1
|
Cecchi T, Poletto D, Berbecaru AC, Cârstea EM, Râpă M. Assessing Microplastics and Nanoparticles in the Surface Seawater of Venice Lagoon-Part I: Methodology of Research. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1759. [PMID: 38673116 PMCID: PMC11051501 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) both represent significant concerns in environmental sciences. This paper aims to develop a convenient and efficient methodology for the detection and measurement of MPs and nanoparticles from surface seawater and to apply it to the water samples collected from the UNESCO site of Venice and its lagoon, more precisely in the Venice-Lido Port Inlet, Grand Canal under Rialto Bridge, and Saint Marc basin. In this study, MPs were analyzed through optical microscopy for their relative abundance and characterized based on their color, shape, and size classes, while the concentration and the mean of nanoparticles were estimated via the Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis technique. Bulk seawater sampling, combined with filtration through a cascade of stainless-steel sieves and subsequent digestion, facilitates the detection of MPs of relatively small sizes (size classes distribution: >1 mm, 1000-250 μm, 250-125 μm, 125-90 μm, and 90-32 μm), similar to the size of MPs ingested by marine invertebrates and fishes. A protocol for minimizing interference from non-plastic nanoparticles through evaporation, digestion, and filtration processes was proposed to enrich the sample for NPs. The findings contribute to the understanding of the extent and characteristics of MPs and nanoparticle pollution in the Venice Lagoon seawater, highlighting the potential environmental risks associated with these pollutants and the need for coordinated approaches to mitigate them. This article is based on scientific research carried out within the framework of the H2020 In-No-Plastic-Innovative approaches towards prevention, removal and reuse of marine plastic litter project (G.A. ID no. 101000612).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cecchi
- Chemistry Department, Istituto Technico Technologico, Via Montani 7, 63900 Fermo, Italy;
| | - Davide Poletto
- Venice Lagoon Plastic Free, Castello 2641, 30122 Venice, Italy
| | - Andrei Constantin Berbecaru
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Elfrida Mihaela Cârstea
- National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, Atomistilor 409, 077125 Magurele, Romania;
| | - Maria Râpă
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shrivastava AK, Sahu PK, Cecchi T, Shrestha L, Shah SK, Gupta A, Palikhey A, Joshi B, Gupta PP, Upadhyaya J, Paudel M, Koirala N. An emerging natural antioxidant therapy for COVID‐19 infection patients: Current and future directions. Food Frontiers 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmacology Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa Rupandehi Nepal
| | - Prafulla Kumar Sahu
- School of Pharmacy Centurion University of Technology and Management Bhubaneswar Odisha India
| | | | - Laxmi Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa Rupandehi Nepal
| | - Sanjay Kumar Shah
- Department of Reproductive MedicineJoint Inter‐national Research Laboratory of Reproduction and DevelopmentChongquing Medical University ChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Anamika Gupta
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Anjan Palikhey
- Department of Pharmacology Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa Rupandehi Nepal
| | - Bishal Joshi
- Department of Physiology, Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa Rupandehi Nepal
| | - Pramodkumar P. Gupta
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics D. Y. Patil Deemed to be University, CBD Belapur Navi Mumbai India
| | - Jitendra Upadhyaya
- Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Tribhuvan University Chitwan Nepal
| | - Mahendra Paudel
- Department of Agri‐Botany and Ecology Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Tribhuvan University Mahendranagar Nepal
| | - Niranjan Koirala
- Natural Products Research FacilityGandaki Province Academy of Science and Technology Pokhara, Gandaki Province Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cecchi T, Gao Z, Clement C, Camus A, Karim A, Girard O, Santato C. Recovery of gold from e-waste via food waste byproducts. Nanotechnology 2022; 34:065203. [PMID: 36317313 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac9ec6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global materials' and energy constraints and environmental issues call for a holistic approach to waste upcycling. We propose a chemically rational, cost-effective and environmentally friendly recovery of non-leaching gold from e-waste using aqueous chemistry with hydrogen peroxide, an environmentally benign oxidant, and lactic acid, a food chain byproduct. The oxidation of the base metals enables the release of gold in its metallic state in the form of flakes subsequently separated via filtration. Our main byproduct is a precursor of Cu2O, a relevant metal oxide for solar energy conversion applications. The recovered gold was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to gain insight into the morphology of the flakes and their chemical composition. Furthermore, recovered gold was used to successfully fabricate the source and drain electrodes in organic field-effect transistors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cecchi
- Istituto Tecnico Tecnologico (ITT), G. and M. Montani, I-63900, Fermo, Italy
