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Abstract
We argue that there is a need for a more precise of PFAS in a way that avoids including compounds with single CF3-, -CF2-, or CF- groups and excludes TFA and compounds that degrade to just give TFA. An example that meets this need is the definition by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of PFAS as "per- and polyfluorinated substances that structurally contain the unit R-(CF2)-C(F)(R1)R2. Both the CF2 and CF moieties are saturated carbons and none of the R groups (R, R1, or R2) can be hydrogen". Adoption of this definition, or one like it, would place future technical and regulatory discussions of the environmental impacts of organo-fluorine compounds on a sounder technical footing by focusing PFAS discussions and regulation on long-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Wallington
- Research & Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, USA.
| | - M P Sulbaek Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, CA 91330-8262, USA
| | - O J Nielsen
- Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hodnebrog Ø, Aamaas B, Fuglestvedt JS, Marston G, Myhre G, Nielsen CJ, Sandstad M, Shine KP, Wallington TJ. Updated Global Warming Potentials and Radiative Efficiencies of Halocarbons and Other Weak Atmospheric Absorbers. Rev Geophys 2020; 58:e2019RG000691. [PMID: 33015672 PMCID: PMC7518032 DOI: 10.1029/2019rg000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Human activity has led to increased atmospheric concentrations of many gases, including halocarbons, and may lead to emissions of many more gases. Many of these gases are, on a per molecule basis, powerful greenhouse gases, although at present-day concentrations their climate effect is in the so-called weak limit (i.e., their effect scales linearly with concentration). We published a comprehensive review of the radiative efficiencies (RE) and global warming potentials (GWP) for around 200 such compounds in 2013 (Hodnebrog et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/rog.20013). Here we present updated RE and GWP values for compounds where experimental infrared absorption spectra are available. Updated numbers are based on a revised "Pinnock curve", which gives RE as a function of wave number, and now also accounts for stratospheric temperature adjustment (Shine & Myhre, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001951). Further updates include the implementation of around 500 absorption spectra additional to those in the 2013 review and new atmospheric lifetimes from the literature (mainly from WMO (2019)). In total, values for 60 of the compounds previously assessed are based on additional absorption spectra, and 42 compounds have REs which differ by >10% from our previous assessment. New RE calculations are presented for more than 400 compounds in addition to the previously assessed compounds, and GWP calculations are presented for a total of around 250 compounds. Present-day radiative forcing due to halocarbons and other weak absorbers is 0.38 [0.33-0.43] W m-2, compared to 0.36 [0.32-0.40] W m-2 in IPCC AR5 (Myhre et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.018), which is about 18% of the current CO2 forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ø Hodnebrog
- Center for International Climate Research (CICERO) Oslo Norway
| | - B Aamaas
- Center for International Climate Research (CICERO) Oslo Norway
| | - J S Fuglestvedt
- Center for International Climate Research (CICERO) Oslo Norway
| | - G Marston
- Vice-Chancellor's Office Northumbria University Newcastle UK
| | - G Myhre
- Center for International Climate Research (CICERO) Oslo Norway
| | - C J Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - M Sandstad
- Center for International Climate Research (CICERO) Oslo Norway
| | - K P Shine
- Department of Meteorology University of Reading Reading UK
| | - T J Wallington
- Research and Advanced Eng. Ford Motor Company Dearborn MI USA
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Bunkan AJC, Srinivasulu G, Amedro D, Vereecken L, Wallington TJ, Crowley JN. Products and mechanism of the OH-initiated photo-oxidation of perfluoro ethyl vinyl ether, C 2F 5OCF[double bond, length as m-dash]CF 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:11306-11316. [PMID: 29637965 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01392f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The OH-initiated photo-oxidation of perfluoro ethyl vinyl ether (C2F5OCF[double bond, length as m-dash]CF2, PEVE) in air (298 K, 50 and 750 Torr total pressure) was studied in a photochemical reactor using in situ detection of PEVE and its products by Fourier transform IR absorption spectroscopy. The relative rate technique was used to derive the rate coefficient, k1, for the reaction of PEVE with OH as k1 = (2.8 ± 0.3) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The photo-oxidation of PEVE in the presence of NOx at 1 bar results in formation of C2F5OCFO, FC(O)C(O)F and CF2O in molar yields of 0.50 ± 0.07, 0.46 ± 0.07 and 1.50 ± 0.22, respectively. FC(O)C(O)F and CF2O are formed partially in secondary, most likely heterogeneous processes. At a reduced pressure of 50 Torr, the product distribution is shifted towards formation of FC(O)C(O)F, indicating the important role of collisional quenching of initially formed association complexes, and enabling details of the reaction mechanism to be elucidated. An atmospheric photo-oxidation mechanism for PEVE is presented and the environmental implications of PEVE release and degradation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J C Bunkan
- Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz 55128, Germany.
