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Lee J, Lee H, Kwak G. Aramid-Reinforced UV Curable Adhesive Resins for Use As an Interlayer in Laminated Glass. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404907. [PMID: 39051519 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Colorless, transparent, and mechanically robust aramid polymers are synthesized from two diamine monomers with strong electron-withdrawing groups, using low-temperature solution condensation with diacid chloride. The aramids dissolved very well in the liquid acrylamide monomers. When N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) is used as a reactive diluent, films with the desired features are produced from the hybrid aramid-DMA resins via ultraviolet (UV) curing. The hybrid films are colorless and transparent in the visible region and showed an increase in the glass transition temperature, tensile strength, and elastic modulus in proportion to the aramid content. Laminated glass is manufactured using the hybrid resin as an interlayer, which exhibits very strong adhesion between the two sheets of glass, is not easily broken by an external impact, and do not scatter fragments. Moreover, the laminated glass do not distort images and functioned very effectively in UV blocking, soundproofing, and suppressing changes in the ambient temperature. Heat treatment further improves the light transmittance and impact resistance of the laminated glass. Laminated glass specimens with various fluorescence colors are also manufactured. Aramid-reinforced films prepared using N,N-diethylacrylamide as a reactive diluent underwent thermally induced phase separation in a wet state, providing smart glass with a privacy protection function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jineun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-Dong, Buk-Ku, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanna Lee
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-Dong, Buk-Ku, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Giseop Kwak
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-Dong, Buk-Ku, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
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2
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Cecconello V, Poletto M. Effect of Graphene Oxide Surface Deposition Process on Synthetic Macrofibers and Its Results on the Microstructure of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1168. [PMID: 38675087 PMCID: PMC11054995 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The improvement of the mechanical properties of concrete can be achieved with the use of synthetic macrofibers. However, this fiber-matrix interaction will be sufficiently efficient for tensile efforts only when there is a binding agent that associates the characteristics of the paste with the characteristics of the surface of the reinforcing material. As already identified, in a first phase of this research using synthetic microfibers, a better fiber-matrix interaction can be achieved with the surface treatment of synthetic fibers with graphene oxide. In this way, we sought to evaluate the surface treatment with graphene oxide on two synthetic polypropylene macrofibers (macrofiber "A" and macrofiber "B") and its contribution to the concrete transition zone. The surface deposition on the macrofiber was carried out using the ultrasonication method; then, the macrofiber with the best deposition for creating reinforced concrete mixtures was identified. To evaluate the quality of GO deposition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEG) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) tests were carried out; the same technique was used to evaluate the macrofiber-matrix transition zone. The SEM-FEG images indicated that macrofiber "B" obtained greater homogeneity in surface deposition and it presented a 13% greater deposition of C in the EDS spectra. The SEM-FEG micrographs for reinforced concrete indicated a reduction in voids in the macrofiber-matrix transition zone for concretes that used macrofibers treated with GO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matheus Poletto
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering of Processes and Technologies (PGEPROTEC), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Brazil;
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Sapidis GM, Kansizoglou I, Naoum MC, Papadopoulos NA, Chalioris CE. A Deep Learning Approach for Autonomous Compression Damage Identification in Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Using Piezoelectric Lead Zirconate Titanate Transducers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:386. [PMID: 38257479 PMCID: PMC10818412 DOI: 10.3390/s24020386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Effective damage identification is paramount to evaluating safety conditions and preventing catastrophic failures of concrete structures. Although various methods have been introduced in the literature, developing robust and reliable structural health monitoring (SHM) procedures remains an open research challenge. This study proposes a new approach utilizing a 1-D convolution neural network to identify the formation of cracks from the raw electromechanical impedance (EMI) signature of externally bonded piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers. Externally bonded PZT transducers were used to determine the EMI signature of fiber-reinforced concrete specimens subjected to monotonous and repeatable compression loading. A leave-one-specimen-out cross-validation scenario was adopted for the proposed SHM approach for a stricter and more realistic validation procedure. The experimental study and the obtained results clearly demonstrate the capacity of the introduced approach to provide autonomous and reliable damage identification in a PZT-enabled SHM system, with a mean accuracy of 95.24% and a standard deviation of 5.64%.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M. Sapidis
- Laboratory of Reinforced Concrete and Seismic Design of Structures, Structural Engineering Science Division, Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece; (G.M.S.); (M.C.N.); (N.A.P.)