| | - Zhaojing Gao
- Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, H3T 1J4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christophe Clement
- Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, H3T 1J4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anthony Camus
- Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, H3T 1J4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew Karim
- Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, H3T 1J4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Girard
- Centre For Characterization And Microscopy Of Materials (CM)2, Polytechnique Montreal, H3T 1J4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Clara Santato
- Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, H3T 1J4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cecchi T. Scent of knowledge: The molecular fingerprint of volatiles in an emblematic historical library in Italy. Indoor Air 2022; 32:e13139. [PMID: 36305069 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heritage guidelines recognize odors as a value associated with a place. This study aims to clarify the connection between heritage and volatile organic compounds at the molecular level. At variance with previous studies, usually focused only on book-related compounds from accelerated degradation tests, the whole air of one of the most significant historical libraries in Italy was studied. A sampling of the volatiles off-gassing from the two most iconic rooms, respectively open and forbidden to visitors, was performed via a non-invasive, nondestructive green method, solid-phase-micro-extraction. The gas-chromatographic analyses resulted in the appraisal of olfactory contributions from books, storage environment, and, for the first time, anthropic activities and pollution.Concerning the paper decay process, for the very first time, the presence of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol in the chromatographic signature of the library air is rationalized according to the Guerbet reaction. The presence of all other compounds is explained by the paper decay process, anthropic sources, and pollution. Indoor air comprises analytes related to paper decay, identified by previous studies, and additional compounds never found before.Most volatile compounds are aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols, terpenes, and terpenoids. Odor contributions from a selected number of analytes were pinpointed. Alkanes dominate the volatiles chromatographic signature, and impart a slight hydrocarbon smell. Aromatics supplement their characteristic aromatic odor. Aldehydes' very low odor threshold makes them strongly contribute to both fruity and fatty descriptors. Benzaldehyde, furfural, vanillin, and camphor add, respectively, an hint of almond, bread, vanilla, and camphor. Alcohols such as 2-ethyl hexanol have a floral scent. Wood-related terpenes and terpenoids contribute to the woody smell of the library.The digital molecular fingerprint of the "scent of knowledge" enables documentation, conservation, and future chemical reproduction of the historical library odor.
Collapse
|
5
|
Cecchi T. Analysis of volatiles organic compounds in Venice lagoon water reveals COVID 19 lockdown impact on microplastics and mass tourism related pollutants. Sci Total Environ 2021; 783:146951. [PMID: 33865119 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Lagoon of Venice is a continuously evolving ecosystem that rapidly responds to anthropic stressors. The UNESCO World Heritage site "Venice and its Lagoon", is one of the top tourist destinations in the world. Mass tourism increases marine litter, water traffic emissions, solid waste, and sewage release. Plastic marine litter is not only a major aesthetic problem diminishing tourists experience of Venice, it also leaches contaminants into the seawater. Since there is a dearth in the literature regarding microplastic leachable compounds and overtourism related pollutants, the project studied the Head Space-Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) molecular fingerprint of volatile lagoon water pollutants, to gain insight into the extent of this phenomenon in August 2019. The chromatographic analyses enabled the identification of 40 analytes related to the presence of polymers in seawater, water traffic, and tourists habits. In Italy, on the 10th March 2020, the lockdown restrictions were enforced to control the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 infection; the ordinary urban water traffic around Venice came to a halt, and the ever-growing presence of tourists suddenly ceased. This situation provided a unique opportunity to analyze the environmental effects of restrictions on VOCs load in the Lagoon. 17 contaminants became not detectable after the lockdown period. The statistical analysis indicated that the amounts of many other contaminants significantly dropped. The presence of 9 analytes was not statistically influenced by the lockdown restrictions, probably because of their stronger persistence or continuous input in the environment from diverse sources. Results signify a sharp and encouraging pollution decrease at the molecular level, concomitant with the anthropogenic stress release, even if it is not possible to attribute quantitatively the VOCs load variations to specific sources (e.g., tourists' habits, urban water traffic, plastic pollution).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cecchi
- ITT MONTANI, Via Montani 7, 63900 Fermo, FM, Italy..