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Kaiser EW, Wallington TJ. Products from the Oxidation of n-Butane from 298 to 735 K Using Either Cl Atom or Thermal Initiation: Formation of Acetone and Acetic Acid-Possible Roaming Reactions? J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8543-8560. [PMID: 28982240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b06608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of 2-butyl radicals (and to a lesser extent 1-butyl radicals) has been studied over the temperature range of 298-735 K. The reaction of Cl atoms (formed by 360 nm irradiation of Cl2) with n-butane generated the 2-butyl radicals in mixtures of n-C4H10, O2, and Cl2 at temperatures below 600 K. Above 600 K, 2-butyl radicals were produced by thermal combustion reactions in the absence of chlorine. The yields of the products were measured by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector. Major products quantified include acetone, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, butanone, 2-butanol, butanal, 1- and 2- chlorobutane, 1-butene, trans-2-butene, and cis-2-butene. At 298 K, the major oxygenated products are those expected from bimolecular reactions of 2-butylperoxy radicals (butanone, 2-butanol, and acetaldehyde). As the temperature rises to 390 K, the butanone decreases while acetaldehyde increases because of the increased rate of 2-butoxy radical decomposition. Acetone and acetic acid first appear in significant yield near 400 K, and these species rise slowly at first and then sharply, peaking near 525 K at yields of ∼25 and ∼20 mol %, respectively. In the same temperature range (400-525 K), butanone, acetaldehyde, and 2-butanol decrease rapidly. This suggests that acetone and acetic acid may be formed by previously unknown reaction channels of the 2-butylperoxy radical, which are in competition with those that lead to butanone, acetaldehyde, and 2-butanol. Above 570 K, the yields of acetone and acetic acid fall rapidly as the yields of the butenes rise. Experiments varying the Cl atom density, which in turn controls the entire radical pool density, were performed in the temperature range of 410-440 K. Decreasing the Cl atom density increased the yields of acetone and acetic acid while the yields of butanone, acetaldehyde, and 2-butanol decreased. This is consistent with the formation of acetone and acetic acid by unimolecular decomposition channels of the 2-butylperoxy radical, which are in competition with the bimolecular channels that form butanone, acetaldehyde, and 2-butanol. Such unimolecular decomposition channels would be unlikely to proceed through conventional transition states because those states would be very constrained. Therefore, the possibility that these decomposition channels proceed via roaming should be considered. In addition, we investigated and were unable to fit our data trends by a simplified ketohydroperoxide mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Kaiser
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn , 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, United States
| | - T J Wallington
- Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company , Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, United States
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Wallington TJ, Anderson JE. Comment on "Environmental Fate of the Next Generation Refrigerant 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf)″. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:8263-8264. [PMID: 26065884 DOI: 10.1021/es505996r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Wallington
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, United States
| | - J E Anderson
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, United States
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Wallington TJ, Sulbaek Andersen MP, Nielsen OJ. Atmospheric chemistry of short-chain haloolefins: photochemical ozone creation potentials (POCPs), global warming potentials (GWPs), and ozone depletion potentials (ODPs). Chemosphere 2015; 129:135-141. [PMID: 25070769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain haloolefins are being introduced as replacements for saturated halocarbons. The unifying chemical feature of haloolefins is the presence of a CC double bond which causes the atmospheric lifetimes to be significantly shorter than for the analogous saturated compounds. We discuss the atmospheric lifetimes, photochemical ozone creation potentials (POCPs), global warming potentials (GWPs), and ozone depletion potentials (ODPs) of haloolefins. The commercially relevant short-chain haloolefins CF3CFCH2 (1234yf), trans-CF3CHCHF (1234ze(Z)), CF3CFCF2 (1216), cis-CF3CHCHCl (1233zd(Z)), and trans-CF3CHCHCl (1233zd(E)) have short atmospheric lifetimes (days to weeks), negligible POCPs, negligible GWPs, and ODPs which do not differ materially from zero. In the concentrations expected in the environment their atmospheric degradation products will have a negligible impact on ecosystems. CF3CFCH2 (1234yf), trans-CF3CHCHF (1234ze(Z)), CF3CFCF2 (1216), cis-CF3CHCHCl (1233zd(Z)), and trans-CF3CHCHCl (1233zd(E)) are environmentally acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Wallington
- System Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, MI 48121-2053, USA.
| | - M P Sulbaek Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, CA 91330-8262, USA
| | - O J Nielsen
- Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mellouki A, Wallington TJ, Chen J. Atmospheric chemistry of oxygenated volatile organic compounds: impacts on air quality and climate. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3984-4014. [PMID: 25828273 DOI: 10.1021/cr500549n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Mellouki
- Environment Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.,ICARE/OSUC, CNRS, 45071 Orléans, France.,Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, United States.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Shanghai 200433, China.,Environment Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - T J Wallington
- Environment Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.,ICARE/OSUC, CNRS, 45071 Orléans, France.,Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, United States.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Shanghai 200433, China.,Environment Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - J Chen
- Environment Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.,ICARE/OSUC, CNRS, 45071 Orléans, France.,Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, United States.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Shanghai 200433, China.,Environment Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
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Wallington TJ, Orlando JJ, Tyndall GS, Nielsen OJ. Comment on "Airborne trifluoroacetic acid and its fraction from the degradation of HFC-134a in Beijing, China". Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:9948. [PMID: 25058478 DOI: 10.1021/es502485w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Wallington
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, United States
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Wallington TJ, Anderson JE, Winkler SL. Comment on "Natural and anthropogenic ethanol sources in North America and potential atmospheric impacts of ethanol fuel use". Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:2139-2140. [PMID: 23244203 DOI: 10.1021/es304473n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Wallington TJ, Anderson JE, Mueller SA, Kolinski Morris E, Winkler SL, Ginder JM, Nielsen OJ. Corn ethanol production, food exports, and indirect land use change. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:6379-84. [PMID: 22533454 DOI: 10.1021/es300233m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The approximately 100 million tonne per year increase in the use of corn to produce ethanol in the U.S. over the past 10 years, and projections of greater future use, have raised concerns that reduced exports of corn (and other agricultural products) and higher commodity prices would lead to land-use changes and, consequently, negative environmental impacts in other countries. The concerns have been driven by agricultural and trade models, which project that large-scale corn ethanol production leads to substantial decreases in food exports, increases in food prices, and greater deforestation globally. Over the past decade, the increased use of corn for ethanol has been largely matched by the increased corn harvest attributable mainly to increased yields. U.S. exports of corn, wheat, soybeans, pork, chicken, and beef either increased or remained unchanged. Exports of distillers' dry grains (DDG, a coproduct of ethanol production and a valuable animal feed) increased by more than an order of magnitude to 9 million tonnes in 2010. Increased biofuel production may lead to intensification (higher yields) and extensification (more land) of agricultural activities. Intensification and extensification have opposite impacts on land use change. We highlight the lack of information concerning the magnitude of intensification effects and the associated large uncertainties in assessments of the indirect land use change associated with corn ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Wallington
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, United States.
