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Toh-Ae P, Timasart N, Tumnantong D, Bovornratanaraks T, Poompradub S. Utilization of waste tire derived activated carbon as CO 2 capture and photocatalyst for CO 2 conversion. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17100. [PMID: 39048643 PMCID: PMC11269617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aims of this research were to prepare activated carbon (AC) impregnated with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) for use in carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and to then develop the AC-TEPA sorbent with titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a catalyst for photocatalytic reduction. The AC was impregnated with TEPA at three loading levels (2.5, 5, and 10% [w/w]) and then examined for its CO2 adsorption capacity under an ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. The use of 5% (w/w) TEPA-impregnated AC (AC_5T) provided the highest CO2 adsorption capacity and long-term operation with a regeneration ability for up to 10 cycles. Then, AC_5T-doped TiO2 (AC_5T-TiO2) was prepared as a photocatalytic reduction catalyst, since the presence of carbon and nitrogen in AC_5T could reduce the band gap energy and so enhance the photocatalytic reduction. In addition, the CO2-saturated AC_5T was used as a CO2 source that could be directly converted to valuable chemicals using the AC_5T-TiO2 catalyst under photocatalytic reduction. Products were obtained in both the liquid (methanol) and gaseous (methane, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen) phases. Accordingly, the challenge of this research was to make valuable products from CO2 and to manage waste tires, following the circular economy concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsiri Toh-Ae
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Napatsorn Timasart
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Dusadee Tumnantong
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thiti Bovornratanaraks
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirilux Poompradub
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Green Materials for Industrial Application, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence On Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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2
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Urbonavicius M, Varnagiris S, Knoks A, Mezulis A, Kleperis J, Richter C, Meirbekova R, Gunnarsson G, Milcius D. Enhanced Hydrogen Generation through Low-Temperature Plasma Treatment of Waste Aluminum for Hydrolysis Reaction. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2637. [PMID: 38893900 PMCID: PMC11173791 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the low-temperature hydrogen plasma treatment approach for the improvement of hydrogen generation through waste aluminum (Al) reactions with water and electricity generation via proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM FC). Waste Al scraps were subjected to ball milling and treated using two different low-temperature plasma regimes: Diode and magnetron-initiated plasma treatment. Hydrolysis experiments were conducted using powders with different treatments, varying molarities, and reaction temperatures to assess hydrogen generation, reaction kinetics, and activation energy. The results indicate that magnetron-initiated plasma treatment significantly enhances the hydrolysis reaction kinetics compared to untreated powders or those treated with diode-generated plasma. Analysis of chemical bonds revealed that magnetron-initiated hydrogen plasma treatment takes advantage by promoting a dual procedure: Surface cleaning and Al nanocluster deposition on top of Al powders. Moreover, it was modeled that such H2 plasma could penetrate up to 150 Å depth. Meanwhile, electricity generation tests demonstrate that only 0.2 g of treated Al powder can generate approximately 1 V for over 300 s under a constant 2.5 Ω load and 1.5 V for 2700 s with a spinning fan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Urbonavicius
- Center for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Lithuanian Energy Institute, 3 Breslaujos, 44403 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.U.); (S.V.)
| | - Sarunas Varnagiris
- Center for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Lithuanian Energy Institute, 3 Breslaujos, 44403 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.U.); (S.V.)
| | - Ainars Knoks
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia; (A.K.); (A.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Ansis Mezulis
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia; (A.K.); (A.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Janis Kleperis
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia; (A.K.); (A.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Christiaan Richter
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland;
| | | | | | - Darius Milcius
- Center for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Lithuanian Energy Institute, 3 Breslaujos, 44403 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.U.); (S.V.)