| | - Ioannis Kansizoglou
- Department of Production and Management Engineering, School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, V. Sofias 12, 67132 Xanthi, Greece;
| | - Maria C. Naoum
- Laboratory of Reinforced Concrete and Seismic Design of Structures, Structural Engineering Science Division, Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece; (G.M.S.); (M.C.N.); (N.A.P.)
| | - Nikos A. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Reinforced Concrete and Seismic Design of Structures, Structural Engineering Science Division, Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece; (G.M.S.); (M.C.N.); (N.A.P.)
| | - Constantin E. Chalioris
- Laboratory of Reinforced Concrete and Seismic Design of Structures, Structural Engineering Science Division, Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece; (G.M.S.); (M.C.N.); (N.A.P.)
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Furtos G, Prodan D, Sarosi C, Moldovan M, Korniejenko K, Miller L, Fiala L, Iveta N. Mechanical Properties of MiniBars™ Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:248. [PMID: 38204101 PMCID: PMC10779639 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Fly ash-based geopolymers represent a new material, which can be considered an alternative to ordinary Portland cement. MiniBars™ are basalt fiber composites, and they were used to reinforce the geopolymer matrix for the creation of unidirectional MiniBars™ reinforced geopolymer composites (MiniBars™ FRBCs). New materials were obtained by incorporating variable amount of MiniBars™ (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 vol.% MiniBars™) in the geopolymer matrix. Geopolymers were prepared by mixing fly ash powder with Na2SiO3 and NaOH as alkaline activators. MiniBars™ FRBCs were cured at 70 °C for 48 h and tested for different mechanical properties. Optical microscopy and SEM were employed to investigate the fillers and MiniBars™ FRBC. MiniBars™ FRBC showed increasing mechanical properties by an increased addition of MiniBars™. The mechanical properties of MiniBars™ FRBC increased more than the geopolymer wtihout MiniBars™: the flexural strength > 11.59-25.97 times, the flexural modulus > 3.33-5.92 times, the tensile strength > 3.50-8.03 times, the tensile modulus > 1.12-1.30 times, and the force load at upper yield tensile strength > 4.18-7.27 times. SEM and optical microscopy analyses were performed on the fractured surface and section of MiniBars™ FRBC and confirmed a good geopolymer network around MiniBars™. Based on our results, MiniBars™ FRBC could be a very promising green material for buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Furtos
- Raluca Ripan Institute of Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.P.); (C.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Doina Prodan
- Raluca Ripan Institute of Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.P.); (C.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Codruta Sarosi
- Raluca Ripan Institute of Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.P.); (C.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Marioara Moldovan
- Raluca Ripan Institute of Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.P.); (C.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Kinga Korniejenko
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 31-864 Cracow, Poland;
| | | | - Lukáš Fiala
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Nováková Iveta
- Faculty of Science and Technology, The Arctic University of Norway, N-8505 Narvik, Norway;
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Ramón-Zamora JE, Lliso-Ferrando JR, Martínez-Ibernón A, Gandía-Romero JM. Corrosion Assessment in Reinforced Concrete Structures by Means of Embedded Sensors and Multivariate Analysis-Part 1: Laboratory Validation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8869. [PMID: 37960566 PMCID: PMC10650667 DOI: 10.3390/s23218869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Reinforced Concrete Structures (RCS) are a fundamental part of a country's civil infrastructure. However, RCSs are often affected by rebar corrosion, which poses a major problem because it reduces their service life. The traditionally used inspection and management methods applied to RCSs are poorly operative. Structural Health Monitoring and Management (SHMM) by means of embedded sensors to analyse corrosion in RCSs is an emerging alternative, but one that still involves different challenges. Examples of SHMM include INESSCOM (Integrated Sensor Network for Smart Corrosion Monitoring), a tool that has already been implemented in different real-life cases. Nevertheless, work continues to upgrade it. To do so, the authors of this work consider implementing a new measurement procedure to identify the triggering agent of the corrosion process by analysing the double-layer capacitance of the sensors' responses. This study was carried out on reinforced concrete specimens exposed for 18 months to different atmospheres. The results demonstrate the proposed measurement protocol and the multivariate analysis can differentiate the factor that triggers corrosion (chlorides or carbonation), even when the corrosion kinetics are similar. Data were validated by principal component analysis (PCA) and by the visual inspection of samples and rebars at the end of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Enrique Ramón-Zamora
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja, CSIC, c/Serrano Galvache, 4, 28002 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Josep Ramon Lliso-Ferrando
- Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n., 46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.-I.); (J.M.G.-R.)
