low temperatures. The life prediction results of the constant stress accelerated aging test and step stress accelerated aging test were compared, and the dispersion coefficient between the two results was between 0.9 and 1. The results obtained by the two methods were in good agreement, which proved the correctness and feasibility of the method used in this paper.
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16
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Investigation of Erosion/Corrosion Behavior of GRP under Harsh Operating Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245388. [PMID: 36559755 PMCID: PMC9781360 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glass-fiber-reinforced pipe (GRP) is a strong alternative to many other materials, such as cast iron and concrete. It is characterized by high corrosion resistance, resulting in good erosion/corrosion. For the erosion/corrosion test, commercially available GRPs were used, which are frequently utilized for oil field wastewater in harsh environments. This type of GRP material was subjected to simulated conditions replicating in situ or harsh environments. An extensive experiment was conducted. Three quantities of abrasive sand (250 g, 400 g and 500 g with a size of 65 µm) were mixed with 0.015 m3 of water. The abrasive sand samples were taken at a 90 degree angle from the wall of the cylinder tubes. Three flow rate conditions were selected, 0.01 m3/min, 0.0067 m3/min and 0.01 m3/min, with 10 wt.% chlorine. Furthermore, these tests were conducted at five different times: 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h and 5 h. The results show that the erosion rate increased both with an increasing amount of abrasive sand and with increasing flow rate. The maximum value for the erosion rate was more than three for a flow rate of 0.015 m3 with chlorine for 500 g of sand. The corrosion rate also showed the same trend, with the maximum corrosion rate being reached under the same conditions. It was found that the corrosion rate largely depends on the amount of weight loss, which is an indicator of the erosion effect. Therefore, GFRP provides better erosion/corrosion resistance in a harsh environment or in situ conditions.
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17
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de Souza EL, de Sousa Zanzi M, de Paiva KV, Oliveira JLG, de Oliveira Barra GM, Dutra GB. Thermo‐oxidative aging of acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber gaskets with real geometry used in plate heat exchangers. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Luiz de Souza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Mateus de Sousa Zanzi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Kleber Vieira de Paiva
- Department of Mobility Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Joinville Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Jorge Luiz Goes Oliveira
- Department of Mobility Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Joinville Santa Catarina Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Benedet Dutra
- Department of Mobility Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Joinville Santa Catarina Brazil
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18
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Effect of Accelerated Aging on Bamboo Fiber Lunch Box and Correlation with Soil Burial Degradation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194220. [PMID: 36236167 PMCID: PMC9571484 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the mechanical property decay that might occur during actual use and soil burial degradation of bamboo fiber lunch boxes. For this, the effects of three accelerated aging methods, namely damp–heat treatment, freeze–thaw cycle, and artificial weathering cycle, on the tensile strength, dynamic viscoelasticity, and chemical composition of bamboo fiber lunch boxes were compared, and a correlation of their mechanical property decay with soil burial degradation was established to obtain an acceleration factor (SAF) with aging time as a reference. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the bamboo fiber lunch box decreased to different degrees under the three accelerated methods, and the tensile strength decreased to less than 50% after 36 h of damp–heat treatment, 5 freeze–thaw cycles, and 11 artificial weathering cycles. However, after 10 days, the mechanical property of lunch box in soil degradation decreased by more than 50%. Infrared spectroscopy demonstrated rapid hemicellulose degradation during damp–heat treatment and freeze–thaw cycle, as well as a minor quantity of lignin, and a significant amount of lignin under artificial weathering cycle. With the freeze–thaw cycle and the artificial weathering cycle, the relative crystallinity dropped quickly, by 32.3% and 21.5%, respectively, but under damp–heat treatment, the crystallinity dropped barely, by 43.5%. The damage caused by the freeze–thaw cycle to the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber lunch boxes was greater than that by the damp–heat treatment and artificial weathering cycle. The fluctuation of SAF under freeze–thaw cycle was also more drastic. Compared to the artificial weathering cycle, the damp–heat treatment was more stable and reliable in predicting the decay law of soil burial degradation tensile strength of bamboo fiber lunch boxes.