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pastore G, Gabrielli S, Cecchi T, Giuliani A, Cimarelli C, Menchi A, Marcantoni E. A new and efficient lactic acid polymerization by multimetallic cerium complexes: a poly(lactic acid) suitable for biomedical applications. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10592-10598. [PMID: 35423540 PMCID: PMC8695714 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10637b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Among many, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has received significant consideration. The striking price and accessibility of l-lactic acid, as a naturally occurring organic acid, are important reasons for poly-(l)-lactic acid (PLLA) improvement. PLLA is a compostable and biocompatible/bioresorbable polymer used for disposable products, for biomedical applications, for packaging film, in the automotive industry, for electronic device components, and for many other applications. Formerly, titanium and other metals have been used in different orthopaedic screws and plates, but they are not degradable and therefore remain in the body. So, the development of innovative and eco compatible catalysts for polyester synthesis is of great interest. In this study, an innovative and eco sustainable catalyst was employed for PLLA synthesis. The combined CeCl3·7H2O-NaI system has been demonstrated to be a very valuable and nontoxic catalyst toward PLLA synthesis, and it represents a further example of how to exploit the antibacterial properties of cerium ions in biomaterials engineering. A novel synthesis of poly-(l)-lactic acid was developed in high yields up to 95% conversion and with a truly valuable molecular weight ranging from 9000 to 145 000 g mol-1, testing different synthetic routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genny Pastore
- University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, Organic Chemistry Division Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino Macerata Italy
| | - Serena Gabrielli
- University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, Organic Chemistry Division Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino Macerata Italy
| | - Teresa Cecchi
- Technical Institute Superior, ITT G. e M. Montani of Fermo Via Girolamo Montani n.7 63900 Fermo Italy
| | - Arianna Giuliani
- Technical Institute Superior, ITT G. e M. Montani of Fermo Via Girolamo Montani n.7 63900 Fermo Italy
| | - Cristina Cimarelli
- University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, Organic Chemistry Division Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino Macerata Italy
| | - Alessandro Menchi
- University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, Organic Chemistry Division Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino Macerata Italy
| | - Enrico Marcantoni
- University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, Organic Chemistry Division Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino Macerata Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cherfaoui M, Cecchi T, Keciri S, Boudriche L. Volatile and Sensory Profiles of Algerian Extra-Virgin Olive Oil from Souidi and Zeletni Cultivars. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900297. [PMID: 31545549 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the volatile and sensory profiles of monovarietal extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) from two less widespread Algerian autochthonous cultivars (Souidi and Zeletni) were obtained using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a panel test, respectively. A total of 14 and 10 volatile compounds belonging to different chemical classes were identified and quantified in the Souidi and Zeletni EVOOs, respectively. Zeletni EVOO contains 2.07 times more (E)-2-hexenal than Souidi EVOO. In addition, the amounts of C6 compounds from LA and LnA, as well as the total amount of the compounds of the LOX pathway were higher in Zeletni than in the Souidi EVOO. Another important finding was the predominance of sesquiterpene β-ocimene in the composition of the volatile fraction of Souidi EVOO. The sensory profiles of the EVOOs analyzed were characterized by fruity, bitter and pungent sensory positive attributes, perceived at medium intensity in both oils studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Cherfaoui
- Division des Produits Naturels et Sciences des Aliments, Center de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques, BP 384 Bou-Ismaïl, RP42004, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Teresa Cecchi
- Istituto Tecnico Tecnologico Montani, Chemistry Department, Via Montani 7, 63900, Fermo, Italy
| | - Sonia Keciri
- Département Expérimentation et Recherche, Institut Technique d'Arboriculture Fruitière et de la vigne, Ferme de démonstration de Takerietz, N26 Takerietz, 06770, Béjaïa, Algeria
| | - Lilya Boudriche
- Division des Produits Naturels et Sciences des Aliments, Center de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques, BP 384 Bou-Ismaïl, RP42004, Tipaza, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ripari V, Tomassetti M, Cecchi T, Berardi E. First Study of Sourdough Beer Aging Via the Chemical Fingerprint of Volatile Markers. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
9
|
Cecchi T, Giuliani A, Iacopini F, Santulli C, Sarasini F, Tirillò J. Unprecedented high percentage of food waste powder filler in poly lactic acid green composites: synthesis, characterization, and volatile profile. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:7263-7271. [PMID: 30659485 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The attractive qualities of plastics lead us, around the world, to an enormous need for plastic goods, which results in their unsustainable overconsumption. Bio-based products are the core concept of circular economy, yet this sector suffers from the high cost of their production. In practice, biopolymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA), are still limitedly used, due to their expensiveness and not outstanding technological properties. A circular and sustainable solution would be to use waste from the food industry as filler that contributes to reduce the cost of PLA-based materials, thereby encouraging their widespread use. At the same time, this would be a circular approach to wisely upgrade food waste and prevent pollution. Ceramic food waste powder fillers from egg shells and from mussel shells were compounded with PLA at 180 °C to obtain composites, which contain an unprecedented high amount of filler, equal to 140 over 100 parts of PLA. We analyzed volatile organic compounds emitted from PLA and, for the very first time, from its composites via headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The molecular fingerprint of the volatiles comprises only three aldehydes, a ketone, and two lactides. Volatiles typical of fossil plastics, that are causative factors of hormone disruption or reproductive dysfunction, are effectively missing. Scanning electron microscopy, used to examine the structure of the composite, indicates that both the egg shells and the mussel shells are suitable fillers, in that they form a sufficiently strong interface with the polymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cecchi
- Chemistry and Materials Department, ITT Montani, Via Montani 7, 63900, Fermo, Italy.