- Department of Architectural Constructions, School of Architecture, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n., 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez-Ibernón
- Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n., 46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.-I.); (J.M.G.-R.)
| | - José Manuel Gandía-Romero
- Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n., 46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.-I.); (J.M.G.-R.)
- Department of Architectural Constructions, School of Architecture, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n., 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Nguyen MT, Fernandez CA, Haider MM, Chu KH, Jian G, Nassiri S, Zhang D, Rousseau R, Glezakou VA. Toward Self-Healing Concrete Infrastructure: Review of Experiments and Simulations across Scales. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10838-10876. [PMID: 37286529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cement and concrete are vital materials used to construct durable habitats and infrastructure that withstand natural and human-caused disasters. Still, concrete cracking imposes enormous repair costs on societies, and excessive cement consumption for repairs contributes to climate change. Therefore, the need for more durable cementitious materials, such as those with self-healing capabilities, has become more urgent. In this review, we present the functioning mechanisms of five different strategies for implementing self-healing capability into cement based materials: (1) autogenous self-healing from ordinary portland cement and supplementary cementitious materials and geopolymers in which defects and cracks are repaired through intrinsic carbonation and crystallization; (2) autonomous self-healing by (a) biomineralization wherein bacteria within the cement produce carbonates, silicates, or phosphates to heal damage, (b) polymer-cement composites in which autonomous self-healing occurs both within the polymer and at the polymer-cement interface, and (c) fibers that inhibit crack propagation, thus allowing autogenous healing mechanisms to be more effective. In all cases, we discuss the self-healing agent and synthesize the state of knowledge on the self-healing mechanism(s). In this review article, the state of computational modeling across nano- to macroscales developed based on experimental data is presented for each self-healing approach. We conclude the review by noting that, although autogenous reactions help repair small cracks, the most fruitful opportunities lay within design strategies for additional components that can migrate into cracks and initiate chemistries that retard crack propagation and generate repair of the cement matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Md Mostofa Haider
- University of California, Davis, One Shield Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Kung-Hui Chu
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Guoqing Jian
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Somayeh Nassiri
- University of California, Davis, One Shield Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Difan Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Roger Rousseau
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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7
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Ji Y, Zou Y, Ma Y, Wang H, Li W, Xu W. Frost Resistance Investigation of Fiber-Doped Cementitious Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:2226. [PMID: 35329676 PMCID: PMC8954503 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibers used as reinforcement can increase the mechanical characteristics of engineering cementitious composites (ECC), but their frost resistance has received less attention. The mechanical properties of various fiber cementitious materials under the dual factors of freeze-thaw action and fiber dose are yet to be determined. This study examines the performance change patterns of cementitious composites, which contain carbon fiber, glass fiber, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber at 0%, 0.5%, and 1% volume admixture in freeze-thaw tests. Three fiber cement-based materials are selected to do the compression and bending testing, and ABAQUS finite element modeling is used to assess the performance of fiber cement-based composite materials. The microscopic observation results show that the dispersion of glass and PVA fibers is higher than that of carbon fibers. As a result, the mechanical characteristics of the fiber-doped cementitious composites increase dramatically after freeze-thaw with increasing dosage. The compression test results show the frost resistance of carbon fiber > PVA fiber > glass fiber. In addition, the bending test results show the frost resistance of carbon fiber > glass fiber > PVA fiber. The 3D surface plots of the strength changes are established to observe the mechanical property changes under the coupling effect of admixture and freeze-thaw times. ABAQUS modeling is used to predict the strength of the cementitious composites under various admixtures and freeze-thaw cycles. The bending strength numerical equation is presented, and the bending and compressive strengths of three different fiber-cement matrix materials are accurately predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (Y.J.); (Y.Z.); (Y.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Wenyuan Xu
- School of Civil Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (Y.J.); (Y.Z.); (Y.M.); (H.W.)