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Kaiser EW, Wallington TJ. Relative Rate Study of the Kinetics, Mechanism, and Thermodynamics of the Reaction of Chlorine Atoms with CF3CF═CH2 (HFO-1234yf) in 650–950 Torr of N2 or N2/O2Diluent at 296–462 K. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5958-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jp210692v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. W. Kaiser
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road,
Dearborn, Michigan 48128, United States
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Andersen MPS, Nielsen OJ, Hurley MD, Wallington TJ. Atmospheric chemistry of t-CF3CHCHCl: products and mechanisms of the gas-phase reactions with chlorine atoms and hydroxyl radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:1735-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22925g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wallington TJ, Anderson JE, Mueller SA, Winkler S, Ginder JM, Nielsen OJ. Time horizons for transport climate impact assessments. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:3169-3168. [PMID: 21366269 DOI: 10.1021/es103768g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- V. F. Andersen
- Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, United States
| | - T. J. Wallington
- Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, United States
| | - O. J. Nielsen
- Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, United States
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Wallington TJ, Kaiser EW. Comment on the “Rate and Mechanism of the Atmospheric Degradation of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) by Bednarek et al.”). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19971010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kaiser EW, Pala IR, Wallington TJ. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of Methacrolein with Chlorine Atoms in 1−950 Torr of N2 or N2/O2 Diluent at 297 K. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:6850-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jp103317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. W. Kaiser
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, and System Analytics and Environmental Science Department, Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053
| | - I. R. Pala
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, and System Analytics and Environmental Science Department, Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053
| | - T. J. Wallington
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, and System Analytics and Environmental Science Department, Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053
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Chiappero MS, Argüello GA, Hurley MD, Wallington TJ. Atmospheric chemistry of n-C6F13CH2CHO: formation from n-C6F13CH2CH2OH, kinetics, and mechanisms of reactions with chlorine atoms and OH radicals. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:6131-7. [PMID: 20433179 DOI: 10.1021/jp101587m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Smog chamber FTIR techniques were used to measure k(Cl + n-C(6)F(13)CH(2)CHO) = (1.84 +/- 0.22) x 10(-11), k(Cl + n-C(6)F(13)CHO) = (1.75 +/- 0.70) x 10(-12), and k(OH + n-C(6)F(13)CH(2)CHO) = (2.15 +/- 0.26) x 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) in 700 Torr of N(2) or air diluent at 296 +/- 2K. The chlorine-atom-initiated oxidation of n-C(6)F(13)CH(2)CH(2)OH in air gives n-C(6)F(13)CH(2)CHO in a molar yield of 99 +/- 8%. The atmospheric fate of n-C(6)F(13)CH(2)C(O) radicals is reaction with O(2), while the fate of n-C(6)F(13)C(O) radicals is decomposition to give n-C(6)F(13) radicals and CO. The results are discussed with respect to the atmospheric chemistry of fluorinated alcohols and the formation of perfluorocarboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malisa S Chiappero
- INFIQC, Departamento de Físico Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Wallington TJ, Grahn M, Anderson JE, Mueller SA, Williander MI, Lindgren K. Low-CO(2) electricity and hydrogen: a help or hindrance for electric and hydrogen vehicles? Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:2702-2708. [PMID: 20187632 DOI: 10.1021/es902329h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The title question was addressed using an energy model that accounts for projected global energy use in all sectors (transportation, heat, and power) of the global economy. Global CO(2) emissions were constrained to achieve stabilization at 400-550 ppm by 2100 at the lowest total system cost (equivalent to perfect CO(2) cap-and-trade regime). For future scenarios where vehicle technology costs were sufficiently competitive to advantage either hydrogen or electric vehicles, increased availability of low-cost, low-CO(2) electricity/hydrogen delayed (but did not prevent) the use of electric/hydrogen-powered vehicles in the model. This occurs when low-CO(2) electricity/hydrogen provides more cost-effective CO(2) mitigation opportunities in the heat and power energy sectors than in transportation. Connections between the sectors leading to this counterintuitive result need consideration in policy and technology planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Wallington
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, USA.
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Wallington TJ, Anderson JE, Mueller SA, Winkler S, Ginder JM. Emissions Omissions. Science 2010; 327:268-9; author reply 269. [DOI: 10.1126/science.327.5963.268-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Wallington
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, MI 48121–2053, USA
| | - J. E. Anderson
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, MI 48121–2053, USA
| | - S. A. Mueller
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, MI 48121–2053, USA
| | - S. Winkler
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, MI 48121–2053, USA
| | - J. M. Ginder
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, MI 48121–2053, USA
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Kaiser EW, Wallington TJ. Rate constant of the reaction of chlorine atoms with methanol over the temperature range 291-475 K. INT J CHEM KINET 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jenkin ME, Hurley MD, Wallington TJ. Investigation of the Radical Product Channel of the CH3OCH2O2 + HO2 Reaction in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:408-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jp908158w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Jenkin
- Atmospheric Chemistry Services, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 1FB, U.K., and Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, SRL-3083, PO Box 2053, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053
| | - M. D. Hurley
- Atmospheric Chemistry Services, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 1FB, U.K., and Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, SRL-3083, PO Box 2053, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053
| | - T. J. Wallington
- Atmospheric Chemistry Services, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 1FB, U.K., and Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, SRL-3083, PO Box 2053, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053
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Kaiser EW, Wallington TJ, Hurley MD. Products and Mechanism of the Reaction of Chlorine Atoms with 3-Pentanone in 700−950 Torr of N2/O2 Diluent at 297−515 K. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:343-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9083663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. W. Kaiser
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, and System Analytics and Environmental Science Department, Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053
| | - T. J. Wallington
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, and System Analytics and Environmental Science Department, Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053