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19
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Natural Aging Life Prediction of Rubber Products Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm to Identify Acceleration Factor. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173439. [PMID: 36080513 PMCID: PMC9460445 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to predict the natural aging life of 8016 ethylene propylene rubber accurately and quickly. Based on the time-temperature equivalent superposition principle, the artificial bee colony algorithm was introduced to calculate the acceleration factor of the accelerated aging test, and the calculation of the acceleration factor was considered an optimization problem, which avoided the error superposition problem caused by data fitting at each temperature. Based on the traditional Arrhenius equation, a power exponential factor was introduced to consider the non-Arrhenius phenomenon during the rubber aging process. Finally, the aging prediction curve of 8106 ethylene propylene rubber at 25 °C was obtained. The prediction results show that the artificial bee colony algorithm can quickly and accurately identify the acceleration factor of the accelerated aging test. The dispersion coefficients between the predicted and measured results of the improved and traditional Arrhenius equations are 1.0351 and 1.6653, respectively, which indicates that the improved Arrhenius equation is more advantageous in predicting the long-term aging process of rubber products.
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20
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Cichosz S, Masek A, Piotrowska M. Characterization of the UV-aging and antimicrobial resistance of cellulose / ethylene-norbornene composites. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 289:119459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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21
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Wu J, Li M, Cao Y, He J, Xue M, Zhu A, Huang Y, Xu Y, Zeng B, Dai L. Preparation of p‐fluoroaniline modified graphene oxide composite and its application in polyurethane weatherproof coating. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐ Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Meng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐ Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Ying Cao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐ Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Jianmin He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐ Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Mingjin Xue
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐ Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Aoqi Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐ Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yongyi Huang
- Xiamen Road & Bridge Sunstone Building Materials Technology Co., Ltd Xiamen China
| | - Yiting Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐ Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Birong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐ Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Lizong Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire‐ Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
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22
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Hoque MS, Saha A, Chung H, Dolez PI. Hydrothermal aging of
fire‐protective
fabrics. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Saiful Hoque
- Department of Human Ecology University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Ankit Saha
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Hyun‐Joong Chung
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
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23
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Lee PC, Kim SY, Ko YK, Ha JU, Jeoung SK, Lee JY, Kim M. Durability and Service Life Prediction of Fluorocarbon Elastomer under Thermal Environments. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102047. [PMID: 35631929 PMCID: PMC9148148 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the service life prediction of fluorocarbon elastomers that are used in automotive vapor fuel hoses under thermal environments. The changes in mechanical properties such as the tensile strength, elongation, compression set (CS), and hardness according to thermal aging were investigated for two types of ternary fluoroelastomers. Destructive tests of the tensile strength and elongation showed large variations in the mechanical properties under the same condition because there is no continuity of samples. In contrast, nondestructive tests of the CS and hardness showed little variations in the mechanical properties under the same condition. The elongation, CS, and hardness were selected as the physical parameters for service life prediction as they showed a tendency according to the aging temperature, which is an accelerating factor. The effective activation energy derived using each physical parameter was 74.91-159.6 kJ mol-1, and the service life was 17.8-140 × 103 h based on B10. In this study, hardness, which has a small deviation between samples, is considered appropriate as mechanical parameter for predicting the service lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyoung-Chan Lee
- Materials Technology R&D Division, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Korea; (S.Y.K.); (Y.K.K.); (J.U.H.); (S.K.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Su Young Kim
- Materials Technology R&D Division, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Korea; (S.Y.K.); (Y.K.K.); (J.U.H.); (S.K.J.)
| | - Youn Ki Ko
- Materials Technology R&D Division, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Korea; (S.Y.K.); (Y.K.K.); (J.U.H.); (S.K.J.)
| | - Jin Uk Ha
- Materials Technology R&D Division, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Korea; (S.Y.K.); (Y.K.K.); (J.U.H.); (S.K.J.)
| | - Sun Kyoung Jeoung
- Materials Technology R&D Division, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Korea; (S.Y.K.); (Y.K.K.); (J.U.H.); (S.K.J.)
