1
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Hutchins PD, Saez Cabezas CA, Enokida JS, Hu Y, Lai Y, Mazure V, Martin M, Setula K, Stutzman JR, Wade JH. Monitoring Epoxidized Soybean Oil Degradation Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and In Silico Spectral Libraries. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1940-1949. [PMID: 39043119 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) is routinely used as a bioderived plasticizer and stabilizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC), as it prolongs material integrity during dehydrochlorination. During this process, the epoxide moieties of ESO are progressively converted to chlorohydrins, which amplify ESO's inherent structural complexity. Past characterization efforts utilized separation-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of the hydrolyzed acyl chains to simplify the complexity. However, this approach significantly increases the complexity of sample preparation and cannot directly monitor the chlorination of individual ESO species during aging. Here, we present a comprehensive LC-MS/MS data acquisition and in silico spectral library identification workflow optimized for intact ESO byproduct analysis. Detailed MS/MS fragmentation rules derived from synthesized standards were coupled with improved fragment ion intensity modeling capabilities to generate a high-fidelity spectral library for rapid ESO byproduct identification. Identification confidence was further bolstered by using retention time modeling to filter spurious MS/MS matches. Finally, we paired this informatic approach with an optimized extraction procedure and reversed-phase separation to generate a detailed timeline of more than 400 ESO species and byproducts during PVC thermal aging. These developments significantly improve our ability to detect, characterize, and understand ESO degradation in complex PVC formulations with new levels of molecular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Hutchins
- Analytical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Camila A Saez Cabezas
- Analytical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Joshua S Enokida
- Packaging & Specialty Plastics, The Dow Chemical Company, 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Yushan Hu
- Packaging & Specialty Plastics, The Dow Chemical Company, 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Yuming Lai
- Analytical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Victoria Mazure
- Analytical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Marie Martin
- Analytical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Kelly Setula
- Analytical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - John R Stutzman
- Analytical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - James H Wade
- Analytical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
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2
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Svoboda R, Machotová J. How Depolymerization-Based Plasticization Affects the Process of Cold Crystallization in Poly(P-Dioxanone). Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400369. [PMID: 38923170 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The self-plasticization, i.e., the increase in the polymer chains' mobility by including its monomer, has a major impact on a polymer's structural, thermal, and mechanical properties. In this study, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical and Raman microscopies, thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA), size exclusion chromatography equipped with a multi-angle light scattering detector (SEC-MALS), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) are used to investigate the effect of thermally induced self-plasticization of poly-(p-dioxanone), PDX, on the crystal growths from the amorphous and molten states. Significant changes in the crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of PDX are found only for samples self-plasticized at the depolymerization temperature (Td) above 150 °C. The intense self-plasticization leads to the decrease of the crystallization temperature, increase of the crystal growth rapidity, disappearance of the distinct α→α' polymorphic transition, reduction of the overall melting temperature, and segregation of the redundant monomer. Although the morphology of the crystalline phase has a major impact on the mechanical properties of PDX, the self-plasticization itself does not seem to result in any major changes in the magnitude, localization, or morphology of formed crystallites (these are primarily driven by the temperature of crystal growth). The manifestation of the variable activation energy concept is discussed for the present crystallization data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Svoboda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Machotová
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic
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3
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Madronich S, Bernhard GH, Neale PJ, Heikkilä A, Andersen MPS, Andrady AL, Aucamp PJ, Bais AF, Banaszak AT, Barnes PJ, Bornman JF, Bruckman LS, Busquets R, Chiodo G, Häder DP, Hanson ML, Hylander S, Jansen MAK, Lingham G, Lucas RM, Calderon RM, Olsen C, Ossola R, Pandey KK, Petropavlovskikh I, Revell LE, Rhodes LE, Robinson SA, Robson TM, Rose KC, Schikowski T, Solomon KR, Sulzberger B, Wallington TJ, Wang QW, Wängberg SÅ, White CC, Wilson SR, Zhu L, Neale RE. Continuing benefits of the Montreal Protocol and protection of the stratospheric ozone layer for human health and the environment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1087-1115. [PMID: 38763938 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The protection of Earth's stratospheric ozone (O3) is an ongoing process under the auspices of the universally ratified Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and adjustments. A critical part of this process is the assessment of the environmental issues related to changes in O3. The United Nations Environment Programme's Environmental Effects Assessment Panel provides annual scientific evaluations of some of the key issues arising in the recent collective knowledge base. This current update includes a comprehensive assessment of the incidence rates of skin cancer, cataract and other skin and eye diseases observed worldwide; the effects of UV radiation on tropospheric oxidants, and air and water quality; trends in breakdown products of fluorinated chemicals and recent information of their toxicity; and recent technological innovations of building materials for greater resistance to UV radiation. These issues span a wide range of topics, including both harmful and beneficial effects of exposure to UV radiation, and complex interactions with climate change. While the Montreal Protocol has succeeded in preventing large reductions in stratospheric O3, future changes may occur due to a number of natural and anthropogenic factors. Thus, frequent assessments of potential environmental impacts are essential to ensure that policies remain based on the best available scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - A Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M P Sulbæk Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A L Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Faerie Glen, South Africa