| | - M. D. Hurley
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, and System Analytics and Environmental Science Department, Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053
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Nilsson EJK, Johnson MS, Nielsen OJ, Kaiser EW, Wallington TJ. Kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of chlorine atoms with CH2F2, CH3CCl3, and CF3CFH2over the temperature range 253-553 K. INT J CHEM KINET 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Hurley MD, Wallington TJ, Laursen L, Javadi MS, Nielsen OJ, Yamanaka T, Kawasaki M. Atmospheric Chemistry of n-Butanol: Kinetics, Mechanisms, and Products of Cl Atom and OH Radical Initiated Oxidation in the Presence and Absence of NOx. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:7011-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp810585c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Hurley
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - T. J. Wallington
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - L. Laursen
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - M. S. Javadi
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - O. J. Nielsen
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - T. Yamanaka
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - M. Kawasaki
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Grahn M, Azar C, Williander MI, Anderson JE, Mueller SA, Wallington TJ. Fuel and vehicle technology choices for passenger vehicles in achieving stringent CO2 targets: connections between transportation and other energy sectors. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:3365-3371. [PMID: 19534159 DOI: 10.1021/es802651r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The regionalized Global Energy Transition (GET-R 6.0) model has been modified to include a detailed description of light-duty vehicle options and used to investigate the potential impact of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and concentrating solar power (CSP) on cost-effective fuel/vehicle technologies in a carbon-constrained world. Total CO2 emissions were constrained to achieve stabilization at 400-550 ppm, by 2100, at lowesttotal system cost The dominantfuel/vehicle technologies varied significantly depending on CO2 constraint future cost of vehicle technologies, and availability of CCS and CSP. For many cases, no one technology dominated on a global scale. CCS provides relatively inexpensive low-CO2 electricity and heatwhich prolongs the use of traditional ICEVs. CSP displaces fossil fuel derived electricity, prolongs the use of traditional ICEVs, and promotes electrification of passenger vehicles. In all cases considered, CCS and CSP availability had a major impact on the lowest cost fuel/vehicle technologies, and alternative fuels are needed in response to expected dwindling oil and natural gas supply potential by the end of the century.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grahn
- Department of Energy and Environment, Physical Resource Theory, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Kaiser EW, Wallington TJ, Hurley MD. Products and Mechanism of the Reaction of Cl with Butanone in N2/O2 Diluent at 297−526 K. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:2424-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jp809169h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. W. Kaiser
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan—Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, and System Analytics and Environmental Science Department, Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053
| | - T. J. Wallington
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan—Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, and System Analytics and Environmental Science Department, Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053
| | - M. D. Hurley
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan—Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, and System Analytics and Environmental Science Department, Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053
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29
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Andersen MPS, Blake DR, Rowland FS, Hurley MD, Wallington TJ. Atmospheric chemistry of sulfuryl fluoride: reaction with OH radicals, Cl atoms and O3, atmospheric lifetime, IR spectrum, and global warming potential. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:1067-70. [PMID: 19320159 DOI: 10.1021/es802439f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2) is a radiatively active industrial chemical released into the atmosphere in significant (ktonne/ year) quantities. The potential for SO2F2 to contribute to radiative forcing of climate change needs to be assessed. Long path length FTIR/smog chamber techniques were used to investigate the kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of Cl atoms, OH radicals, and O3 with SO2F2, in 700 Torr total pressure of air or N2 at 296 +/- 1 K. Upper limits of k(Cl + SO2F2) < 9 x 10(-19), k(OH + SO2F2) < 1.7 x 10(-14) and k(O3 + SO2F2) < 5.5 x 10(-24) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) were determined. Reaction with Cl atoms, OH radicals, or O3 does not provide an efficient removal mechanism for SO2F2. The infrared spectrum of SO2F2 is reported and a radiative efficiency of 0.196 W m(-2) ppbv(-1) was calculated. Historic production data estimates are presented which provide an upper limit for expected atmospheric concentrations. The radiative forcing of climate change associated with emissions of SO2F2 depends critically on the atmospheric lifetime of SO2F2. Further research is urgently needed to define the magnitude of potential nonatmospheric sinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Sulbaek Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, 572 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA.
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Wallington TJ, Hurley MD, Javadi MS, Nielsen OJ. Kinetics and products of chlorine atom initiated oxidation of HCF2OCF2OCF2CF2OCF2H and HCF2O(CF2O)n-(CF2CF2O)mCF2H. INT J CHEM KINET 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hurley MD, Wallington TJ, Bjarrum M, Javadi MS, Nielsen OJ. Atmospheric Chemistry of 3-Pentanol: Kinetics, Mechanisms, and Products of Cl Atom and OH Radical Initiated Oxidation in the Presence and Absence of NOX. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:8053-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jp803637c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Hurley
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T. J. Wallington
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Bjarrum
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. S. Javadi
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O. J. Nielsen
- Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop RIC-2122, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yamanaka T, Kawasaki M, Hurley MD, Wallington TJ, Xiao L, Schneider WF. Experimental and Computational Investigation of Gas-Phase Reaction of Chlorine with n-Propanol: Observation of Chloropropanol Conformational Isomerization at Room Temperature. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:2773-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jp711882c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Iwasaki E, Nakayama T, Matsumi Y, Takahashi K, Wallington TJ, Hurley MD, Kaiser EW. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of Chlorine Atoms with n-Pentanal. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:1741-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp077525z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - K. Takahashi
- Kyoto University Pioneering Research Unit For Next Generation, Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | | | | | - E. W. Kaiser
- Department of Natural Sciences, 4901 Evergreen Road, University of MichiganDearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128