| | - Ju-Yub Lee
- Reliability R&D Division, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan-si 31214, Chungnam, Korea;
| | - Minsu Kim
- FL Material Research Team, Hwaseung Material Co. Ltd., Yangsan-si 50592, Gyeongnam, Korea;
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24
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Senathirajah K, Kemp A, Saaristo M, Ishizuka S, Palanisami T. Polymer prioritization framework: A novel multi-criteria framework for source mapping and characterizing the environmental risk of plastic polymers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128330. [PMID: 35121294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are an intrinsic part of modern life with many beneficial uses for society. Yet, there is increasing evidence that plastic and microplastic pollution poses a risk to the environment and human health. Microplastics are increasingly grouped as a complex mix of polymers with different physicochemical and toxicological properties. This study attempts to assess the hazardous properties of common polymer types through the development of an integrated multi-criteria framework. The framework establishes a systematic approach to identify plastic polymers of concern. A semi-quantitative method was devised using twenty-one criteria. We used a case study from Victoria, Australia, to evaluate the effectiveness of the framework to characterize the environmental risk of common polymer types. A wide range of data sources were interrogated to complete an in-depth analysis across the material life cycle. We found that three polymers had the highest risk of harm: polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and polystyrene; with dominant sectors being: building and construction, packaging, consumer and household, and automotive sectors; and greatest leakage of plastics at the end-of-life stages. Our findings illustrate the complexity of microplastics as an emerging contaminant, and its scalability supports decision-makers globally to identify and prioritize management strategies to address the risks posed by plastics. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: The hazardous nature of mismanaged plastics is an international concern. The negative impacts on the environment and human health are increasingly coming to light. Consequently, resource constraints limits the ability to address all problems. Our work adopts a holistic approach to evaluate the risk of harm from microplastics across the entire life cycle to allow for targeted management measures. The hazard assessment of common polymer types developed using a multi-criteria framework, presents a systematic approach to prioritize polymers at any scale. This allows for the development of optimal investments and interventions to ensure that high-risk environmental problems are addressed first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kala Senathirajah
- Environmental and Plastic Innovation Cluster (EPIC), Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Science Division, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Victoria 3085, Australia
| | - Alison Kemp
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Science Division, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Victoria 3085, Australia
| | - Minna Saaristo
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Science Division, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Victoria 3085, Australia
| | - Shige Ishizuka
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Science Division, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Victoria 3085, Australia
| | - Thava Palanisami
- Environmental and Plastic Innovation Cluster (EPIC), Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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25
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Starkova O, Gagani AI, Karl CW, Rocha IBCM, Burlakovs J, Krauklis AE. Modelling of Environmental Ageing of Polymers and Polymer Composites—Durability Prediction Methods. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050907. [PMID: 35267730 PMCID: PMC8912441 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers and polymer composites are negatively impacted by environmental ageing, reducing their service lifetimes. The uncertainty of the material interaction with the environment compromises their superior strength and stiffness. Validation of new composite materials and structures often involves lengthy and expensive testing programs. Therefore, modelling is an affordable alternative that can partly replace extensive testing and thus reduce validation costs. Durability prediction models are often subject to conflicting requirements of versatility and minimum experimental efforts required for their validation. Based on physical observations of composite macroproperties, engineering and phenomenological models provide manageable representations of complex mechanistic models. This review offers a systematised overview of the state-of-the-art models and accelerated testing methodologies for predicting the long-term mechanical performance of polymers and polymer composites. Accelerated testing methods for predicting static, creep, and fatig ue lifetime of various polymers and polymer composites under environmental factors’ single or coupled influence are overviewed. Service lifetimes are predicted by means of degradation rate models, superposition principles, and parametrisation techniques. This review is a continuation of the authors’ work on modelling environmental ageing of polymer composites: the first part of the review covered multiscale and modular modelling methods of environmental degradation. The present work is focused on modelling engineering mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesja Starkova
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Abedin I. Gagani
- Siemens Digital Industries Software, Via Werner von Siemens 1, 20128 Milan, Italy;
| | | | - Iuri B. C. M. Rocha
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands;
| | - Juris Burlakovs
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 5 Kreutzwaldi St., 51014 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Andrey E. Krauklis
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
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26