| | - A F Bais
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Department of Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
| | - P J Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - L S Bruckman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - R Busquets
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames, UK
| | - G Chiodo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D-P Häder
- Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - M L Hanson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - M A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - G Lingham
- Centre For Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lion's Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Environmental, Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - R Mackenzie Calderon
- Cape Horn International Center, Puerto Williams, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems BASE, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Universitario Cabo de Hornos, Universidad de Magallanes, O'Higgins 310, Puerto Williams, Chile
| | - C Olsen
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - R Ossola
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - K K Pandey
- Indian Academy of Wood Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - I Petropavlovskikh
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L E Revell
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - L E Rhodes
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - S A Robinson
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - T M Robson
- UK National School of Forestry, University of Cumbria, Ambleside Campus, UK
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - K R Solomon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - B Sulzberger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - T J Wallington
- Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Q-W Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - S-Å Wängberg
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - L Zhu
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - R E Neale
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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4
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Gambardella C, Miroglio R, Prieto Amador M, Castelli F, Castellano L, Piazza V, Faimali M, Garaventa F. High concentrations of phthalates affect the early development of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116473. [PMID: 38781890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The toxicity of three phthalates (PAEs) - butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) - was tested on the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Fertilized eggs were exposed to environmental and high PAE concentrations for 72 h. The potential toxic effects on larval development and any morphological anomalies were then assessed to estimate PAEs impact. Environmental concentrations never affected development, while high concentrations induced toxic effects in larvae exposed to BBP (EC50: 2.9 ×103 µg/L) and DEHP (EC50: 3.72 ×103 µg/L). High concentrations caused skeletal anomalies, with a slight to moderate impact for DEP/DEHP and BBP, respectively. PAE toxicity was: BBP>DEHP>DEP. In conclusion, the three PAEs at environmental concentrations do not pose a risk to sea urchins. However, PAE concentrations should be further monitored in order not to constitute a concern to marine species, especially at their early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gambardella
- CNR-IAS, via de Marini 6, Genova 16149, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC) S.c.a.r.l., Piazza Marina 61 (c/o palazzo Steri), Palermo, Italy.
| | - Roberta Miroglio
- CNR-IAS, via de Marini 6, Genova 16149, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC) S.c.a.r.l., Piazza Marina 61 (c/o palazzo Steri), Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Castellano
- Costa Edutainment SpA - Acquario di Genova, Area Porto Antico, Ponte Spinola, Genoa 16128, Italy
| | | | - Marco Faimali
- CNR-IAS, via de Marini 6, Genova 16149, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC) S.c.a.r.l., Piazza Marina 61 (c/o palazzo Steri), Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- CNR-IAS, via de Marini 6, Genova 16149, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC) S.c.a.r.l., Piazza Marina 61 (c/o palazzo Steri), Palermo, Italy
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5
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Bajetto G, Scutera S, Menotti F, Banche G, Chiaradia G, Turesso C, De Andrea M, Vallino M, Es DSV, Biolatti M, Dell’Oste V, Musso T. Antimicrobial Efficacy of a Vegetable Oil Plasticizer in PVC Matrices. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1046. [PMID: 38674966 PMCID: PMC11054656 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of bacterial and viral infections, highlighted by the recent COVID-19 pandemic, urgently calls for new antimicrobial strategies. To this end, we have synthesized and characterized a novel fatty acid epoxy-ester plasticizer for polymers, named GDE. GDE is not only sustainable and user-friendly but also demonstrates superior plasticizing properties, while its epoxy components improve the heat stability of PVC-based matrices. A key feature of GDE is its ability to confer antimicrobial properties to surfaces. Indeed, upon contact, this material can effectively kill enveloped viruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and the β-coronavirus prototype HCoV-OC43, but it is ineffective against nonenveloped viruses like human adenovirus (HAdV). Further analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on HSV-1 virions exposed to GDE showed significant structural damage, indicating that GDE can interfere with the viral envelope, potentially causing leakage. Moreover, GDE demonstrates antibacterial activity, albeit to a lesser extent, against notorious pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Overall, this newly developed plasticizer shows significant potential as an antimicrobial agent suitable for use in both community and healthcare settings to curb the spread of infections caused by microorganisms contaminating physical surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Bajetto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease—CAAD, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sara Scutera