| | - Arianna Giuliani
- Chemistry and Materials Department, ITT Montani, Via Montani 7, 63900, Fermo, Italy
| | - Federica Iacopini
- School of Architecture and Design, Università di Camerino, Viale della Rimembranza, 63100, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Carlo Santulli
- School of Architecture and Design, Università di Camerino, Viale della Rimembranza, 63100, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sarasini
- Deapartment of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Università di Roma-La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Tirillò
- Deapartment of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Università di Roma-La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cecchi T, Pezzella A, Di Mauro E, Cestola S, Ginsburg D, Luzi M, Rigucci A, Santato C. On the antioxidant activity of eumelanin biopigments: a quantitative comparison between free radical scavenging and redox properties. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:2465-2473. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1542391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita` di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eduardo Di Mauro
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Clara Santato
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cherfaoui M, Cecchi T, Keciri S, Boudriche L. Volatile compounds of Algerian extra-virgin olive oils: Effects of cultivar and ripening stage. International Journal of Food Properties 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1437627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Cherfaoui
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques, Division des Produits Naturels et Sciences des Aliments, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Teresa Cecchi
- Istituto Tecnico Tecnologico Montani, Specializzazione Chimica, Fermo, Italy
| | - Sonia Keciri
- Institut Technique d’Arboriculture Fruitière, Département Expérimentation et Recherche, Béjaïa, Algeria
| | - Lilya Boudriche
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques, Division des Produits Naturels et Sciences des Aliments, Tipaza, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cecchi T, Sacchini L, Felici A. First Investigation on the Shelf life of Mediterranean Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) on the Basis of Their Volatiles Profiles. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Sahu PK, Ramisetti NR, Cecchi T, Swain S, Patro CS, Panda J. An overview of experimental designs in HPLC method development and validation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:590-611. [PMID: 28579052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemometric approaches have been increasingly viewed as precious complements to high performance liquid chromatographic practices, since a large number of variables can be simultaneously controlled to achieve the desired separations. Moreover, their applications may efficiently identify and optimize the significant factors to accomplish competent results through limited experimental trials. The present manuscript discusses usefulness of various chemometric approaches in high and ultra performance liquid chromatography for (i) methods development from dissolution studies and sample preparation to detection, considering the progressive substitution of traditional detectors with tandem mass spectrometry instruments and the importance of stability indicating assays (ii) method validation through screening and optimization designs. Choice of appropriate types of experimental designs so as to either screen the most influential factors or optimize the selected factors' combination and the mathematical models in chemometry have been briefly recalled and the advantages of chemometric approaches have been emphasized. The evolution of the design of experiments to the Quality by Design paradigm for method development has been reviewed and the Six Sigma practice as a quality indicator in chromatography has been explained. Chemometric applications and various strategies in chromatographic separations have been described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prafulla Kumar Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Raghu College of Pharmacy, Dakamarri, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam, 531162, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nageswara Rao Ramisetti
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India.
| | - Teresa Cecchi
- Chemistry Department, ITT MONTANI, Via Montani 7, 63900, Fermo, FM, Italy.