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Wallington TJ, Mabury SA, Hurley MD, Sulbaek Andersen MP, Nielsen OJ, Ellis DA, Martin JW. Comment on “Atmospheric Chemistry of Linear Perfluorinated Aldehydes: Dissociation Kinetics of CnF2n+1CO Radicals”. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:576-7; discussion 577-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp074587g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Wallington
- Ford Motor Company, RIC 2122, Dearborn, Michigan, 48121−2053, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of California, 572 Rowland Hall, Irvine, California 92697-2025, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada, and Division of Analytical and
| | - S. A. Mabury
- Ford Motor Company, RIC 2122, Dearborn, Michigan, 48121−2053, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of California, 572 Rowland Hall, Irvine, California 92697-2025, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada, and Division of Analytical and
| | - M. D. Hurley
- Ford Motor Company, RIC 2122, Dearborn, Michigan, 48121−2053, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of California, 572 Rowland Hall, Irvine, California 92697-2025, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada, and Division of Analytical and
| | - M. P. Sulbaek Andersen
- Ford Motor Company, RIC 2122, Dearborn, Michigan, 48121−2053, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of California, 572 Rowland Hall, Irvine, California 92697-2025, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada, and Division of Analytical and
| | - O. J. Nielsen
- Ford Motor Company, RIC 2122, Dearborn, Michigan, 48121−2053, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of California, 572 Rowland Hall, Irvine, California 92697-2025, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada, and Division of Analytical and
| | - D. A. Ellis
- Ford Motor Company, RIC 2122, Dearborn, Michigan, 48121−2053, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of California, 572 Rowland Hall, Irvine, California 92697-2025, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada, and Division of Analytical and
| | - J. W. Martin
- Ford Motor Company, RIC 2122, Dearborn, Michigan, 48121−2053, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of California, 572 Rowland Hall, Irvine, California 92697-2025, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada, and Division of Analytical and
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Jenkin ME, Hurley MD, Wallington TJ. Investigation of the radical product channel of the CH3C(O)CH2O2 + HO2 reaction in the gas phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:4274-80. [DOI: 10.1039/b802898b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Iwasaki E, Matsumi Y, Takahashi K, Wallington TJ, Hurley M, Orlando JJ, Kaiser EW, Calvert JG. Atmospheric chemistry of cyclohexanone: UV spectrum and kinetics of reaction with chlorine atoms. INT J CHEM KINET 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Javadi MS, Nielsen OJ, Wallington TJ, Hurley MD, Owens JG. Atmospheric chemistry of 2-ethoxy-3,3,4,4,5-pentafluorotetrahydro-2,5-bis[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-furan: kinetics, mechanisms, and products of Cl atom and OH radical initiated oxidation. Environ Sci Technol 2007; 41:7389-7395. [PMID: 18044516 DOI: 10.1021/es071175c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Smog chamber/FTIR techniques were used to study the atmospheric chemistry of the title compound which we refer to as RfOC2H5. Rate constants of k(Cl + RfOC2H5) = (2.70 +/- 0.36) x 10(-12), k(OH + RfOC2H5) = (5.93 +/- 0.85) x 10(-14), and k(Cl + RfOCHO) = (1.34 +/- 0.20) x 10(-14) cm3 molecule(-1') s(-1) were measured in 700 Torr of N2, or air, diluent at 294 +/- 1 K. From the value of k(OH + RfOC2H5) the atmospheric lifetime of RfOC2H5 was estimated to be 1 year. Two competing loss mechanisms for RfOCH(O*)CH3 radicals were identified in 700 Torr of N2/O2 diluent at 294 +/- 1 K; decomposition via C-C bond scission giving a formate (RfOCHO), or reaction with 02 giving an acetate (RfOC(O)CH3). In 700 Torr of N2/O2 diluent at 294 +/- 1 K the rate constant ratio k(O2)/k(diss) = (1.26 +/- 0.74) x 10(-19) cm3 molecule(-1). The OH radical initiated atmospheric oxidation of RfOC2H5 gives Rf0CHO and RfOC(O)CH3 as major products. RfOC2H5 has a global warming potential of approximately 55 for a 100 year horizon. The results are discussed with respect to the atmospheric chemistry and environmental impact of RfOC2H5.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Javadi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kaiser EW, Wallington TJ. Rate Constants for the Reaction of Cl with a Series of C4 to C6 Ketones Using the Relative Rate Method. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:10667-70. [PMID: 17914780 DOI: 10.1021/jp075088i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rate constants for the reaction of Cl with eight ketones were measured relative to the rate constant of propane in approximately 900 Torr of N2 at ambient temperature. Experiments were carried out in a Pyrex reactor with GC analysis of the consumption of the ketones and propane. Chlorine atoms were generated by irradiation of Cl2 in the initial mixture using a black-light-blue fluorescent lamp. The rate constants determined in these experiments (10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1) are: butanone (3.8 +/- 0.3); 2-pentanone (11.6 +/- 1.0); 3-pentanone (8.3 +/- 0.7); 2-hexanone (19.4 +/- 1.9); 3-hexanone (15.3 +/- 1.1); cyclopentanone (10.4 +/- 0.9); 3-methyl-2-butanone (6.2 +/- 0.5); and 4-methyl-2-pentanone (12.8 +/- 1.0). The results for 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone, 3-methyl-2-butanone, and 4-methyl-2-pentanone are significantly higher (by a factor of 3 for 2-hexanone) than reported in two previous absolute rate studies. The likely explanation for this discrepancy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Kaiser
- Department of Natural Sciences, 4901 Evergreen Road, University of Michigan - Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA.
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Hurley MD, Ball JC, Wallington TJ. Atmospheric Chemistry of the Z and E Isomers of CF3CFCHF; Kinetics, Mechanisms, and Products of Gas-Phase Reactions with Cl Atoms, OH Radicals, and O3. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:9789-95. [PMID: 17850124 DOI: 10.1021/jp0753530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Smog chamber/FTIR techniques were used to study the atmospheric chemistry of the Z and E isomers of CF3CF=CHF, which we refer to as CF3CF=CHF(Z) and CF3CF=CHF(E). The rate constants k(Cl + CF3CF=CHF(Z)) = (4.36 +/- 0.48) x 10-11, k(OH + CF3CF=CHF(Z)) = (1.22 +/- 0.14) x 10-12, and k(O3 + CF3CF=CHF(Z)) = (1.45 +/- 0.15) x 10-21 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 were determined for the Z isomer of CF3CF=CHF in 700 Torr air diluent at 296 +/- 2 K. The rate constants k(Cl + CF3CF=CHF(E)) = (5.00 +/- 0.56) x 10-11, k(OH + CF3CF=CHF(E)) = (2.15 +/- 0.23) x 10-12, and k(O3 + CF3CF=CHF(E)) = (1.98 +/- 0.15) x 10-20 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 were determined for the E isomer of CF3CF=CHF in 700 Torr air diluent at 296 +/- 2 K. Both the Cl-atom and OH-radical-initiated atmospheric oxidation of CF3CF=CHF give CF3C(O)F and HC(O)F in molar yields indistinguishable from 100% for both the Z and E isomer. CF3CF=CHF(Z) has an atmospheric lifetime of approximately 18 days and a global warming potential (100 year time horizon) of approximately 6. CF3CF=CHF(E) has an atmospheric lifetime of approximately 10 days and a global warming potential (100 year time horizon) of approximately 3. CF3CF=CHF has a negligible global warming potential and will not make any significant contribution to radiative forcing of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hurley
- Systems Analytics & Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop SRL-3083, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, USA.