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
| | - Francesca Menotti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
| | - Giuliana Banche
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
| | | | | | - Marco De Andrea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease—CAAD, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marta Vallino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Centre (CNR), 10135 Turin, Italy;
| | - Daan S. Van Es
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Matteo Biolatti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
| | - Valentina Dell’Oste
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
| | - Tiziana Musso
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
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6
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Basini G, Bussolati S, Grolli S, Berni P, Grasselli F. Are the new phthalates safe? Evaluation of Diisononilphtalate (DINP) effects in porcine ovarian cell cultures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 106:104384. [PMID: 38331371 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Phthalates are plasticizing chemicals, widely used in packaging materials and consumer products for several decades. These molecules have raised concerns because of their toxicity and their use have been restricted in several countries. Therefore, novel phthalates have been introduced. Among these, diisononilphtalate (DINP) is widely employed. However, its safety has not been properly addressed. Therefore, using a well validated granulosa cell model, collected from swine ovaries with a translational value, we studied potential DINP effects on important cellular functional parameters. In particular, we studied cell growth, steroidogenesis and redox status. Collected data showed that DINP stimulates (p < 0.05) cell growth, increases estrogen and inhibits progesterone production (p < 0.05), disrupts redox balance stimulating free radicals (p < 0.05) while reducing scavenger activities (p< 0.05). Taken together, DINP's impact on cultured swine granulosa cells provides cause for concern regarding its potential adverse effects on reproductive and endocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Basini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - S Bussolati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - S Grolli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - P Berni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - F Grasselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, Parma 43126, Italy
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7
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An J, Roh HH, Jeong H, Lee KY, Rhim T. Rapid Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Migration from Consumer PVC Products. TOXICS 2023; 12:7. [PMID: 38276720 PMCID: PMC10818930 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is widely used to produce various consumer goods, including food packaging, toys for children, building materials, and cosmetic products. However, despite their widespread use, phthalate plasticizers have been identified as endocrine disruptors, which cause adverse health effects, thus leading to increasing concerns regarding their migration from PVC products to the environment. This study proposed a method for rapidly measuring the migration of phthalates, particularly di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), from PVC products to commonly encountered liquids. The release of DEHP under various conditions, including exposure to aqueous and organic solvents, different temperatures, and household microwaves, was investigated. The amount of DEHP released from both laboratory-produced PVC films and commercially available PVC products was measured to elucidate the potential risks associated with its real-world applications. Furthermore, tests were performed to evaluate cytotoxicity using estrogen-dependent and -independent cancer cell lines. The results revealed a dose-dependent impact on estrogen-dependent cells, thus emphasizing the potential health implications of phthalate release. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the migration patterns of DEHP from PVC products and forms a basis for further research on the safety of PVC and plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon An
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ho Roh
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeyoon Jeong
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuen-Yong Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Taiyoun Rhim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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8
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Marcut L, Mohan AG, Corneschi I, Grosu E, Paltanea G, Avram I, Badaluta AV, Vasilievici G, Nicolae CA, Ditu LM. Improving the Hydrophobicity of Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride for Use in an Endotracheal Tube. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7089. [PMID: 38005019 PMCID: PMC10672304 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
An endotracheal tube (ETT) is a greatly appreciated medical device at the global level with widespread application in the treatment of respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis and asthma, and in general anesthesia, to provide narcotic gases. Since an important quantitative request for cuffed ETTs was recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic, concerns about infection have risen. The plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) material used to manufacture ETTs favors the attachment of microorganisms from the human biological environment and the migration of plasticizer from the polymer that feeds the microorganisms and promotes the growth of biofilms. This leads to developing infections, which means additional suffering, discomfort for patients, and increased hospital costs. In this work, we propose to modify the surfaces of some samples taken from commercial ETTs in order to develop their hydrophobic character using surface fluorination by a plasma treatment in SF6 discharge and magnetron sputtering physical evaporation from the PTFE target. Samples with surfaces thus modified were subsequently tested using XPS, ATR-FTIR, CA, SEM + EDAX, profilometry, density, Shore A hardness, TGA-DSC, and biological antimicrobial and biocompatibility properties. The obtained results demonstrate a successful increase in the hydrophobic character of the plasticized PVC samples and biocompatibility properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Marcut
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 P-ta 1 December Street, RO-410073 Oradea, Romania; (L.M.); (A.G.M.)