| | - Suryakanta Swain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SIMS College of Pharmacy, Mangaladas Nagar, Vijayawada Road, Guntur, 522 001, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Patro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Raghu College of Pharmacy, Dakamarri, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam, 531162, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Jagadeesh Panda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Raghu College of Pharmacy, Dakamarri, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam, 531162, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ripari V, Cecchi T, Berardi E. Microbiological characterisation and volatiles profile of model, ex-novo, and traditional Italian white wheat sourdoughs. Food Chem 2016; 205:297-307. [PMID: 27006243 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of sourdough microbiology and generated volatile compounds that define its sensory characteristics was studied. In order to detail the flavour generating potential of microorganisms, eight single-strain dough fermentations were studied, four of them never investigated before. Moreover, for the first time, both ex-novo and traditional wheat sourdoughs were investigated and compared to chemically acidified dough. HS-SPME-GC-MS was used to sample and analyse volatile compounds, some of which have never been detected before in sourdoughs. Alcohols, esters, carbonyl compounds, and acids mainly characterised the volatile profiles. Different sourdough microbiota resulted in different volatile profiles. PCA indicated that samples could be clustered according to their specific microbiota. Production of aroma compounds was strain-specific, confirming previous findings. This study can contribute to the management of desirable features and differentiate specialty products, as well as selecting new, suitable, sourdoughs after microbial screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valery Ripari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 62010 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Berardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 62010 Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cecchi T, Valbonesi A, Passamonti P, Gonzales M, Antonini M, Renieri C. Quantitative variation of melanins in alpaca (Lama pacosL.). Italian Journal of Animal Science 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2011.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cecchi
- a Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cecchi T, Savini M, Silvi S, Verdenelli MC, Cresci A. Optimisation of the Measurement of the Antioxidant Activity of Probiotics and Pathogens: a Crucial Step Towards Evidence-Based Assessment of Health Claims and Production of Effective Functional Foods. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
18
|
Cecchi T, Alfei B. Volatile profiles of Italian monovarietal extra virgin olive oils via HS-SPME–GC–MS: Newly identified compounds, flavors molecular markers, and terpenic profile. Food Chem 2013; 141:2025-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
19
|
Cecchi T, Marcotulli F. Chromatography and the hundred year mystery of inorganic ions at aqueous interfaces: adsorption of inorganic ions at the Porous Graphitic Carbon Aqueous Interface follows the Hofmeister series. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1314:106-14. [PMID: 24075459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Many physical phenomena are affected by the structure of water interfaces, yet it remains an active and controversial subject. A great deal of recent theoretical endeavour and computer simulations question the validity of the Onsager Samaras theory of the ion-free interface between an electrolyte solution and an hydrophobic surface. Experimental results play a crucial role in assessing the legitimacy of the theories. Experimental data are scarce, while simulation results suggest an increasing surface affinity of ions with increasing chaotropic character, in dramatic contradiction to the classical view. Chromatography is a powerful separative technique, but we originally used it as a tool to detect the adsorption of chloride electrolytes and sodium electrolytes, strongly expected to shun any dielectric boundary, onto an hydrophobic surface, and to rank ions according to their adsorbophilicities. Frontal analysis gave unequivocal experimental evidence to this unexpected phenomenon and it was used to quantify it. The infinite dilution equilibrium constants for adsorption of kosmotropes and chaotropes onto the interface were obtained and contrasted to the Jones-Dole B viscosity coefficients, that is a common quantifier of the Hofmeister effect. It is clear that (i) the more chaotropic the ion is, the more it contributes to the global adsorbophilicity of the electrolyte; (ii) the influence of the variable anion is more than twofold that of the variable cation, thereby confirming a robust observation in many other physical systems. Standard free energy of adsorption for each electrolyte was calculated and its reliability was commented upon. The central issue in this paper is the effective and ascertained adsorption of electrolytes onto an hydrophobic surface and the fact that the adsorbophilicity of an electrolyte may be inferred from its position in the Hofmeister series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cecchi
- Accademia Delle Scienze dell'istituto di Bologna, Via Zamboni, 31, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cecchi T, Pucciarelli F, Passamonti P. INFLUENCE OF METAL ION SORPTION ONTO A STYRENE-DIVINYLBENZENE C18 STATIONARY PHASE ON THE HPLC OF METAL CHELATING ANALYTES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Cecchi
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino , 62032 , Italy
| | - F. Pucciarelli
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino , 62032 , Italy
| | - P. Passamonti