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Nawaz R, Ullah H, Ghanim AAJ, Irfan M, Anjum M, Rahman S, Ullah S, Abdel Baki Z, Kumar Oad V. Green Synthesis of ZnO and Black TiO 2 Materials and Their Application in Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:36076-36087. [PMID: 37810725 PMCID: PMC10551907 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
ZnO and black TiO2 have been selected as the most efficient materials for organic pollution abatement due to their increased efficiency when compared to other materials. However, the concept of green chemistry makes it desirable to design green synthesis approaches for their production. In this study, black TiO2 was synthesized using an environmentally safe synthetic technique with glycerol as a reductant. ZnO was prepared by using ionic-liquid-based microwave-assisted extracts of Polygonum minus. To investigate the materials' potential to photodegrade organic pollutants, methylene blue (MB) and phenol were chosen as model organic pollutants. Both materials were found to exhibit spherical morphologies and a mesoporous structure and were efficient absorbers of visible light. ZnO exhibited electron-hole pair recombination lower than that of black TiO2. Black TiO2 was discovered to be an anatase phase, whereas ZnO was found to have a hexagonal wurtzite structure. In contrast to black TiO2, which had a surface area of 239.99 m2/g and a particle size of 28 nm, ZnO had a surface area of 353.11 m2/g and a particle size of 32 nm. With a degradation time of 60 min, ZnO was able to eliminate 97.50% of the 40 mg/L MB. Black TiO2, on the other hand, could reduce 90.0% of the same amount of MB in 60 min. When tested for phenol degradation, ZnO and black TiO2 activities were reduced by nearly 15 and 25%, respectively. A detailed examination of both ZnO and black TiO2 materials revealed that ZnO has more potential and versatility for the degradation of organic pollutants under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rab Nawaz
- Institute
of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Pir
Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Shamsabad, Murree Road, 46300 Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Department
of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre
for Research and Instrumentation Management (CRIM), Universiti Kebangsaan (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Habib Ullah
- Fundamental
and Applied Sciences (FASD), Universiti
Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | | | - Muhammad Irfan
- Electrical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muzammil Anjum
- Institute
of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Pir
Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Shamsabad, Murree Road, 46300 Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Electrical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafi Ullah
- Institute
of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Pir
Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Shamsabad, Murree Road, 46300 Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Zaher Abdel Baki
- College
of Engineering and Technology, American
University of the Middle East, Egaila 15453, Kuwait
| | - Vipin Kumar Oad
- Faculty
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Yap CTJ, Lam SM, Sin JC, Zeng H, Li H, Huang L, Lin H. Treatment of diluted palm oil mill effluent (POME) synchronous with electricity production in a persulfate oxidant-promoted photocatalytic fuel cell. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:96272-96289. [PMID: 37566326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Attributable to the prosperous production growth of palm oil in Malaysia, the generated palm oil mill effluent (POME) poses a high threat owing to its highly polluted characteristic. Urged by the escalating concern of environmental conservation, POME pollution abatement and potential energy recovery from the effluent are flagged up as a research topic of interest. In this study, a cutting-edge photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) system with employment of ZnO/Zn nanorod array (NRA) photoanode, CuO/Cu cathode, and persulfate (PS) oxidant was successfully designed to improve the treatment of POME and simultaneous energy production. The photoelectrodes were fabricated and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller analysis (BET). Owing to the properties of strong oxidant of PS, the proposed PFC/PS system has exhibited exceptional performance, attaining chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 96.2%, open circuit voltage (Voc) of 740.0 mV, short circuit current density (Jsc) of 146.7 μA cm-2, and power density (Pmax) of 35.6 μW cm-2. The pre-eminent PFC/PS system performance was yielded under optimal conditions of 2.5 mM of persulfate oxidant, POME dilution factor of 1:20, and natural solution pH of 8.51. Subsequently, the postulated photoelectrocatalytic POME treatment mechanism was elucidated by the radical scavenging study and Mott-Schottky (M-S) analysis. The following recycling test affirmed the stability and durability of the photoanode after four continuous repetition usages while the assessed electrical energy efficiency revealed the economic viability of PFC system serving as a post-treatment for abatement of POME. These findings contributed toward enhancing the sustainability criteria and economic viability of palm oil by adopting sustainable and efficient POME post-treatment technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Joyee Yap
- Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Sze-Mun Lam
- Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Jin-Chung Sin
- Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Honghu Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Haixiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hua Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
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Moradi S, Rodriguez-Seco C, Hayati F, Ma D. Sonophotocatalysis with Photoactive Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment and Bacteria Disinfection. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2023; 3:103-129. [PMID: 37096232 PMCID: PMC10119989 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Sonophotocatalysis is described as a combination of two individual processes of photocatalysis and sonocatalysis. It has proven to be highly promising in degrading dissolved contaminants in wastewaters as well as bacteria disinfection applications. It eliminates some of the main disadvantages observed in each individual technique such as high costs, sluggish activity, and prolonged reaction times. The review has accomplished a critical analysis of sonophotocatalytic reaction mechanisms and the effect of the nanostructured catalyst and process modification techniques on the sonophotocatalytic performance. The synergistic effect between the mentioned processes, reactor design, and the electrical energy consumption has been discussed due to their importance when implementing this novel technology in practical applications, such as real industrial or municipal wastewater treatment plants. The utilization of sonophotocatalysis in disinfection and inactivation of bacteria has also been reviewed. In addition, we further suggest improvements to promote this technology from the lab-scale to large-scale applications. We hope this up-to-date review will advance future research in this field and push this technology toward widespread adoption and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Moradi