- Intensive Care Unit, Clinical Emergency Hospital Oradea, 65 Gheorghe Doja Street, RO-410169 Oradea, Romania
| | - Aurel George Mohan
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 P-ta 1 December Street, RO-410073 Oradea, Romania; (L.M.); (A.G.M.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Oradea, 65 Gheorghe Doja Street, RO-410169 Oradea, Romania
| | - Iuliana Corneschi
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Elena Grosu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Gheorghe Paltanea
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ionela Avram
- Faculty of Biology, Botanic and Microbiology Department, University of Bucharest, 3, Aleea Portocalelor, District 5, Grădina Botanică, RO-050095 Bucharest, Romania; (I.A.); (A.V.B.); (L.M.D.)
| | - Alexandra Valentina Badaluta
- Faculty of Biology, Botanic and Microbiology Department, University of Bucharest, 3, Aleea Portocalelor, District 5, Grădina Botanică, RO-050095 Bucharest, Romania; (I.A.); (A.V.B.); (L.M.D.)
| | - Gabriel Vasilievici
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independenței, District 6, RO-060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.V.); (C.-A.N.)
| | - Cristian-Andi Nicolae
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independenței, District 6, RO-060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.V.); (C.-A.N.)
| | - Lia Mara Ditu
- Faculty of Biology, Botanic and Microbiology Department, University of Bucharest, 3, Aleea Portocalelor, District 5, Grădina Botanică, RO-050095 Bucharest, Romania; (I.A.); (A.V.B.); (L.M.D.)
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9
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Barandiaran A, Montanes N, Sanchez-Nacher L, Balart R, Selles MA, Moreno V. Investigation of Cinnamic Acid Derivatives as Alternative Plasticizers for Improved Ductility of Polyvinyl Chloride Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4265. [PMID: 37959944 PMCID: PMC10648044 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the viability of cinnamic acid derivatives as alternative plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films by addressing concerns about conventional phthalate-based options that pose health and environmental risks. By theoretical modeling, this research evaluates the compatibility between various cinnamic acid-based plasticizers and the PVC matrix, which suggests their potential effectiveness. Additionally, the incorporation of these plasticizers notably enhances the tensile properties of PVC films, particularly in terms of ductility and elongation at break by surpassing the neat PVC. Moreover, cinnamic acid-based plasticizers induce a drop in the glass transition temperature and storage modulus by, thereby, enhancing flexibility and reducing brittleness in the material. Although a slight reduction in the onset degradation temperature is observed, it does not impede the industrial processing of PVC plastisols at temperatures up to 190 °C. Optically, plasticized films exhibit high transparency with minimal UV and visible light absorption, which renders them suitable for applications necessitating clarity. The water vapor transmission rate analysis indicates increased permeability, influenced by molecular volumes. Atomic force microscopy reveals a compacted, homogeneous surface structure in most plasticized films, which signifies improved film quality. Thus, utilizing cinnamic acid derivatives as PVC plasticizers offers substantial mechanical and structural benefits, while compatibility ensures effective integration by contributing to environmentally sustainable PVC formulations with enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Virginia Moreno
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.B.); (N.M.); (L.S.-N.); (R.B.); (M.A.S.)