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Krauklis AE, Karl CW, Rocha IBCM, Burlakovs J, Ozola-Davidane R, Gagani AI, Starkova O. Modelling of Environmental Ageing of Polymers and Polymer Composites-Modular and Multiscale Methods. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:216. [PMID: 35012240 PMCID: PMC8747293 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Service lifetimes of polymers and polymer composites are impacted by environmental ageing. The validation of new composites and their environmental durability involves costly testing programs, thus calling for more affordable and safe alternatives, and modelling is seen as such an alternative. The state-of-the-art models are systematized in this work. The review offers a comprehensive overview of the modular and multiscale modelling approaches. These approaches provide means to predict the environmental ageing and degradation of polymers and polymer composites. Furthermore, the systematization of methods and models presented herein leads to a deeper and reliable understanding of the physical and chemical principles of environmental ageing. As a result, it provides better confidence in the modelling methods for predicting the environmental durability of polymeric materials and fibre-reinforced composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E. Krauklis
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
| | | | - Iuri B. C. M. Rocha
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands;
| | - Juris Burlakovs
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 5 Kreutzwaldi St., 51014 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Ruta Ozola-Davidane
- Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia, Raina Blvd 19, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Abedin I. Gagani
- Siemens Digital Industries Software, Via Werner von Siemens 1, 20128 Milan, Italy;
| | - Olesja Starkova
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
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27
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Gemma A, Gotsmann B. A roadmap for molecular thermoelectricity. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:1299-1301. [PMID: 34887535 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-01012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gemma
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Rueschlikon, Switzerland
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28
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Prediction of Membrane Failure in a Water Purification Plant Using Nonhomogeneous Poisson Process Models. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110800. [PMID: 34832028 PMCID: PMC8624650 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The prediction of membrane failure in full-scale water purification plants is an important but difficult task. Although previous studies employed accelerated laboratory-scale tests of membrane failure, it is not possible to reproduce the complex operational conditions of full-scale plants. Therefore, we aimed to develop prediction models of membrane failure using actual membrane failure data. Because membrane filtration systems are repairable systems, nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) models, i.e., power law and log-linear models, were employed; the model parameters were estimated using the membrane failure data from a full-scale plant operated for 13 years. Both models were able to predict cumulative failures for forthcoming years; nonetheless, the power law model showed higher stability and narrower confidence intervals than the log-linear model. By integrating two membrane replacement criteria, namely deterioration of filtrate water quality and reduction of membrane permeability, it was possible to predict the time to replace all the membranes on a water purification plant. Finally, the NHPP models coupled with a nonparametric bootstrap method provided a method to select membrane modules for earlier replacement than others. Although the criteria for membrane replacement may vary among membrane filtration plants, the NHPP models presented in this study could be applied to any other plant with membrane failure data.
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29
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Glaskova-Kuzmina T, Starkova O, Gaidukovs S, Platnieks O, Gaidukova G. Durability of Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3375. [PMID: 34641189 PMCID: PMC8512741 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers (BP) are often regarded as the materials of the future, which address the rising environmental concerns. The advancement of biorefineries and sustainable technologies has yielded various BP with excellent properties comparable to commodity plastics. Water resistance, high dimensional stability, processability and excellent physicochemical properties limit the reviewed materials to biodegradable polyesters and modified compositions of starch and cellulose, both known for their abundance and relatively low price. The addition of different nanofillers and preparation of polymer nanocomposites can effectively improve BP with controlled functional properties and change the rate of degradation. The lack of data on the durability of biodegradable polymer nanocomposites (BPN) has been the motivation for the current review that summarizes recent literature data on environmental ageing of BPN and the role of nanofillers, their basic engineering properties and potential applications. Various durability tests discussed thermal ageing, photo-oxidative ageing, water absorption, hygrothermal ageing and creep testing. It was discussed that incorporating nanofillers into BP could attenuate the loss of mechanical properties and improve durability. Although, in the case of poor dispersion, the addition of the nanofillers can lead to even faster degradation, depending on the structural integrity and the state of interfacial adhesion. Selected models that describe the durability performance of BPN were considered in the review. These can be applied as a practical tool to design BPN with tailored property degradationand durability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olesja Starkova
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Sergejs Gaidukovs
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P.Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (S.G.); (O.P.)
| | - Oskars Platnieks
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P.Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (S.G.); (O.P.)
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30
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Starkova O, Gaidukovs S, Platnieks O, Barkane A, Garkusina K, Palitis E, Grase L. Water absorption and hydrothermal ageing of epoxy adhesives reinforced with amino-functionalized graphene oxide nanoparticles. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Special Issue: Thermal Analysis of Materials. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174923. [PMID: 34501013 PMCID: PMC8433685 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of any physical property as a function of temperature brings the method used into the realm of thermal analysis [...].