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Sulbaek Andersen MP, Nielsen OJ, Hurley MD, Ball JC, Wallington TJ, Ellis DA, Martin JW, Mabury SA. Atmospheric chemistry of 4:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (n-C4F9CH2CH2OH): products and mechanism of Cl atom initiated oxidation in the presence of NOx. J Phys Chem A 2007; 109:1849-56. [PMID: 16833516 DOI: 10.1021/jp045672g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Smog chamber/FTIR techniques were used to study the Cl atom initiated oxidation of 4:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (C(4)F(9)CH(2)CH(2)OH, 4:2 FTOH) in the presence of NO(x) in 700 Torr of N(2)/O(2) diluent at 296 K. Chemical activation effects play an important role in the atmospheric chemistry of the peroxy, and possibly the alkoxy, radicals derived from 4:2 FTOH. Cl atoms react with C(4)F(9)CH(2)CH(2)OH to give C(4)F(9)CH(2)C(*)HOH radicals which add O(2) to give chemically activated alpha-hydroxyperoxy radicals, [C(4)F(9)CH(2)C(OO(*))HOH]*. In 700 Torr of N(2)/O(2) at 296 K, approximately 50% of the [C(4)F(9)CH(2)C(OO(*))HOH]* radicals decompose "promptly" to give HO(2) radicals and C(4)F(9)CH(2)CHO, the remaining [C(4)F(9)CH(2)C(OO(*))HOH]* radicals undergo collisional deactivation to give thermalized peroxy radicals, C(4)F(9)CH(2)C(OO(*))HOH. Decomposition to HO(2) and C(4)F(9)CH(2)CHO is the dominant atmospheric fate of the thermalized peroxy radicals. In the presence of excess NO, the thermalized peroxy radicals react to give C(4)F(9)CH(2)C(O(*))HOH radicals which then decompose at a rate >2.5 x 10(6) s(-1) to give HC(O)OH and the alkyl radical C(4)F(9)CH(2)(*). The primary products of 4:2 FTOH oxidation in the presence of excess NO(x) are C(4)F(9)CH(2)CHO, C(4)F(9)CHO, and HCOOH. Secondary products include C(4)F(9)CH(2)C(O)O(2)NO(2), C(4)F(9)C(O)O(2)NO(2), and COF(2). In contrast to experiments conducted in the absence of NO(x), there was no evidence (<2% yield) for the formation of the perfluorinated acid C(4)F(9)C(O)OH. The results are discussed with regard to the atmospheric chemistry of fluorotelomer alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Sulbaek Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nakayama T, Takahashi K, Matsumi Y, Toft A, Andersen MPS, Nielsen OJ, Waterland RL, Buck RC, Hurley MD, Wallington TJ. Atmospheric chemistry of CF3CH=CH2 and C4F9CH=CH2: products of the gas-phase reactions with Cl atoms and OH radicals. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:909-15. [PMID: 17266232 DOI: 10.1021/jp066736l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
FTIR-smog chamber techniques were used to study the products of the Cl atom and OH radical initiated oxidation of CF3CH=CH2 in 700 Torr of N2/O2, diluent at 296 K. The Cl atom initiated oxidation of CF3CH=CH2 in 700 Torr of air in the absence of NOx gives CF3C(O)CH2Cl and CF3CHO in yields of 70+/-5% and 6.2+/-0.5%, respectively. Reaction with Cl atoms proceeds via addition to the >C=C< double bond (74+/-4% to the terminal and 26+/-4% to the central carbon atom) and leads to the formation of CF3CH(O)CH2Cl and CF3CHClCH2O radicals. Reaction with O2 and decomposition via C-C bond scission are competing loss mechanisms for CF3CH(O)CH2Cl radicals, kO2/kdiss=(3.8+/-1.8)x10(-18) cm3 molecule-1. The atmospheric fate of CF3CHClCH2O radicals is reaction with O2 to give CF3CHClCHO. The OH radical initiated oxidation of CxF2x+1CH=CH2 (x=1 and 4) in 700 Torr of air in the presence of NOx gives CxF2x+1CHO in a yield of 88+/-9%. Reaction with OH radicals proceeds via addition to the >C=C< double bond leading to the formation of CxF2x+1C(O)HCH2OH and CxF2x+1CHOHCH2O radicals. Decomposition via C-C bond scission is the sole fate of CxF2x+1CH(O)CH2OH and CxF2x+1CH(OH)CH2O radicals. As part of this work a rate constant of k(Cl+CF3C(O)CH2Cl)=(5.63+/-0.66)x10(-14) cm3 molecule-1 s-1 was determined. The results are discussed with respect to previous literature data and the possibility that the atmospheric oxidation of CxF2x+1CH=CH2 contributes to the observed burden of perfluorocarboxylic acids, CxF2x+1COOH, in remote locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakayama
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Honohara 3-13, Toyokawa, Aichi, 442-8507 Japan
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Hurley MD, Ball JC, Wallington TJ, Toft A, Nielsen OJ, Bertman S, Perkovic M. Atmospheric Chemistry of a Model Biodiesel Fuel, CH3C(O)O(CH2)2OC(O)CH3: Kinetics, Mechanisms, and Products of Cl Atom and OH Radical Initiated Oxidation in the Presence and Absence of NOx. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:2547-54. [PMID: 17388358 DOI: 10.1021/jp0667341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Relative rate techniques were used to study the kinetics of the reactions of Cl atoms and OH radicals with ethylene glycol diacetate, CH3C(O)O(CH2)2OC(O)CH3, in 700 Torr of N2/O2 diluent at 296 K. The rate constants measured were k(Cl + CH3C(O)O(CH2)2OC(O)CH3) = (5.7 +/- 1.1) x 10(-12) and k(OH + CH3C(O)O(CH2)2OC(O)CH3) = (2.36 +/- 0.34) x 10(-12) cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Product studies of the Cl atom initiated oxidation of ethylene glycol diacetate in the absence of NO in 700 Torr of O2/N2 diluent at 296 K show the primary products to be CH3C(O)OC(O)CH2OC(O)CH3, CH3C(O)OC(O)H, and CH3C(O)OH. Product studies of the Cl atom initiated oxidation of ethylene glycol diacetate in the presence of NO in 700 Torr of O2/N2 diluent at 296 K show the primary products to be CH3C(O)OC(O)H and CH3C(O)OH. The CH3C(O)OCH2O* radical is formed during the Cl atom initiated oxidation of ethylene glycol diacetate, and two loss mechanisms were identified: reaction with O2 to give CH3C(O)OC(O)H and alpha-ester rearrangement to give CH3C(O)OH and HC(O) radicals. The reaction of CH3C(O)OCH2O2* with NO gives chemically activated CH3C(O)OCH2O* radicals which are more likely to undergo decomposition via the alpha-ester rearrangement than CH3C(O)OCH2O* radicals produced in the peroxy radical self-reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hurley
- Physical & Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Mail Drop SRL-3083, Dearborn, Michigan 48121, USA.