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10
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Gulizia AM, Philippa B, Zacharuk J, Motti CA, Vamvounis G. Plasticiser leaching from polyvinyl chloride microplastics and the implications for environmental risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115392. [PMID: 37690404 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics in aquatic environments is a growing concern, particularly due to the leaching of chemical additives such as plasticisers. To develop comprehensive environmental risk assessments (ERAs) of high-concern polymers and plasticisers, an understanding of their leachability is required. This work investigated diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and bisphenol A (BPA) leaching from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics (average diameter = 191 μm) under simulated marine conditions. Leaching behaviours were quantified using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and the polymer's physiochemical properties analysed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and optical microscopy. Experimental data were fitted to a diffusion and boundary layer model, which found that BPA leaching was temperature-dependent (diffusion-limited), whereas DEHP leaching was controlled by surface rinsing. Model predictions also highlighted the importance of microplastic size on leaching dynamics. These data contribute towards greater accuracy in ERAs of microplastics, with implications for water quality and waste management, including decommissioning of plastic infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Gulizia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, QLD 4811, Australia; AIMS@JCU, Division of Research and Innovation, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Bronson Philippa
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Jessica Zacharuk
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, QLD 4811, Australia; AIMS@JCU, Division of Research and Innovation, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Cherie A Motti
- AIMS@JCU, Division of Research and Innovation, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - George Vamvounis
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, QLD 4811, Australia.
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11
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Bajagain R, Panthi G, Park JH, Moon JK, Kwon J, Kim DY, Kwon JH, Hong Y. Enhanced migration of plasticizers from polyvinyl chloride consumer products through artificial sebum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162412. [PMID: 36858231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the migration of plasticizers from modeled and commercial polyvinyl chloride (mPVC and cPVC, respectively) to poly(dimethylsiloxane) via artificial sebum was assessed to mimic the dermal migration of plasticizers. In addition, the various factors affecting migration of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) from diverse PVC products were investigated. The migrated mass and migration ratio of PAEs increased but the migration rate decreased over time. The migration rate increased with sebum mass, contact time, and temperature but decreased under higher pressure. Low-molecular-weight PAEs (dimethyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate) migrated in higher amounts than high-molecular-weight PAEs (dicyclohexyl phthalate [DCHP] and diisononyl phthalate [DINP]). Diffusion of all PAEs in mPVC increased with temperature, with diffusion coefficients ranging from 10-13 to 10-15, 10-12 to 10-14, and 10-10 to 10-12 cm2·s-1 at 25 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C, respectively; the enthalpy of activation ranged between 127 and 194 kJ·mol-1. Moreover, migration depended on total PAE content of the product, as the diffusion coefficient for DINP in cPVC (softer PVC) was approximately three orders of magnitude higher than that for DINP in mPVC (harder PVC); this may be due to the increase in free volume with increasing plasticizer content. Finally, the daily exposure doses of the plasticizers were estimated. These findings will be helpful for estimating dermal exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh Bajagain
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayatri Panthi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Ho Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyoung Moon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Kwon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yung Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Jagarlapudi SS, Cross HS, Das T, Goddard WA. Thermomechanical Properties of Nontoxic Plasticizers for Polyvinyl Chloride Predicted from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24858-24867. [PMID: 37167600 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and toxicity concerns dictate replacement of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) plasticizer used to impart flexibility and thermal stability to polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Potential alternatives to DEHP in PVC include diheptyl succinate (DHS), diethyl adipate (DEA), 1,4-butanediol dibenzoate (1,4-BDB), and dibutyl sebacate (DBS). To examine whether that these bio-based plasticizers can compete with DEHP, we need to compare their tensile, mechanical, and diffusional properties. This work focuses on predicting the effect these plasticizers have on Tg, Young's modulus, shear modulus, fractional free volume, and diffusion for PVC-plasticizer systems. Where data was available, the results from this study are in good agreement with the experiment; we conclude that DBS and DHS are most promising green plasticizers for PVC, since they have properties comparable to DEHP but not the environmental and toxicity concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha S Jagarlapudi
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Heaven S Cross
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tridip Das
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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13
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Capuano R, Avolio R, Castaldo R, Cocca M, Dal Poggetto G, Gentile G, Errico ME. Poly(lactic acid)/Plasticizer/Nano-Silica Ternary Systems: Properties Evolution and Effects on Degradation Rate. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1284. [PMID: 37049377 PMCID: PMC10097254 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasticized nanocomposites based on poly(lactic acid) have been prepared by melt mixing following a two-step approach, adding two different oligomeric esters of lactic acid (OLAs) as plasticizers and fumed silica nanoparticles. The nanocomposites maintained a remarkable elongation at break in the presence of the nanoparticles, with no strong effects on modulus and strength. Measuring thermo-mechanical properties as a function of aging time revealed a progressive deterioration of properties, with the buildup of phase separation, related to the nature of the plasticizer. Materials containing hydroxyl-terminated OLA showed a higher stability of properties upon aging. On the contrary, a synergistic effect of the acid-terminated plasticizer and silica nanoparticles was pointed out, inducing an accelerated hydrolytic degradation of PLA: materials at high silica content exhibited a marked brittleness and a dramatic decrease of molecular weight after 16 weeks of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Capuano
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials—IPCB, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (R.C.); (R.C.); (M.C.); (G.D.P.); (G.G.)