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Biocomposites of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Poly(Lactic Acid) Modified with Natural Substances: Influence of Biomolecules on the Aging Properties (Part II). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111677. [PMID: 34064033 PMCID: PMC8196701 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to present the possible influence of natural substances on the aging properties of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) eco-friendly elastic blends. Therefore, the ENR/PLA blends were filled with natural pro-health substances of potentially antioxidative behavior, namely, δ-tocopherol (vitamin E), curcumin, β-carotene and quercetin. In this way, the material biodeterioration potential was maintained and the material’s lifespan was prolonged while subjected to increased temperatures or high-energy UVA irradiation (340 nm). The investigation of the samples’ properties indicated that curcumin and quercetin are the most promising natural additives that may contribute to the delay of ENR/PLA degradation under the above-mentioned conditions. The efficiency of the proposed new natural anti-aging additives was proven with static mechanical analysis, color change investigation, as well as mass loss during a certain aging. The aging coefficient, which compares the mechanical properties before and after the aging process, indicated that the ENR/PLA performance after 200 h of accelerated aging might decrease only by approximately 30% with the blend loaded with quercetin. This finding paves new opportunities for bio-based and green anti-aging systems employed in polymer technology.
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Influence of a Natural Plant Antioxidant on the Ageing Process of Ethylene-norbornene Copolymer (Topas). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084018. [PMID: 33924648 PMCID: PMC8070042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of polymer technology, a variety of mainly synthetic additives are used to stabilize the materials during processing. However, natural compounds of plant origin can be a green alternative to chemicals such as synthetic polyphenols. An analysis of the effect of hesperidin on the aging behavior of ethylene-norbornene copolymer was performed. The evaluation of changes in the tested samples was possible by applying the following tests: determination of the surface energy and OIT values, mechanical properties analysis, colour change measurements, FT-IR and TGA analyses. The obtained results proved that hesperidin can be effectively used as natural stabilizer for polymers. Furthermore, as a result of this compound addition to Topas-silica composites, their surface and physico-mechanical properties have been improved and the resistance to aging significantly increased. Additionally, hesperidin can act as a dye or colour indicator and only few scientific reports describe a possibility of using flavonoids to detect changes in products during their service life, e.g., in food packaging. In the available literature, there is no information about the potential use of hesperidin as a stabilizer for cycloolefin copolymers. Therefore, this approach may contribute not only to the current state of knowledge, but also presents an eco-friendly solution that can be a good alternative to synthetic stabilizers.
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Pastore G, Gabrielli S, Cecchi T, Giuliani A, Cimarelli C, Menchi A, Marcantoni E. A new and efficient lactic acid polymerization by multimetallic cerium complexes: a poly(lactic acid) suitable for biomedical applications. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10592-10598. [PMID: 35423540 PMCID: PMC8695714 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10637b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Among many, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has received significant consideration. The striking price and accessibility of l-lactic acid, as a naturally occurring organic acid, are important reasons for poly-(l)-lactic acid (PLLA) improvement. PLLA is a compostable and biocompatible/bioresorbable polymer used for disposable products, for biomedical applications, for packaging film, in the automotive industry, for electronic device components, and for many other applications. Formerly, titanium and other metals have been used in different orthopaedic screws and plates, but they are not degradable and therefore remain in the body. So, the development of innovative and eco compatible catalysts for polyester synthesis is of great interest. In this study, an innovative and eco sustainable catalyst was employed for PLLA synthesis. The combined CeCl3·7H2O-NaI system has been demonstrated to be a very valuable and nontoxic catalyst toward PLLA synthesis, and it represents a further example of how to exploit the antibacterial properties of cerium ions in biomaterials engineering. A novel synthesis of poly-(l)-lactic acid was developed in high yields up to 95% conversion and with a truly valuable molecular weight ranging from 9000 to 145 000 g mol-1, testing different synthetic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genny Pastore
- University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, Organic Chemistry Division Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino Macerata Italy
| | - Serena Gabrielli
- University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, Organic Chemistry Division Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino Macerata Italy
| | - Teresa Cecchi
- Technical Institute Superior, ITT G. e M. Montani of Fermo Via Girolamo Montani n.7 63900 Fermo Italy
| | - Arianna Giuliani
- Technical Institute Superior, ITT G. e M. Montani of Fermo Via Girolamo Montani n.7 63900 Fermo Italy
| | - Cristina Cimarelli
- University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, Organic Chemistry Division Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino Macerata Italy
| | - Alessandro Menchi
- University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, Organic Chemistry Division Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino Macerata Italy