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Kaiser EW, Donahue CJ, Pala IR, Wallington TJ, Hurley MD. Kinetics, Products, and Stereochemistry of the Reaction of Chlorine Atoms with cis- and trans-2-Butene in 10−700 Torr of N2 or N2/O2 Diluent at 297 K. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:1286-99. [PMID: 17260978 DOI: 10.1021/jp067317r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of Cl atoms with cis- and trans-2-butene have been studied using FTIR and GC analyses. The rate constant of the reaction was measured using the relative rate technique. Rate constants for the cis and trans isomers are indistinguishable over the pressure range 10-900 Torr of N2 or air and agree well with previous measurements at 760 Torr. Product yields for the reaction of cis-2-butene with Cl in N2 at 700 Torr are meso-2,3-dichlorobutane (47%), DL-2,3-dichlorobutane (18%), 3-chloro-1-butene (13%), cis-1-chloro-2-butene (13%), trans-1-chloro-2-butene (2%), and trans-2-butene (8%). The yields of these products depend on the total pressure. For trans-2-butene, the product yields are as follows: meso-2,3-dichlorobutane (48%), dl-2,3-dichlorobutane (17%), 3-chloro-1-butene (12%), cis-1-chloro-2-butene (2%), trans-1-chloro-2-butene (16%), and cis-2-butene (2%). The products are formed via addition, addition-elimination from a chemically activated adduct, and abstraction reactions. These reactions form (1) the stabilized 3-chloro-2-butyl radical, (2) the chemically activated 3-chloro-2-butyl radical, and (3) the methylallyl radical. These radicals subsequently react with Cl2 to form the products via a proposed chemical mechanism, which is discussed herein. This is the first detailed study of stereochemical effects on the products of a gas-phase Cl+olefin reaction. FTIR spectra (0.25 cm(-1) resolution) of meso- and DL-2,3-dichlorobutane are presented. The relative rate technique was used (at 900 Torr and 297 K) to measure: k(Cl + 3-chloro-1-butene) = (2.1 +/- 0.4) x 10(-10), k(Cl + 1-chloro-2-butene) = (2.2 +/- 0.4) x 10(-10), and k(Cl + 2,3-dichlorobutane) = (1.1 +/- 0.2) x 10(-11) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Kaiser
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA.
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Jenkin ME, Hurley MD, Wallington TJ. Investigation of the radical product channel of the CH3C(O)O2 + HO2 reaction in the gas phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:3149-62. [PMID: 17612738 DOI: 10.1039/b702757e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of CH(3)C(O)O(2) with HO(2) has been investigated at 296 K and 700 Torr using long path FTIR spectroscopy, during photolysis of Cl(2)/CH(3)CHO/CH(3)OH/air mixtures. The branching ratio for the reaction channel forming CH(3)C(O)O, OH and O(2) (reaction ) has been determined from experiments in which OH radicals were scavenged by addition of benzene to the system, with subsequent formation of phenol used as the primary diagnostic for OH radical formation. The dependence of the phenol yield on benzene concentration was found to be consistent with its formation from the OH-initiated oxidation of benzene, thereby confirming the presence of OH radicals in the system. The dependence of the phenol yield on the initial peroxy radical precursor reagent concentration ratio, [CH(3)OH](0)/[CH(3)CHO](0), is consistent with OH formation resulting mainly from the reaction of CH(3)C(O)O(2) with HO(2) in the early stages of the experiments, such that the limiting yield of phenol at high benzene concentrations is well-correlated with that of CH(3)C(O)OOH, a well-established product of the CH(3)C(O)O(2) + HO(2) reaction (via channel (3a)). However, a delayed source of phenol was also identified, which is attributed mainly to an analogous OH-forming channel of the reaction of HO(2) with HOCH(2)O(2) (reaction ), formed from the reaction of HO(2) with product HCHO. This was investigated in additional series of experiments in which Cl(2)/CH(3)OH/benzene/air and Cl(2)/HCHO/benzene/air mixtures were photolysed. The various reaction systems were fully characterised by simulations using a detailed chemical mechanism. This allowed the following branching ratios to be determined: CH(3)C(O)O(2) + HO(2)--> CH(3)C(O)OOH + O(2), k(3a)/k(3) = 0.38 +/- 0.13; --> CH(3)C(O)OH + O(3), k(3b)/k(3) = 0.12 +/- 0.04; --> CH(3)C(O)O + OH + O(2), k(3c)/k(3) = 0.43 +/- 0.10: HOCH(2)O(2) + HO(2)--> HCOOH + H(2)O + O(2), k(17b)/k(17) = 0.30 +/- 0.06; --> HOCH(2)O + OH + O(2), k(17c)/k(17) = 0.20 +/- 0.05. The results therefore provide strong evidence for significant participation of the radical-forming channels of these reactions, with the branching ratio for the title reaction being in good agreement with the value reported in one previous study. As part of this work, the kinetics of the reaction of Cl atoms with phenol (reaction (14)) have also been investigated. The rate coefficient was determined relative to the rate coefficient for the reaction of Cl with CH(3)OH, during the photolysis of mixtures of Cl(2), phenol and CH(3)OH, in either N(2) or air at 296 K and 760 Torr. A value of k(14) = (1.92 +/- 0.17) x 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) was determined from the experiments in N(2), in agreement with the literature. In air, the apparent rate coefficient was about a factor of two lower, which is interpreted in terms of regeneration of phenol from the product phenoxy radical, C(6)H(5)O, possibly via its reaction with HO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Jenkin
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, UK.
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Yamanaka T, Kawasaki M, Hurley MD, Wallington TJ, Schneider WF, Bruce J. Kinetics and mechanism of the gas phase reaction of chlorine atoms with i-propanol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:4211-7. [PMID: 17687470 DOI: 10.1039/b702933k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
FTIR smog chamber techniques and ab initio calculations have been used to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of Cl atoms with i-propanol in 700 Torr of N(2) at 296 K. The reaction is observed to proceed with a rate constant of k(1) = (8.28 +/- 0.97) x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) and gives CH(3)C(OH)CH(3) and CH(3)CH(OH)CH(2) radicals in yields of 85 +/- 7 and 15 +/- 7%, respectively. Calculations indicate that abstraction of the secondary H can proceed through a lower energy pathway than the primary. Rapid decomposition of the chlorination product CH(3)CCl(OH)CH(3) complicates its direct detection, likely due to heterogeneous chemistry. IR spectra for the chlorides CH(3)CCl(OH)CH(3) and CH(3)CH(OH)CH(2)Cl were inferred experimentally and assignments confirmed via comparison with ab initio computed spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Hurley MD, Ball JC, Wallington TJ, Sulbaek Andersen MP, Nielsen OJ, Ellis DA, Martin JW, Mabury SA. Atmospheric Chemistry of n-CxF2x+1CHO (x = 1, 2, 3, 4): Fate of n-CxF2x+1C(O) Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:12443-7. [PMID: 17091948 DOI: 10.1021/jp064029m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Smog chamber/FTIR techniques were used to study the atmospheric fate of n-C(x)F(2)(x)(+1)C(O) (x = 1, 2, 3, 4) radicals in 700 Torr O(2)/N(2) diluent at 298 +/- 3 K. A competition is observed between reaction with O(2) to form n-C(x)()F(2)(x)()(+1)C(O)O(2) radicals and decomposition to form n-C(x)F(2)(x)(+1) radicals and CO. In 700 Torr O(2)/N(2) diluent at 298 +/- 3 K, the rate constant ratio, k(n-C(x)F(2)(x)(+1)C(O) + O(2) --> n-C(x)F(2)(x)(+1)C(O)O(2))/k(n-C(x)F(2)(x)(+1)C(O) --> n-C(x)F(2)(x)(+1) + CO) = (1.30 +/- 0.05) x 10(-17), (1.90 +/- 0.17) x 10(-19), (5.04 +/- 0.40) x 10(-20), and (2.67 +/- 0.42) x 10(-20) cm(3) molecule(-1) for x = 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively. In one atmosphere of air at 298 K, reaction with O(2) accounts for 99%, 50%, 21%, and 12% of the loss of n-C(x)F(2)(x)(+1)C(O) radicals for x = 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively. Results are discussed with respect to the atmospheric chemistry of n-C(x)F(2)(x)(+1)C(O) radicals and their possible role in contributing to the formation of perfluorocarboxylic acids in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hurley
- Ford Motor Company, P.O. Box 2053, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, USA.