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino , 62032 , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Cecchi T, Passamonti P, Alfei B, Cecchi P. Monovarietal Extra Virgin Olive Oils from the Marche Region, Italy: Analytical and Sensory Characterization. International Journal of Food Properties 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910903254811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
23
|
Cecchi T, Cecchi P, Passamonti P. The first quantitative rating system of the antioxidant capacity of beauty creams via the Briggs–Rauscher reaction: a crucial step towards evidence-based cosmetics. Analyst 2011; 136:613-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00637h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Minvielle F, Cecchi T, Passamonti P, Gourichon D, Renieri C. Plumage colour mutations and melanins in the feathers of the Japanese quail: a first comparison. Anim Genet 2009; 40:971-4. [PMID: 19496774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The absorbance of melanin content from dorsal feathers was compared between wild-type Japanese quail and nine other quail plumage colours determined by single mutations in one of seven genes: extended brown (MC1R), yellow (ASIP), silver (MITF), lavender (MLPH), roux (TYRP1), imperfect albinism (SLC45A2) and rusty. As compared with wild-type quail, all mutations but extended brown decreased total melanins. The largest decrease was observed in quail with one of the dilution mutations at TYRP1, MLPH or SLCA45A2. No difference in eumelanins was found between the 10 plumage colours. Despite visible colour differences, homozygous and heterozygous mutants at MITF, or the two imperfect albino (white) and cinnamon (pale yellow) alleles at SLC45A2, could not be differentiated on the basis of melanins. In contrast, the two white phenotypes caused by mutations at MITF and SLC45A2, or the two reddish plumage colours caused by the roux and rusty non-allelic mutations had different total melanin contents. The results showed that rusty was not likely to be a dilution mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Minvielle
- INRA/AgroParisTech, UMR 1313 Génétique animale et biologie intégrative, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cecchi T, Passamonti P. Erratum to “Retention mechanism for ion-pair chromatography with chaotropic reagents” [J. Chromatogr. A 1216 (2009) 1789–1797]. J Chromatogr A 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
|
29
|
Cecchi T, Pucciarelli F, Passamonti P, Ferraro S. INFLUENCE OF METAL IMPURITIES SORPTION ONTO A SILICA BASED C18 STATIONARY PHASE ON THE HPLC OF METAL CHELATING ANALYTES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Cecchi
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino , 62032 , Italy
| | - F. Pucciarelli
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino , 62032 , Italy
| | - P. Passamonti
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino , 62032 , Italy
| | - S. Ferraro
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino , 62032 , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Affiliation(s)
- T. Cecchi
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - S. Ferraro
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - F. Fuscà
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - F. Pucciarelli
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - P. Passamonti
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cecchi T, Pucciarelli F, Passamonti P. Extended Thermodynamic Approach to Ion Interaction Chromatography: Effect of the Electrical Charge of the Solute Ion. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120027082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Cecchi
- a Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Via S. Agostino 1, I‐62032 , Camerino , Italy
| | - F. Pucciarelli
- a Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Via S. Agostino 1, I‐62032 , Camerino , Italy
| | - P. Passamonti
- a Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Via S. Agostino 1, I‐62032 , Camerino , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cecchi T, De Marco C, Pucciarelli F, Passamonti P. The Fractional Charge Approach in Ion‐Interaction Chromatography of Zwitterions: Influence of the Stationary Phase Concentration of the Ion Interaction Reagent and pH. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500222827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Filippo Pucciarelli
- b Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Camerino, Italy
| | - Paolo Passamonti
- b Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Camerino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cecchi T, Pucciarelli F, Passamonti P. EXTENDED THERMODYNAMIC APPROACH TO ION INTERACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR LOW SURFACE POTENTIAL. USE OF THE LINEARIZED POTENTIAL EXPRESSION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100106085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Cecchi
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - F. Pucciarelli
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - P. Passamonti
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cecchi T, Pucciarelli F, Passamonti P. INFLUENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS ON CHROMATOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOR OF NEUTRAL MOLECULES IN ION INTERACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Cecchi
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Via S. Agostino 1 , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Camerino , 62032 , Italy
| | - F. Pucciarelli
- b Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Via S. Agostino 1 , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Camerino , 62032 , Italy
| | - P. Passamonti