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A Review of the Combined Effect of Fibers and Nano Materials on the Technical Performance of Mortar and Concrete. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, both nanomaterials and fibers have tremendous application in various industries, and they are a significant research area in the construction industry particularly. Thus, it is critical to have a comprehensive review to show the simultaneous impact of fibers and nanomaterials on the technical performance of different types of main construction materials such as mortar and concrete. The current work accomplishes this by providing a comprehensive review of the relevant literature on various nanomaterials and fibers through using a literate experimental database of conducted studies that have at least a type of fiber with one nanomaterial in the same mix. Accordingly, the collected data were analyzed, and they were compared to their control mixes in which no fiber and nanomaterials were used. The study majorly focuses on the effects of fibers and nanomaterials on fresh and hardened properties of produced mixes in terms of density, workability, mechanical and durability performance with consideration of microstructure and electrical resistivity as well. The study outcome provides a systematic knowledge and thorough guide to selecting and combining different fibers with nanoparticles to improve concrete/mortar performance effectively, in which not only the optimum percentage for the use of both fiber and nanomaterials are identified, but also is helpful to promote further research.
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Zanichelli A, Colpo A, Friedrich L, Iturrioz I, Carpinteri A, Vantadori S. A Novel Implementation of the LDEM in the Ansys LS-DYNA Finite Element Code. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247792. [PMID: 34947385 PMCID: PMC8705911 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel implementation of the Lattice Discrete Element Method (LDEM) is proposed: in particular, the LDEM is implemented in the Ansys LS-DYNA finite element code. Such an implementation is employed to evaluate the fracture behaviour of sandwich panels under bending. First, the novel hybrid model proposed is validated by simulating some three-point bending experimental tests carried out at the University of Parma, and then it is used to model the fracture behaviour of sandwich panels under four-point bending. Failure mechanisms, damage locations, and load-deflection curves are numerically determined by employing such a novel model, and the results show a good agreement with the available experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zanichelli
- Department of Engineering & Architecture, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Angélica Colpo
- Mechanical Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite 425, Porto Alegre CEP 90050-170, Brazil; (A.C.); (I.I.)
| | - Leandro Friedrich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Pampa, Tiaraju 810, Alegrete CEP 97546-550, Brazil;
| | - Ignacio Iturrioz
- Mechanical Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite 425, Porto Alegre CEP 90050-170, Brazil; (A.C.); (I.I.)
| | - Andrea Carpinteri
- Department of Engineering & Architecture, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Sabrina Vantadori
- Department of Engineering & Architecture, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.Z.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Son DH, Ahn HJ, Chung JH, Bae BI, Choi CS. Deflection Estimation Based on the Thermal Characteristics of Composite Deck Slabs Containing Macro-Synthetic Fibers. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14144052. [PMID: 34300970 PMCID: PMC8307278 DOI: 10.3390/ma14144052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural performance of composite deck slabs containing macro-synthetic fibers. after a fire by proposing a deflection estimation method for non-fireproof structural decks. Therefore, this study evaluated the fire resistance performance and deflection of deck slabs mixed with macro-synthetic fibers. Afterward, the deflection estimation method considering the thermal characteristics of concrete and deck plates was proposed. A material test was first conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete mixed with macro-synthetic fibers. This test found that the compressive strength and elasticity modulus of concrete mixed with macro-synthetic fibers was greater than that of general concrete. A flexural tensile test confirmed that residual strength was maintained after the maximum strength was achieved. The fire resistance of the deck slab was adequate even when a fire-resistant coating was not applied. The internal temperature was lowest for the specimen with macro-synthetic fibers. Deflection was evaluated using previously published equations and standards. The deflection evaluation confirmed that the temperature distribution should be applied differently in the estimation method that uses the thermal load of the deck slab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee Son
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (D.-H.S.); (H.-J.A.)
| | - Hyo-Jun Ahn
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (D.-H.S.); (H.-J.A.)
| | - Joo-Hong Chung
- Department of Smart Architecture Civil Engineering, Daejin University, Pocheon, Gyeonggi-Do 11159, Korea;
| | - Baek-Il Bae
- Department of Digital Architectural and Urban Engineering, Hanyang Cyber University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Chang-Sik Choi
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (D.-H.S.); (H.-J.A.)
- Correspondence:
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