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Sulbaek Andersen MP, Toft A, Nielsen OJ, Hurley MD, Wallington TJ, Chishima H, Tonokura K, Mabury SA, Martin JW, Ellis DA. Atmospheric Chemistry of Perfluorinated Aldehyde Hydrates (n-CxF2x+1CH(OH)2, x = 1, 3, 4): Hydration, Dehydration, and Kinetics and Mechanism of Cl Atom and OH Radical Initiated Oxidation. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:9854-60. [PMID: 16898686 DOI: 10.1021/jp060404z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Smog chamber/Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques were used to measure k(Cl+C(x)F(2x+1)CH(OH)(2)) (x = 1, 3, 4) = (5.84 +/- 0.92) x 10(-13) and k(OH+C(x)F(2x+1)CH(OH)(2)) = (1.22 +/- 0.26) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) in 700 Torr of N(2) or air at 296 +/- 2 K. The Cl initiated oxidation of CF(3)CH(OH)(2) in 700 Torr of air gave CF(3)COOH in a molar yield of 101 +/- 6%. IR spectra of C(x)F(2x+1)CH(OH)(2) (x = 1, 3, 4) were recorded and are presented. An upper limit of k(CF(3)CHO+H(2)O) < 2 x 10(-23) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) was established for the gas-phase hydration of CF(3)CHO. Bubbling CF(3)CHO/air mixtures through liquid water led to >80% conversion of CF(3)CHO into the hydrate within the approximately 2 s taken for passage through the bubbler. These results suggest that OH radical initiated oxidation of C(x)F(2x+1)CH(OH)(2) hydrates could be a significant source of perfluorinated carboxylic acids in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Sulbaek Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitet sparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wallington TJ, Hurley MD, Xia J, Wuebbles DJ, Sillman S, Ito A, Penner JE, Ellis DA, Martin J, Mabury SA, Nielsen OJ, Sulbaek Andersen MP. Formation of C7F15COOH (PFOA) and other perfluorocarboxylic acids during the atmospheric oxidation of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:924-30. [PMID: 16509338 DOI: 10.1021/es051858x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Calculations using a three-dimensional global atmospheric chemistry model (IMPACT) indicate that n-C8F17CH2CH2OH (widely used in industrial and consumer products) degrades in the atmosphere to give perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). PFOA is persistent, bioaccumulative, and potentially toxic. Molar yields of PFOA depend on location and season, are in the range of 1-10%, and are of the correct order of magnitude to explain the observed levels in Arctic fauna. Fluorotelomer alcohols such as n-C8F17CH2CH2OH appear to be a significant global source of persistent bioaccumulative perfluorocarboxylic acid pollution. This is the first modeling study of the atmospheric chemistry of a fluorotelomer alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Wallington
- Ford Motor Company, SRL-3083, P.O. Box 2053, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, USA.
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Martin JW, Ellis DA, Mabury SA, Hurley MD, Wallington TJ. Atmospheric chemistry of perfluoroalkanesulfonamides: kinetic and product studies of the OH radical and Cl atom initiated oxidation of N-ethyl perfluorobutanesulfonamide. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:864-72. [PMID: 16509330 DOI: 10.1021/es051362f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonamides [C8F17SO2N(R1)(R2)] are present in the atmosphere and may, via atmospheric transport and oxidation, contribute to perfluorocarboxylates (PFCA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) pollution in remote locations. Smog chamber experiments with the perfluorobutanesulfonyl analogue N-ethyl perfluorobutanesulfonamide [NEtFBSA; C4F9SO2N(H)CH2CH3] were performed to assess this possibility. By use of relative rate methods, rate constants for reactions of NEtFBSA with chlorine atoms (296 K) and OH radicals (301 K) were determined to be kCL) = (8.37 +/- 1.44) x 10(-12) and kOH = (3.74 +/- 0.77) x 10(-13) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1), indicating OH reactions will be dominant in the troposphere. Simple modeling exercises suggestthat reaction with OH radicals will dominate removal of perfluoroalkanesulfonamides from the gas phase (wet and dry deposition will not be important) and that the atmospheric lifetime of NEtFBSA in the gas phase will be 20-50 days, thus allowing substantial long-range atmospheric transport. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis showed that the primary products of chlorine atom initiated oxidation were the ketone C4F9SO2N(H)COCH3; aldehyde 1, C4F9SO2N(H)CH2CHO; and a product identified as C4F9SO2N(C2H5O)- by high-resolution MS but whose structure remains tentative. Another reaction product, aldehyde 2, C4F9SO2N(H)CHO, was also observed and was presumed to be a secondary oxidation product of aldehyde 1. Perfluorobutanesulfonate was not detected above the level of the blank in any sample; however, three perfluoroalkanecarboxylates (C3F7CO2-, C2F5CO2-, and CF3CO2-) were detected in all samples. Taken together, results suggest a plausible route by which perfluorooctanesulfonamides may serve as atmospheric sources of PFCAs, including perfluorooctanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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