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Via S. Agostino 1 , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Camerino , 62032 , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cecchi T, Pucciarelli F, Passamonti P. Potassium Tetrakis-(1H-pyrazolyl)-borate: A Mobile Phase Additive for Improved Chromatography of Metal Chelating Analytes. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079708005834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Cecchi
- a Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - F. Pucciarelli
- a Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - P. Passamonti
- a Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- F. Pucciarelli
- a Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - P. Passamonti
- a Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - T. Cecchi
- a Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Affiliation(s)
- T. Cecchi
- a Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - F. Pucciarelli
- a Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - P. Passamonti
- a Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cecchi T, Cecchi P. THE DIPOLE APPROACH IN ION INTERACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY OF ZWITTERIONS. USE OF THE LINEARIZED POTENTIAL EXPRESSION FOR LOW SURFACE POTENTIAL. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120008756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Cecchi
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, (MC), I-62032, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cecchi T. Use of lipophilic ion adsorption isotherms to determine the surface area and the monolayer capacity of a chromatographic packing, as well as the thermodynamic equilibrium constant for its adsorption. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1072:201-6. [PMID: 15887489 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A method that champions the approaches of two independent research groups, to quantitate the chromatographic stationary phase surface available for lipophilic ion adsorption, is presented. For the first time the non-approximated expression of the electrostatically modified Langmuir adsorption isotherm was used. The non approximated Gouy-Chapman (G-C) theory equation was used to give the rigorous surface potential. The method helps model makers, interested in ionic interactions, determine whether the potential modified Langmuir isotherm can be linearized, and, accordingly, whether simplified retention equations can be properly used. The theory cultivated here allows the estimates not only of the chromatographically accessible surface area, but also of the thermodynamic equilibrium constant for the adsorption of the amphiphile, the standard free energy of its adsorption, and the monolayer capacity of the packing. In addition, it establishes the limit between a theoretical and an empirical use of the Freundlich isotherm to determine the surface area. Estimates of the parameters characterising the chromatographic system are reliable from the physical point of view, and this greatly validates the present comprehensive approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Cecchi
- ITIS Montani, Via Montani 7, 63023 Fermo, AP, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cecchi T. Extended thermodynamic approach to ion interaction chromatography. Influence of the chain length of the solute ion: a chromatographic method for the determination of ion-pairing constants. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:549-54. [PMID: 15881085 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the chain length in Ion Interaction Chromatography (IIC), previously named Ion Pair Chromatography, was investigated. The system examined is a C18 stationary phase and a variable, salt-controlled, mixture of a phosphate buffer pH 2.1 in methanol containing tetrabutylammonium bromide as Ion Interaction Reagent. IIC proves to be a good alternative to the well established spectrophotometric and conductometric methods of obtaining thermodynamic ion-pairing constants. The latter increase with increasing analyte chain length and decrease with increasing methanol concentration in the eluent: both results support a physical chemical description of the hydrophobic ion-pairing process at variance with the classical, Bjerrum-type modelling of the purely electrostatic interaction between inorganic ions. The calculated deltaG(o) are reliable because they compare to non-chromatographic estimates of deltaG(o) for similar systems. The present extended thermodynamic approach is able to predict and explain why the purely electrostatic approach works better for lower analyte lipophilicity or higher organic modifier concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cecchi
- ITIS Montani, Via Montani 7, 63023 Fermo, AP, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cecchi T, Pucciarelli F, Passamonti P. Extended thermodynamic approach to ion interaction chromatography. A mono- and bivariate strategy to model the influence of ionic strength. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:1323-32. [PMID: 15587282 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in the theory of ion interaction chromatography (IIC) permit new analyses of the dependence of retention on different interdependent factors. The influence of the ionic strength / on the surface potential, the Donnan effect, and salting effects are taken into account to model the chromatographic behaviour of charged analytes in IIC. The most reliable experimental results found in the literature were used to test the retention equations that were developed following both a monovariate (/ changes as the concentration of H, ion interaction reagent, changes) and a bivariate (/ changes because of the simultaneous variation of H and of the background electrolyte concentrations) approach. The present extended thermodynamic model builds on the sound intuition of the electrostatic approach and proves to provide the most successful and exhaustive quantitative explanation of experimental evidence. It is also able to rationalise the less extensive agreement between the pure electrostatic approach predictions and experimental results. The adequacy of the model is supported by physically reliable estimates of the adjustable constant (ion-pair constants, deltaG degrees). Moreover statistical practice demonstrates that all the adjustable parameters (three at most) are statistically significant. A linear, zero crossing function with unit slope is obtained when k(pred) is plotted against k(exp). The mean percent error between k(pred) and k(exp) is 4.5% at most. In the absence of H the present retention equation reduces, as expected, to the relationship that describes the influence of / on the retention behaviour in reversed-phase liquid chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cecchi