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering—DIMI, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Avolio
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials—IPCB, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (R.C.); (R.C.); (M.C.); (G.D.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Rachele Castaldo
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials—IPCB, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (R.C.); (R.C.); (M.C.); (G.D.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Mariacristina Cocca
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials—IPCB, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (R.C.); (R.C.); (M.C.); (G.D.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Giovanni Dal Poggetto
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials—IPCB, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (R.C.); (R.C.); (M.C.); (G.D.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Gennaro Gentile
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials—IPCB, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (R.C.); (R.C.); (M.C.); (G.D.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Maria Emanuela Errico
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials—IPCB, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (R.C.); (R.C.); (M.C.); (G.D.P.); (G.G.)
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14
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Skórczewska K, Szulc J, Lewandowski K, Ligocka A, Wilczewski S. Modification of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Bio-Based Cassia Oil to Improve Thermo-Mechanical and Antimicrobial Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2698. [PMID: 37048989 PMCID: PMC10096239 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to modify plasticised PVC to obtain a material with antimicrobial properties and selected mechanical properties. Natural cassia oil (CO) was used to modify plasticised PVC materials. The modified material was produced by extrusion. The introduced modifier had a maximum concentration of 20 phr. Rheological and mechanical properties were evaluated, and the glass transition temperature was determined. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the agar diffusion method was investigated by analysing the growth inhibition zones against Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes. A favourable effect of the cassia oil content on the increase in antioxidant activity of the developed polymeric materials was found with an increase in the modifier content and the duration of action (30 days). The largest growth restriction zones were observed for L. monocytogenes, i.e., they showed the highest sensitivity to the modified material. The simultaneous decrease in modulus of elasticity, increase in elongation at break, and decrease in Tg indicate that the modifier has a plasticising effect on PVC. The developed material may find application as an active and/or functional material, especially as an emitter of antimicrobial agents, in the packaging used to store minimally processed food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Szulc
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Ligocka
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bernardynska 6, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wilczewski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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15
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Chu C, Barrett M, Bunn S, Zilio F, Bell J, Nel P. Surveys of Plastics in Post-1950 Non-published Book Collections. RESTAURATOR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY AND ARCHIVAL MATERIAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/res-2023-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Research over the past three decades has demonstrated that certain plastics in cultural materials are inherently unstable, displaying short lifespans and accelerating the degradation of neighbouring collection materials. Knowledge of the conservation of plastics is increasingly common in museum settings. However, less information is available on conserving plastics found in paper-based collections, and even less guidance on the materials and deterioration of plastic components found in book and document bindings. As plastics have been present in popular bookbinding materials since the mid-twentieth century, collection care professions require knowledge and methods for preserving these materials entering book collections. The aim of this paper is to determine strategies for the care of post-1950s books containing plastic. Collection surveys were conducted to determine the materials, structures, and degradation patterns of non-published books found in archive and archive-like settings at the South Australian Museum, the Art Gallery of New South Wales, and the Grimwade Centre for Cultural Materials Conservation at the University of Melbourne. A methodology combining condition reporting and infrared spectroscopy identified six plastic polymers in 35 binding styles that are summarised as 10 binding types. Recommendations are made for the use of preventive storage strategies responding to four categories of damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancy Chu
- Grimwade Centre for Cultural Materials Conservation , The University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010 , VIC , Australia
| | - Melanie Barrett
- Singapore Art Museum , Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
- Art Gallery of NSW , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Sarah Bunn
- Art Gallery of NSW , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | | | - Julianne Bell
- Grimwade Centre for Cultural Materials Conservation , The University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010 , VIC , Australia
| | - Petronella Nel
- Grimwade Centre for Cultural Materials Conservation , The University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010 , VIC , Australia
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16
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Nosal‐Kovalenko H, Krasuska A, Warzała M, Robaszkiewicz A, Ledniowska K, Stańczyk D, Hordyjewicz‐Baran Z, Bartoszewicz M, Semeniuk I, Zarębska M. Synthesis and characterization of new bio‐based nonmigrating poly(vinyl chloride) plasticizers. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nosal‐Kovalenko
- Łukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia" Kędzierzyn‐Koźle Poland
| | - Agata Krasuska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia" Kędzierzyn‐Koźle Poland
| | - Marek Warzała
- Łukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia" Kędzierzyn‐Koźle Poland
| | - Andrzej Robaszkiewicz
- Łukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia" Kędzierzyn‐Koźle Poland
| | - Kerstin Ledniowska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia" Kędzierzyn‐Koźle Poland
| | - Dorota Stańczyk
- Łukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia" Kędzierzyn‐Koźle Poland
| | - Zofia Hordyjewicz‐Baran
- Łukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia" Kędzierzyn‐Koźle Poland
| | - Maria Bartoszewicz
- Łukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia" Kędzierzyn‐Koźle Poland
| | - Izabela Semeniuk
- Łukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia" Kędzierzyn‐Koźle Poland
| | - Magdalena Zarębska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia" Kędzierzyn‐Koźle Poland
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17
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Rogalsky SP, Tarasyuk OP, Dzhuzha OV, Hodyna DM, Cherniavska TV, Hubina AV, Filonenko MM, Metelytsia LO. Evaluation of N,N-dibutyloleamide as a bifunctional additive for poly(vinyl chloride). Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-05038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Mandal S, Suresh S, Priya N, Banothu R, Mohan R, Sreeram KJ. Phthalate migration and its effects on poly(vinyl chloride)-based footwear: pathways, influence of environmental conditions, and the possibility of human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1844-1854. [PMID: 36107023 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00059h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of phthalate migration in footwear is important from an environmental viewpoint and the consumer health perspective as it remains in direct contact with the user for a long time. In this research article, the migration of phthalate, specifically di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), from the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) shoe sole to the attached leather insole has been studied for six months under different environmental conditions. After one month, the DEHP concentration in the PVC sole decreased by 45-58%, and that in the leather insole increased from 0.35 mg g-1 to 38-58 mg g-1. After six months, about 90% of the DEHP has been lost from the PVC sole, and that in the leather insole reached close to its initial value (value before the experiment). The migration rate depends on the environmental conditions and the presence of phthalate soluble solvents in the sole-adhesive-insole system of the footwear. The influence of DEHP migration on the physicochemical characteristics of the PVC sole and leather insole has been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The migration and emission pathways of DEHP, the influence of environmental conditions, and the possibility of human exposure to phthalate through footwear are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Mandal
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - S Suresh
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - N Priya
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - Ravi Banothu
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - R Mohan
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - K J Sreeram
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
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19
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Zhang Z, Jiang P, Wai PT, Feng S, Lu M, Zhang P, Leng Y, Pan L, Pan J. Construction and Synthesis of High-Stability Biobased Oligomeric Lactate Plasticizer: Applicable to PVC and PLA Polymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Pingping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Phyu Thin Wai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Shan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Minjia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Pingbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yan Leng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Lingen Pan
- Wuxi Jiasheng High-Tech Modified Material Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214116, P. R. China
| | - Jie Pan
- Wuxi Jiasheng High-Tech Modified Material Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214116, P. R. China
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20
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Relevant safety aspects of raw milk for dairy foods processing. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2022; 100:211-264. [PMID: 35659353 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The concern with food safety in the milk chain begins with the quality of the raw milk. Due to the health hazard that this food can carry when contaminated, the focus of studies has turned to microbiological and chemical contaminants that may be present in raw milk. There is an essential concern about conventional pathogens (Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp.) and emerging pathogens (Arcobacter butzleri, Yersinia enterocolitica, Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori, and Cronobacter sakazakii) found in raw milk and dairy products. In addition, a growing public health issue has been raised regarding antimicrobial-resistant pathogens and commensal strains found in milk and dairy products. The antibiotic residues in milk can also damage health, such as allergies, and cause technological problems in dairy products processing. This health issue extends to other chemical contaminants such as heavy metals, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, melamine, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, plasticizers, and additives in milk and dairy products. Other chemical substances formed by microorganisms are also of high importance, such as biogenic amines and mycotoxins. Therefore, this chapter aimed to revise and discuss relevant biological and chemical risks to ensure the safety and quality of raw milk and dairy products.