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Énergie
Materiaux et Telécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, VarennesJ3X 1P7, Québec, Canada
| | - Cristina Rodriguez-Seco
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Énergie
Materiaux et Telécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, VarennesJ3X 1P7, Québec, Canada
| | - Farzan Hayati
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonS7N 5A9, SK, Canada
| | - Dongling Ma
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Énergie
Materiaux et Telécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, VarennesJ3X 1P7, Québec, Canada
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Baimanova R, Luo F, Yang M. Preparation of Iron-Doped Titania Nanoparticles and Their UV-Blue Light-Shielding Capabilities in Polyurethane. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7370. [PMID: 36295436 PMCID: PMC9611496 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that ultraviolet (UV) and blue light cause a series of health problems and damages to polymer materials. Therefore, there are increasing demands for UV-blue light-shielding. Herein, a new type of iron-doped titania (Fe-TiO2) nanoparticle was synthesized. Fe-TiO2 nanoparticles with small particle size (ca. 10 nm) are composed of anatase and brookite. The iron element is incorporated into the lattice of titania and forms a hematite phase (α-Fe2O3). The iron doping imparted full-band UV and blue light absorption to Fe-TiO2 nanoparticles, and greatly suppressed the photocatalytic activity. The prepared Fe-TiO2/polyurethane (PU) films exhibited prominent UV-blue light-shielding performance and high transparency, which showed great potential in light-shielding fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Baimanova
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fushuai Luo
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Haruna A, Chong FK, Ho YC, Merican ZMA. Preparation and modification methods of defective titanium dioxide-based nanoparticles for photocatalytic wastewater treatment-a comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:70706-70745. [PMID: 36044146 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapid population growth and industrial expansion worldwide have created serious water contamination concerns. To curb the pollution issue, it has become imperative to use a versatile material for the treatment. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been recognized as the most-studied nanoparticle in various fields of science and engineering due to its availability, low cost, efficiency, and other fascinating properties with a wide range of applications in modern technology. Recent studies revealed the photocatalytic activity of the material for the treatment of industrial effluents to promote environmental sustainability. With the wide band gap energy of 3.2 eV, TiO2 can be activated under UV light; thus, many strategies have been proposed to extend its photoabsorption to the visible light region. In what follows, this has generated increasing attention to study its characteristics and structural modifications in different forms for photocatalytic applications. The present review provides an insight into the understanding of the synthesis methods of TiO2, the current progress in the treatment techniques for the degradation of wide environmental pollutants employing modified TiO2 nanoparticles, and the factors affecting its photocatalytic activities. Further, recent developments in using titania for practical applications, the approach for designing novel nanomaterials, and the prospects and opportunities in this exciting area have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrashid Haruna
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
- Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Institute of Autonomous System, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Fai-Kait Chong
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
- Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Institute of Autonomous System, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Yeek-Chia Ho
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
- Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute for Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Zulkifli Merican Aljunid Merican
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
- Institute of Contaminant Management for Oil & Gas, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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Nawaz R, Sahrin NT, Haider S, Ullah H, Junaid M, Akhtar MS, Khan S. Photocatalytic performance of black titanium dioxide for phenolic compounds removal from oil refinery wastewater: nanoparticles vs nanowires. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Synthesis and Characterization of Manganese-Modified Black TiO 2 Nanoparticles and Their Performance Evaluation for the Photodegradation of Phenolic Compounds from Wastewater. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237422. [PMID: 34885576 PMCID: PMC8658776 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The release of phenolic-contaminated treated palm oil mill effluent (TPOME) poses a severe threat to human and environmental health. In this work, manganese-modified black TiO2 (Mn-B-TiO2) was produced for the photodegradation of high concentrations of total phenolic compounds from TPOME. A modified glycerol-assisted technique was used to synthesize visible-light-sensitive black TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), which were then calcined at 300 °C for 60 min for conversion to anatase crystalline phase. The black TiO2 was further modified with manganese by utilizing a wet impregnation technique. Visible light absorption, charge carrier separation, and electron–hole pair recombination suppression were all improved when the band structure of TiO2 was tuned by producing Ti3+ defect states. As a result of the enhanced optical and electrical characteristics of black TiO2 NPs, phenolic compounds were removed from TPOME at a rate of 48.17%, which is 2.6 times higher than P25 (18%). When Mn was added to black TiO2 NPs, the Ti ion in the TiO2 lattice was replaced by Mn, causing a large redshift of the optical absorption edges and enhanced photodegradation of phenolic compounds from TPOME. The photodegradation efficiency of phenolic compounds by Mn-B-TiO2 improved to 60.12% from 48.17% at 0.3 wt% Mn doping concentration. The removal efficiency of phenolic compounds from TPOME diminished when Mn doping exceeded the optimum threshold (0.3 wt%). According to the findings, Mn-modified black TiO2 NPs are the most effective, as they combine the advantages of both black TiO2 and Mn doping.
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