- ITIS Montani, Via Montani 7, 63023 Fermo (AP), Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cecchi T, Cozzali C, Passamonti P, Ceccarelli P, Pucciarelli F, Gargiulo AM, Frank EN, Renieri C. Melanins and Melanosomes From Llama (Lama glama L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 17:307-11. [PMID: 15140078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of melanins and melanosomes in eight hair and skin samples taken of adult pigmented Argentine llamas (Lama glama L.) has been carried out. In each sample, eumelanins, pheomelanins and alkali-soluble melanins were identified. The total amount of melanins and the amount of eumelanins both decreased from black to reddish brown colour, while pheomelanins were found to be present in small quantities in each sample. Eumelanosomes were round and oval-shaped, displaying transverse striations clearly visible at low magnification. Dark brown samples revealed all four melanosomes stages. Stages I and II melanosomes appeared as large, asymmetrical vacuoles containing numerous microvesicles randomly scattered within an amorphous proteinaceous material (vesiculo-globular bodies). Stage III melanosomes had microgranular melanin deposits in the microvesicles and in the matrix. The fully melanized melanosomes (stage IV) were primarily round-shaped, showing an irregular outline and the electron-dense pigment was arranged to form large clusters. In light brown melanocytes, numerous melanosomes at different maturation stages could be found. Premelanosomes appeared ovoid, containing amorphous proteinaceous material and spotty and microgranular deposits. Mature melanosomes were fully melanized, homogeneously electron-dense, ovoid granules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cecchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cecchi T, Pucciarelli F, Passamonti P. Ion-interaction chromatography of zwitterions. The fractional charge approach to model the influence of the mobile phase concentration of the ion-interaction reagent. Analyst 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b404721d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
45
|
Cecchi T. Extended thermodynamic approach to ion interaction chromatography: a thorough comparison with the electrostatic approach, and further quantitative validation. J Chromatogr A 2002; 958:51-8. [PMID: 12134830 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The most reliable literature experimental results, concerning retention behavior of charged molecules, in the presence of an ion-interaction reagent (IIR), were used to obtain a further quantitative validation of a new theory. The present work emphasizes the fact that the extent to which electrostatic interactions, ion pair formation in the adsorbed and the mobile phases, and adsorption competitions are one more important than the other depends on experimental conditions. Further insight into the meaning of the linearity of the log k vs. log [IIR] plot, which is common to many theoretical models, is given. The experimental conditions under which the linearity of this plot can be expected not only practically, but also theoretically, are elucidated. The dependence of the ratio of retention factors with and without IIR in the eluent on the analyte nature, which cannot be predicted by the electrostatic approach, was explained and tracked. The difference between the actual surface potential and that predicted by the electrostatic approach is also rationalized. The model is also theoretically shown to be able to elucidate the enantioselective retention mechanism, in the presence of chiral counter ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Cecchi
- Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, MC, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cecchi T, Cecchi P. The dipole approach in the lon-interaction chromatography of zwitterions— Use of a potential approximation to obtain a simplified retention equation. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
47
|
|
48
|
Abstract
The chromatographic behavior of charged analytes in ion interaction chromatography (IIC) is theoretically investigated. The chemical modifications of the stationary and mobile phases in the presence of ion interaction reagent (IIR) are theoretically shown to change the partition coefficient for charged molecules. The most reliable literature experimental results concerning retention behavior of charged molecules in IIC were used to test the new theory. Retention equations are compared with those that can be obtained from the most important retention models in IIC. The present exhaustive retention model, which is well-founded in physical chemistry, goes further than the previous ones whose retention equations can be viewed as limiting cases of the present theory. The present extended thermodynamic approach reduces to stoichiometric or electrostatic retention models if the surface potential or pairing equilibria are respectively neglected. Moreover, it is able to quantitatively explain experimental evidences that cannot be rationalized by the existing retention models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Cecchi
- Università degli Studi di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|