| | - Enrico Marcantoni
- University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, Organic Chemistry Division Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino Macerata Italy
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Ren P, Li Q, Liu H, Li Y, Peng P, Xue N. Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of GIS Basin Insulator and Kinetic Parameters-Based Lifetime Prediction Methodology. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040653. [PMID: 33671766 PMCID: PMC7926593 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To reliably detect the latent defects and accurately evaluate the remaining life of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) basin insulators, more effective detection and characterization methods need to be explored. The study of pyrolysis kinetic parameters based on the intrinsic characteristics of materials provides a new way to solve this problem. First, an integral expression model of the reaction mechanism function with four parameters is proposed in this paper, which can represent various existing reaction mechanism functions with better universality and more application fields. Then, on the basis of the temperature transformation equation, an improved method for calculating the activation energy is presented, which shows higher computational accuracy than the existing methods. Further, based on a non-isothermal kinetic equation, the structure of the experimental function is given. It is a method for solving the pyrolysis reaction mechanism function of insulating materials, which can also be used to calculate the pre-exponential factor simultaneously. The thermogravimetric analysis experiment is carried out on a certain basin insulator sample at different heating rates. The pyrolysis kinetic state parameters, including the activation energy, reaction mechanism function and pre-exponential factor of the basin insulator, are calculated. Finally, the life prediction method of basin insulators is established, and the key factors affecting the life of insulators are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingmin Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6-177-1413
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Latos-Brozio M, Masek A. Environmentally Friendly Polymer Compositions with Natural Amber Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041556. [PMID: 33557223 PMCID: PMC7913948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Few scientific reports have suggested the possibility of using natural phenolic acids as functional substances, such as stabilizers for polymeric materials. The replacement of commercial stabilizers in the polymer industry can be beneficial to human health and the environment. The aim of this study was to obtain biodegradable composition of polylactide (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) with natural amber (succinic) acid. The materials were subjected to controlled thermooxidation and solar aging. The research methodology included thermal analysis, examination of surface energy, mechanical properties and spectrophotometric analysis of the color change after aging. The samples of aliphatic polyesters containing from 1 to 2 parts by weight of succinic acid were characterized by increased resistance to oxidation (DSC analysis). Natural acid, preferably at a concentration of 1–1.5 parts by weight, acted as a stabilizer in the polymer compositions. On the other hand, materials that had amber acid above 2 parts by weight added were more susceptible to oxidation (DSC). They also showed the lowest aging coefficients (K). The addition of acid at 2.5–4 parts by weight caused a pro-oxidative effect and accelerated aging. By adding amber acid to PLA and PHA, it is possible to design their time in service and their overall lifetime.
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Langueh C, Changotade S, Ramtani S, Lutomski D, Rohman G. Combination of in vitro thermally-accelerated ageing and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy to predict scaffold lifetime. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sundhoro M, Agnihotra SR, Amberger B, Augustus K, Khan ND, Barnes A, BelBruno J, Mendecki L. An electrochemical molecularly imprinted polymer sensor for rapid and selective food allergen detection. Food Chem 2020; 344:128648. [PMID: 33279351 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Food allergies are a serious and rising public health concern. The potentially fatal consequence of food allergies makes managing them costly and anxiety-inducing. Rapid, on-site detection of allergenic ingredients in foods would greatly improve the health and quality of life of food allergy sufferers. This work demonstrates the feasibility of such a device using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The MIP sensor can detect allergenic soy markers at concentrations as low as 100 parts-per-billion, two orders of magnitude below clinically relevant thresholds, in both controlled and complex food samples. Sensor performance was qualitatively validated with commercially available soy allergen detection lateral flow devices (LFDs). The outcome of this application will address a long-standing analytical challenge to achieving fast, cost-effective, and scalable methods for direct detection of allergen tracers in food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madanodaya Sundhoro
- Allergy Amulet, 600 Suffolk Street, Suite 268, Lowell, MA 01854, United States
| | | | - Brent Amberger
- Allergy Amulet, 600 Suffolk Street, Suite 268, Lowell, MA 01854, United States
| | - Keenan Augustus
- Allergy Amulet, 600 Suffolk Street, Suite 268, Lowell, MA 01854, United States
| | - Nazir D Khan
- Allergy Amulet, 600 Suffolk Street, Suite 268, Lowell, MA 01854, United States
| | - Abigail Barnes
- Allergy Amulet, 600 Suffolk Street, Suite 268, Lowell, MA 01854, United States
| | - Joseph BelBruno
- Allergy Amulet, 600 Suffolk Street, Suite 268, Lowell, MA 01854, United States
| | - Lukasz Mendecki
- Allergy Amulet, 600 Suffolk Street, Suite 268, Lowell, MA 01854, United States.
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