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21
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Vikhareva IN, Aminova GK, Mazitova AK. Development of a Highly Efficient Environmentally Friendly Plasticizer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091888. [PMID: 35567061 PMCID: PMC9100690 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work is the synthesis of adipic acid ester and the study of the possibility of its use as a PVC plasticizer. The resulting butyl phenoxyethyl adipate was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The compatibility, effectiveness and plasticizing effect of butyl phenoxyethyl adipate in comparison with dioctylphthalate (DOP) were determined. The new environmentally friendly plasticizer has good compatibility with PVC and high thermal stability. The effectiveness of the plasticizing action of adipate based on the glass-transition temperature was 132.2 °C in relation to pure PVC and 7.7 °C in comparison to compounds based on DOP. An increase in the fluidity of the melt of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compounds in the temperature range of 160–205 °C by 19–50% confirms a decrease in the energy intensity of the processes of manufacturing and the processing of polymer materials containing a new additive.
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Ledniowska K, Nosal-Kovalenko H, Janik W, Krasuska A, Stańczyk D, Sabura E, Bartoszewicz M, Rybak A. Effective, Environmentally Friendly PVC Plasticizers Based on Succinic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071295. [PMID: 35406169 PMCID: PMC9002721 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticizers used in this study were synthesized from renewable raw materials using succinic acid, oleic acid, and propylene glycol. Four environmentally friendly plasticizer samples were obtained; their chemical structures and compositions were confirmed by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) analyses, and their physicochemical properties and thermal stability (TGA analysis) were investigated. The obtained ester mixtures were used as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticizers and their plasticization efficiency was determined in comparison to traditional, commercially available phthalate plasticizers, such as DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) and DINP (diisononyl phthalate). Mechanical properties and migration resistance were determined for soft PVC with the use of three concentrations of plasticizers (40 PHR, 50 PHR, and 60 PHR). It was observed that the obtained plasticizers exhibited the same plasticization efficiency and were characterized with good mechanical and physical properties in comparison to commercial plasticizers. The tensile strength was approx. 19 MPa, while the elongation at break was approx. 250% for all tested plasticizers at a concentration of 50 PHR. Furthermore, plasticizer migration studies showed that the synthesized plasticizers had excellent resistance to plasticizer leaching. The best migration test result obtained was 70% lower than that for DEHP or DINP. The ester mixture that was found to be the most favorable plasticizer was characterized by good thermal and thermo-oxidative stability (5% weight loss temperature: 227.8 °C in air and 261.1 °C in nitrogen). The results of the research clearly indicate that the synthesized esters can provide a green alternative to toxic phthalate plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Ledniowska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Hanna Nosal-Kovalenko
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Weronika Janik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agata Krasuska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Dorota Stańczyk
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Ewa Sabura
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Maria Bartoszewicz
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Aleksandra Rybak
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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Conversion of Plastic Waste into Supports for Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts: Application in Environmental Remediation. SURFACES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/surfaces5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are ubiquitous in our society and are used in many industries, such as packaging, electronics, the automotive industry, and medical and health sectors, and plastic waste is among the types of waste of higher environmental concern. The increase in the amount of plastic waste produced daily has increased environmental problems, such as pollution by micro-plastics, contamination of the food chain, biodiversity degradation and economic losses. The selective and efficient conversion of plastic waste for applications in environmental remediation, such as by obtaining composites, is a strategy of the scientific community for the recovery of plastic waste. The development of polymeric supports for efficient, sustainable, and low-cost heterogeneous catalysts for the treatment of organic/inorganic contaminants is highly desirable yet still a great challenge; this will be the main focus of this work. Common commercial polymers, like polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene therephthalate, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride, are addressed herein, as are their main physicochemical properties, such as molecular mass, degree of crystallinity and others. Additionally, we discuss the environmental and health risks of plastic debris and the main recycling technologies as well as their issues and environmental impact. The use of nanomaterials raises concerns about toxicity and reinforces the need to apply supports; this means that the recycling of plastics in this way may tackle two issues. Finally, we dissert about the advances in turning plastic waste into support for nanocatalysts for environmental remediation, mainly metal and metal oxide nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Skelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Longbo Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Braslau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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Sun Z, Mi X, Yu Y, Shi W, Feng A, Moad G, Thang SH. “All-PVC” Flexible Poly(vinyl Chloride): Nonmigratory Star-Poly(vinyl Chloride) as Plasticizers for PVC by RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xing Mi
- Beijing East Simulation Software Technology Co., Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanan Yu
- Department of Math and Engineering, Puyang Vocational and Technical College, Puyang 457000, Henan, China
| | - Wencheng Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Anchao Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Graeme Moad
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - San H. Thang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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